91-491: SureType is a QWERTY -based character input method for cell phones which is used on the BlackBerry Pearl . SureType combines a traditional telephone keypad with a QWERTY-based keyboard to create a non-standard way to input text on a cell phone. In addition, SureType contains a list of 35,000 English words, so when a user types the beginning of a word, all the possible words which start with those letters show up on
182-467: A punctus was placed at one of several heights to denote rhetorical divisions in speech: In addition, the Greeks used the paragraphos (or gamma ) to mark the beginning of sentences, marginal diples to mark quotations, and a koronis to indicate the end of major sections. During the 1st century BC, Romans also made occasional use of symbols to indicate pauses, but by the 4th century AD
273-456: A US English keyboard layout. Until Windows 8 and later versions, when Microsoft separated the settings, this had the undesirable side effect of also setting the language to US English, rather than the local orthography . The US keyboard layout has a second Alt instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys ; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages (unless
364-419: A backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make this possible,
455-635: A key for the non-ASCII character broken bar ¦ , but lacked one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar | . It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the Welsh alphabet , and the Scots Gaelic alphabet ; and also is missing the letter yogh , ȝ, used very rarely in the Scots language . Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard: Support for
546-498: A keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. These adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously allotted to the period key. Apocryphal claims that this change was made to let salesmen impress customers by pecking out the brand name "TYPE WRITER QUOTE" from one keyboard row is not formally substantiated. Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the " home row " sequence DFGHJKL. The modern ANSI layout is: The QWERTY layout became popular with
637-631: A large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q , A , Z , M , and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters, for example this QWERTY layout and the AZERTY layout. In this section you will also find keyboard layouts that include some additional symbols of other languages. But they are different from layouts that were designed with
728-446: A larger ↵ Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols ( ¬ , ¦ ), and uses different positions for the characters @ , " , # , ~ , \ , and | . The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £ . It also assigned
819-527: A patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé . The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below: Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of
910-479: A piece of written text should be read (silently or aloud) and, consequently, understood. The oldest known examples of punctuation marks were found in the Mesha Stele from the 9th century BC, consisting of points between the words and horizontal strokes between sections. The alphabet -based writing began with no spaces, no capitalization , no vowels (see abjad ), and with only a few punctuation marks, as it
1001-574: A regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French keyboard layout (see French (Canada) , below). The CSA keyboard is the official multilingual keyboard layout of Canada. The United Kingdom and Ireland use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and
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#17327824967231092-409: A shortened left ⇧ Shift with ` and ~ in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are § and ± instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the return key has \ and Pipe symbol . The arrangement of the character input keys and the ⇧ Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in
1183-400: A single character (-), sometimes repeated to represent a long dash. The spaces of different widths available to professional typesetters were generally replaced by a single full-character width space, with typefaces monospaced . In some cases a typewriter keyboard did not include an exclamation point (!), which could otherwise be constructed by the overstrike of an apostrophe and a period;
1274-589: A single-stroke key for the Dutch character IJ/ij , which is usually typed by the combination of I and J . In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete florin sign (Dutch: guldenteken) for IBM PCs. In Flanders (the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium ), "AZERTY" keyboards are used instead, due to influence from the French-speaking part of Belgium. See also #US-International in
1365-450: A standard US QWERTY keyboard with the sole loss the guillemet / degree sign key. Its significant difference from the US standard is that the right Alt key is reconfigured as an AltGr key that gives easy access to a further range of characters (marked in blue and red on the keyboard image. Blue indicates an alternative character that will display as typed. Red indicates a dead key :
1456-464: A thin space. In Canadian French , this is only the case for ⟨:⟩ . In Greek , the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point ⟨·⟩ , known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Georgian , three dots ⟨ ჻ ⟩ were formerly used as a sentence or paragraph divider. It
1547-472: Is a modern innovation; pre-modern Arabic did not use punctuation. Hebrew , which is also written from right to left, uses the same characters as in English, ⟨,⟩ and ⟨?⟩ . Originally, Sanskrit had no punctuation. In the 17th century, Sanskrit and Marathi , both written using Devanagari , started using the vertical bar ⟨ । ⟩ to end a line of prose and double vertical bars ⟨॥⟩ in verse. Punctuation
1638-623: Is attached to a lever, and hence the offset prevents the levers from running into each other – and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some keyboards, such as the Kinesis or TypeMatrix , retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns, to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion. The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used
1729-450: Is reached by ⇧ Shift + 3 and the # sign by ⌥ Option + 3 , the opposite to the US layout. The € is also present and is typed with ⌥ Option + 2 . Umlauts are reached by typing ⌥ Option + U and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing ⌥ Option + S . Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key,
1820-406: Is represented by a colon, and vice versa; the exclamation mark is represented by a diagonal similar to a tilde ⟨~⟩ , while the question mark ⟨՞⟩ resembles an unclosed circle placed after the last vowel of the word. Arabic , Urdu , and Persian —written from right to left—use a reversed question mark: ⟨؟⟩ , and a reversed comma: ⟨،⟩ . This
1911-480: Is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are reversed, and most punctuation marks are in different positions or are missing entirely. 0 and 1 were omitted to simplify
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#17327824967232002-504: Is still sometimes used in calligraphy. Spanish and Asturian (both of them Romance languages used in Spain ) use an inverted question mark ⟨ ¿ ⟩ at the beginning of a question and the normal question mark at the end, as well as an inverted exclamation mark ⟨ ¡ ⟩ at the beginning of an exclamation and the normal exclamation mark at the end. Armenian uses several punctuation marks of its own. The full stop
2093-613: The Esc key, and ⇧ Shift + ° (for ¨ , two dots ) which also works for the non-Nordic ÿ, Ü/ü, Ï/ï, and Ë/ë. These letters are not used natