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67-515: In December 1918, the village's adult male population was killed by New Zealand forces in the aftermath of the Sinai and Palestine campaign , in an illegal retribution for the killing of a New Zealand soldier. It was then depopulated entirely during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . Today it is part of the Israeli area of Tzrifin . Sarafand or Sarafend (Ṣarafand / صرفند) is an Arabic rendition of

134-484: A Bedouin camp in Ottoman Palestine by occupying Australian, New Zealand and Scottish soldiers on 10 December 1918. Occurring at the conclusion of the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I , Allied occupational forces in the region, in particular Australian and New Zealand troops, gradually grew frustrated over being subject to petty theft and occasional murders by local Arabs without redress. On

201-427: A 1 g lateral acceleration earthquake load. Such an acceleration will cause lateral loads on the walls, resulting in shear and bending and inducing tensile stresses. To withstand such loads, the codes typically call for a tensile modulus of rupture strength of at least 50 lbf/in (0.345 newton/mm ) for the finished block. In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as

268-421: A 10-inch wall R 0 =4.1 hr ft °F/Btu. Another source provides the following properties: conductivity=0.30 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.52 W/(m K); specific heat capacity=0.24 Btu/(lb °F) or 1 kJ/(kg K) and density=106 lb/ft or 1700 kg/m , giving heat capacity=25.4 Btu/(ft °F) or 1700 kJ/(m K). Using the average value of the thermal conductivity as k = 32 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.55 W/(m K), the thermal diffusivity

335-865: A chimney can greatly influence the construction of the roof supports, creating an extra need for care in choosing the materials. The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a similar fashion as the surrounding walls. In 1927, the Uniform Building Code (UBC) was adopted in the United States. Local ordinances, referencing the UBC added requirements to building with adobe. These included: restriction of building height of adobe structures to 1-story, requirements for adobe mix (compressive and shear strength) and new requirements which stated that every building shall be designed to withstand seismic activity, specifically lateral forces. By

402-454: A factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material. Thermodynamic material properties have significant variation in the literature. Some experiments suggest that the standard consideration of conductivity is not adequate for this material, as its main thermodynamic property is inertia, and conclude that experimental tests should be performed over a longer period of time than usual - preferably with changing thermal jumps. There

469-420: A few hours, the bricks are turned on edge to finish drying. Slow drying in shade reduces cracking. The same mixture, without straw, is used to make mortar and often plaster on interior and exterior walls. Some cultures used lime -based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage. Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying

536-479: A good issue of rum" and "went through [the village] with a bayonet." O'Brien described the actions he and his fellow Australians took as "ungodly" and "a real bad thing". Adobe Adobe ( / ə ˈ d oʊ b i / ə- DOH -bee ; Spanish pronunciation: [aˈðoβe] ) is a building material made from earth and organic materials. Adobe is Spanish for mudbrick . In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as

603-474: A greater expanse is covered when placing the bricks onto the roof. Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended to be at least 25 mm (1 in) thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick's edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during rain. Roof design evolved around 1850 in the American Southwest. Three inches of adobe mud

670-488: A high-tension line from 1925 onward, the village remained unconnected. The British also built a prison, also under the name of Sarafand, for Palestinian nationalist activists next to the base. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarafand al-Amar had a population of 862; 861 Muslims and 1 Jew, increasing in the 1931 census to 1183; 19 Christians and 1164 Muslims, in

737-583: A horizontal bearing plate for the roof beams and to redistribute lateral earthquake loads to shear walls more able to carry the forces. To protect the interior and exterior adobe walls, finishes such as mud plaster, whitewash or stucco can be applied. These protect the adobe wall from water damage, but need to be reapplied periodically. Alternatively, the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters that provide longer protection. Bricks made with stabilized adobe generally do not need protection of plasters. The traditional adobe roof has been constructed using

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804-632: A mix of not more than 1 ⁄ 3 clay, not less than 1 ⁄ 2 sand, and never more than 1 ⁄ 3 silt. During the Great Depression , designer and builder Hugh W. Comstock used cheaper materials and made a specialized adobe brick called "Bitudobe." His first adobe house was built in 1936. In 1948, he published the book Post-Adobe; Simplified Adobe Construction Combining A Rugged Timber Frame And Modern Stabilized Adobe, which described his method of construction, including how to make "Bitudobe." In 1938, he served as an adviser to

871-410: A mixture of soil/clay, water, sand and organic materials. The mixture was then formed and pressed into wood forms, producing rows of dried earth bricks that would then be laid across a support structure of wood and plastered into place with more adobe. Depending on the materials available, a roof may be assembled using wood or metal beams to create a framework to begin layering adobe bricks. Depending on

938-517: A population of 48 households and 17 bachelors; an estimated 358 persons, all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, sesame, fruit, orchards, beehives, and goats; a total of 14,000 akçe . All of the revenue went to a Waqf . The Egyptian Sufi traveler Mustafa al-Dumyuti al-Luqaymi (d. 1764) reported visiting the shrine of Luqman ( Luke ) in Sarafand. The village appeared as an unnamed village on

1005-554: A raid on the village. According to a New York Times report, the attackers penetrated "deep into Arab territory" and demolished a three-storey building. British authorities stated that 16 people were killed and 12 wounded in the destruction of the building. The Haganah charged that the building was used by the Holy War Army of Hasan Salama , Palestinian guerrilla commander of the Jaffa district, and that 39 people were killed in

1072-403: A significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the temperature of the living space. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun ( radiation ) and from

1139-487: A total of 265 houses. During this period, Sarafand al-Amar was laid out in the shape of a rectangle and its houses were made of adobe . Sarafand al-Amar was the site of a popular shrine for Luqman al-Hakim (Luke the Wise). The village had two elementary schools, one for boys and one for girls. The boys' school was founded in 1921 and became a full elementary school in 1946–47 with an enrollment of 292 students. The girls' school

1206-583: A village built of adobe bricks and situated on rising ground; a few olive trees were scattered around it. In December 1918, after World War I but prior to the Mandatory Palestine , New Zealand soldiers from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade camped near the village massacred its inhabitants as retribution for the murder of a New Zealand soldier. Between 40 and 137 people are believed to have been killed in

1273-424: Is an effective R-value for a north facing 10-in wall of R0=10 hr ft °F/Btu, which corresponds to thermal conductivity k=10 in x 1 ft/12 in /R0=0.33 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.57 W/(m K) in agreement with the thermal conductivity reported from another source. To determine the total R-value of a wall, scale R 0 by the thickness of the wall in inches. The thermal resistance of adobe is also stated as an R-value for

1340-481: Is calculated to be 0.013 ft /h or 3.3x10 m /s. Poured and puddled adobe (puddled clay, piled earth), today called cob , is made by placing soft adobe in layers, rather than by making individual dried bricks or using a form. "Puddle" is a general term for a clay or clay and sand-based material worked into a dense, plastic state. These are the oldest methods of building with adobe in the Americas until holes in

1407-436: Is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks. Reinforcement can include manure, straw, cement, rebar , or wooden posts. Straw, cement, or manure added to a standard adobe mixture can produce a stronger, more crack-resistant brick. A test is done on the soil content first. To do so, a sample of the soil is mixed into a clear container with some water, creating an almost completely saturated liquid. The container

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1474-523: Is shaken vigorously for one minute. It is then allowed to settle for a day until the soil has settled into layers. Heavier particles settle out first, sand above, silt above that, and very fine clay and organic matter will stay in suspension for days. After the water has cleared, percentages of the various particles can be determined. Fifty to 60 percent sand and 35 to 40 percent clay will yield strong bricks. The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service at New Mexico State University recommends

1541-618: Is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 10% by weight. No more than half the clay content should be expansive clays , with the remainder non-expansive illite or kaolinite. Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the brick, resulting in cracking, while too much kaolinite will make a weak brick. Typically the soils of the Southwest United States, where such construction has been widely used, are an adequate composition. Adobe walls are load bearing, i.e. they carry their own weight into

1608-470: Is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick. Dung offers the same advantage. The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15% clay, 10–30% silt, and 55–75% fine sand. Another source quotes 15–25% clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles 50 to 250 mm (2 to 10 in), with no deleterious effect. Modern adobe

1675-490: The 1976 Guatemala earthquake , the 2003 Bam earthquake , and the 2010 Chile earthquake . Buildings made of sun-dried earth are common throughout the world (Middle East, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, South America, Southwestern North America, Southwestern and Eastern Europe.). Adobe had been in use by indigenous peoples of the Americas in the Southwestern United States, Mesoamerica , and

1742-766: The Andes for several thousand years. Puebloan peoples built their adobe structures with handsful or basketsful of adobe, until the Spanish introduced them to making bricks. Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages (eighth century BCE onwards). Its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture, and economics. The word adobe / ə ˈ d oʊ b iː / has existed for around 4,000 years with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from

1809-706: The Middle East . In 1918, the ANZAC Mounted Division , consisting of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the Australian 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades set camp near the village of Sarafand al-Amar in Palestine . The proximity of the village, coupled with a perceived general British Army acceptance and dismissal of petty crime by the local Arabs, meant that thefts and even murders took place regularly with minimal to no redress from

1876-608: The Middle Egyptian ( c.  2000 BC ) word ḏbt "mud brick" (with vowels unwritten). Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian and finally to Coptic ( c.  600 BC ), where it appeared as ⲧⲱⲃⲉ tōbə . This was adopted into Arabic as الطوب aṭ-ṭawbu or aṭ-ṭūbu , with the definite article al- attached to the root tuba . This was assimilated into the Old Spanish language as adobe [aˈdobe] , probably via Mozarabic . English borrowed

1943-581: The Phoenician place-name *Ṣrpt. Al-Ammar means "the built, inhabited". Sarafand al-Amar was also known as Sarafand al-Kubra ("the larger Sarafand") to distinguish it from its nearby sister village, Sarafand al-Sughra ("the smaller Sarafand"). In 1596, Sarafand al-Kubra was under the administration of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, part of the Liwa of Gaza in the Ottoman tax records . It had

2010-634: The Southwestern United States , the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like Pueblo Revival or Territorial Revival . Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world. Adobe architecture has been dated to before 5,100 BCE. Adobe bricks are rectangular prisms small enough that they can quickly air dry individually without cracking. They can be subsequently assembled, with

2077-635: The 10th December 1918 the Police commenced to search the Village and found no trace whatsoever of the culprit, or even any other individual suspected of the crime. The only material clue was that of a Native Cap (similar to headgear worn by Bedouins) which was picked up by a mate of the deceased, and handed to me by Captain Cobb. This was found on the scene where the Soldier was shot and killed. The following day,

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2144-526: The British Army camp in Sarafand al-Amar discovered twelve timed charges set to explode at noon, a time when they would have been lined up to collect their wages. The Palestinian Arab newspaper Filastin noted that none of the Jewish workers in the camp had reported to work that day, implying that Zionist groups had warned them of an attack. On April 15, 1948, a group of Haganah sappers carried out

2211-512: The Imperial forces. The reluctance of the British to punish or avenge such crimes led to a build-up of resentment among the occupying forces towards both local residents and their own British commanders. On the night of 9 December 1918, a New Zealand soldier, Trooper Leslie Lowry, was woken around midnight when his kitbag, which he was using as a pillow, was stolen from his tent. Lowry pursued

2278-642: The War of 1914–1918 mentioned that New Zealand troops had conducted the massacre and the destruction of the village, but with the "hearty support" and "full sympathy" of the Australians. In 2009, journalist Paul Daley while undertaking research for his book, Beersheba discovered an audio recording in the archives of the Australian War Memorial in which Australian former Light Horseman Ted O'Brien described how he and his comrades had "had

2345-564: The application of adobe mud to bond the individual bricks into a structure. There is no standard size, with substantial variations over the years and in different regions. In some areas a popular size measured 8 by 4 by 12 inches (20 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm) weighing about 25 pounds (11 kg); in other contexts the size is 10 by 4 by 14 inches (25 cm × 10 cm × 36 cm) weighing about 35 pounds (16 kg). The maximum sizes can reach up to 100 pounds (45 kg); above this weight it becomes difficult to move

2412-518: The architects Franklin & Kump Associates, who built the Carmel High School , which used his Post-adobe system. The ground supporting an adobe structure should be compressed, as the weight of adobe wall is significant and foundation settling may cause cracking of the wall. Footing depth is to be below the ground frost level. The footing and stem wall are commonly 24 and 14 inches thick, respectively. Modern construction codes call for

2479-445: The attack on Surafend and the outlying Bedouin camp. The casualty figures depend upon the testimony from the reporting authority. There is no certain figure and while many suggest around 40 the only account that claims to have counted the bodies is a letter from A.S. Mulhal which has the death/body count at 137. There were also unknown numbers of injured villagers who were tended to by the field ambulance units. The massacre at Surafend

2546-584: The following year. It was only in June 1919 that Allenby was informed by an Australian journalist of the resentment in the division following his outburst, and he subsequently wrote a glowing tribute to the Australian Light Horse troops, bidding them farewell and thanking them for their heroic work in Palestine and Syria. No one was charged for the massacre, but £2060.11.3d (£104,500 in 2024)

2613-458: The footprints of the thief, which ended about a hundred yards before the village of Surafend. Soldiers set up a cordon around the village, and ordered the sheikhs of the village to surrender the murderer, but they denied any knowledge of the incident or its perpetrator. The death was brought to the attention of the staff of the division the following day, and a court of inquiry was conducted at first light by Major Magnus Johnson. Plaster casts of

2680-428: The footprints were taken, and the bullet that killed Lowry was determined to have been fired by a Colt .45 pistol, which was not on general issue to NZMR troops, but was common amongst Turkish and Arab forces. By nightfall there had been no response on what action, if any, should be taken. According to the police report, there was no evidence linking anyone from the village to the murder. The report states: At 0930 on

2747-412: The foundation rather than by another structure, hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive strength. In the United States, most building codes call for a minimum compressive strength of 300 lbf/in (2.07 newton/mm ) for the adobe block. Adobe construction should be designed so as to avoid lateral structural loads that would cause bending loads. The building codes require the building sustain

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2814-401: The ground were used as forms, and later wooden forms used to make individual bricks were introduced by the Spanish. Bricks made from adobe are usually made by pressing the mud mixture into an open timber frame. In North America, the brick is typically about 25 by 36 cm (10 by 14 in) in size. The mixture is molded into the frame, which is removed after initial setting. After drying for

2881-425: The largest Israeli army camp as well as an airbase, has been designated as a military base. No more than six houses remain; most of them are deserted, but one or two are occupied by Israelis. The school is also deserted..." Surafend affair The Surafend massacre ( Arabic : مجزرة صرفند ) was a premeditated massacre committed against inhabitants of the village of Sarafand al-Amar (modern-day Tzrifin ) and

2948-428: The main crop. In 1944–45, a total of 3,059 dunams were devoted to citrus and bananas and 4,012 dunams were allocated to grains; 1,655 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards, while 36 dunams were classified as built-up, urban areas. The orchards were irrigated from artesian wells , while the rest of the crops were rain-fed. Artesian wells also provided drinking water. On the morning of January 2, 1948, Arab workers at

3015-658: The map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799 . In 1838, Edward Robinson reported that there were two villages by the name of Sarafand in the area, one of which was inhabited by Muslims and the other ruined. Thus, it may be that Sarafand al-Kubra became also known as "Sarafand al-Amar" from the Arabic ' amara meaning "to build up; populate". Both the Sarafand villages belonged to the District of Ibn Humar. In 1863 Victor Guérin found here cut stones belonging to some old buildings, and two cisterns , apparently ancient. He thought

3082-544: The massacre, and many houses in the village were burnt to the ground. In the British Mandate period (1920–1948), the British Army established their largest military base in the Middle East near Sarafand al-Amar and built the village up significantly. The British Army also contracted the Palestine Electric Corporation for wired electric power. While the military installations were fed by

3149-432: The massacre, and would have accepted this without resentment. However, Allenby's abusive outburst, while leaving them unpunished, fueled a great amount of resentment and bitterness that their commanding officer would speak of the brigades in such a manner. The feeling among the mounted division was only intensified by Allenby's withdrawing his awards recommendations for members of the division and his silence towards them over

3216-440: The massacre. Allenby ordered the division to the square at headquarters, where, ignoring the salute of Commanding Officer Chaytor, he expressed his fury at their actions in no uncertain terms and employed unexpectedly strong language, including calling them "cowards and murderers". According to Gullett's Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 , the division was fully expecting harsh military discipline for

3283-482: The men of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles prepared for what was to take place that night. Early in the evening, around two hundred soldiers entered the village, expelling some of the women and children, while others remained. Armed with heavy sticks and bayonets , the soldiers then set upon the remaining villagers whilst also burning the houses. Somewhere between 40 and 137 people were killed in

3350-416: The night of 9 December, a New Zealand soldier was killed by an Arab thief who had stolen his kitbag. In response, troops of the ANZAC Mounted Division , as well as a small number of Scottish soldiers, surrounded Sarafand al-Amar and demanded the village's leaders hand over the thief. When they denied knowledge of the murder, the soldiers deliberated on their course of action before eventually deciding to attack

3417-504: The pieces, and it is preferred to ram the mud in situ , resulting in a different typology known as rammed earth . In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass , but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are not reinforced. Cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include

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3484-611: The raid. As the British Army evacuated Palestine in mid-May, they allowed Arab forces to take over the military base on May 14. According to the Haganah, a "small, semi-regular" Arab unit positioned there, but were driven out by two prolonged attacks from the southeast and the north; the Arab unit's defensive formation was only prepared for an attack from the Jewish town of Rishon LeZion in the west. No casualties were reported. Sarafand al-Amar

3551-480: The rolls, police pickets surrounded the village, finding many Australians viewing the burning houses. These were ordered back to their units. No police report indicated the presence of Australian soldiers in the village. That being so, involvement of Australian soldiers in the massacre at Surafend had been assumed, but never proven. Historian Henry Gullett 's volume of the Official History of Australia in

3618-585: The site was probably that of an old city called Sariphaia, mentioned as having been the seat of a bishop, one of its bishops took part in the Council of Jerusalem of the year 636. An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 60 houses and a population of 205 in Sarfend el Ammar , though the population count included men, only. In 1882, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Sarafand al-ajar as

3685-406: The surrounding air ( convection ) before they warm through to the interior. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time-lag effect. Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates,

3752-562: The thickness of the adobe bricks, the framework has been preformed using a steel framing and a layering of a metal fencing or wiring over the framework to allow an even load as masses of adobe are spread across the metal fencing like cob and allowed to air dry accordingly. This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent cracking. The more traditional flat adobe roofs are functional only in dry climates that are not exposed to snow loads. The heaviest wooden beams, called vigas , lie atop

3819-434: The thief outside of the camp, where he was apparently shot. Lowry was found by Corporal C.H. Carr, who had heard the sound of a struggle and a cry for help, lying in the sand about 40 metres from the tent lines, bleeding from a bullet wound to the chest. He died just as a doctor arrived at approximately 1:30   a.m. on Tuesday 10 December, having said nothing. The camp was roused, and a group of New Zealand soldiers followed

3886-679: The time the destruction of Surafend was occurring, the YMCA was screening a movie which was watched by many men of the Anzac Mounted Division. On hearing reports about the fighting, the Anzac Mounted Division Headquarters ordered the division to "stand to" with an immediate roll call to be taken and every man's location accounted for at that moment. The result of this roll call was that the location of most Australians were accounted for. In addition to

3953-434: The use of reinforcing steel in the footing and stem wall. Adobe bricks are laid by course. Adobe walls usually never rise above two stories as they are load bearing and adobe has low structural strength. When creating window and door openings, a lintel is placed on top of the opening to support the bricks above. Atop the last courses of brick, bond beams made of heavy wood beams or modern reinforced concrete are laid to provide

4020-455: The village, killing approximately 40–137 male villagers, with the only body count being 137 while others who did not count the bodies stated it was as low as 40. The massacre caused a significant rift between the Division and its Commander-in-Chief, Sir Edmund Allenby . During the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I , Allied forces gradually pushed the Ottoman military out of

4087-418: The wall. Across the vigas lie smaller members called latillas and upon those brush is then laid. Finally, the adobe layer is applied. To construct a flat adobe roof, beams of wood were laid to span the building, the ends of which were attached to the tops of the walls. Once the vigas, latillas and brush are laid, adobe bricks are placed. An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure

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4154-559: The word from Spanish in the early 18th century, still referring to mudbrick construction. In more modern English usage, the term adobe has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico , regardless of the construction method. An adobe brick is a composite material made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such as straw or dung . The soil composition typically contains sand , silt and clay . Straw

4221-445: Was applied on top of the latillas, then 18 inches of dry adobe dirt applied to the roof. The dirt was contoured into a low slope to a downspout aka a 'canal'. When moisture was applied to the roof the clay particles expanded to create a waterproof membrane. Once a year it was necessary to pull the weeds from the roof and re-slope the dirt as needed. Depending on the materials, adobe roofs can be inherently fire-proof. The construction of

4288-451: Was both visible and audible to the nearby division headquarters, and the division's Commander-in-Chief, General Sir Edmund Allenby , was ordered by General Headquarters to find and discipline those who took part in the killings, in particular those who led and organised the attack. The New Zealanders stood firm in solidarity and refused to name any individual soldiers responsible, and thus no-one could be definitively charged and disciplined for

4355-428: Was founded in 1947 and had an enrollment of 50 students. Adjacent to it was the al-Raja ("Hope") Orphanage set up for the children of Palestinians killed during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine . In addition, Sarafand had a public hospital and an agricultural station. In the 1945 statistics the population consisted of 1,910 Muslims and 40 Christians . Agriculture was the main economic activity, with citrus being

4422-644: Was most likely captured on May 19–20 by the Second Battalion of the Givati Brigade during Operation Barak . The residents probably fled or were evicted at the same time. Israel established the Tzrifin IDF military base on the ruins of Sarafand al-Amar and the British military base in 1949, and the town of Nir Tzvi was built on village lands in 1954. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi , "the site, which contains what may be

4489-482: Was paid to authorities in Palestine to rebuild the village. The British government contributed £686, due to a small number of Scottish soldiers who had participated, and, in 1921, requested that Australia and New Zealand contribute the remaining two-thirds. Australia did not contest its liability and quickly paid £515.2.9d to Britain. New Zealand objected, but eventually under British pressure paid £858.11.5d in May 1921. At

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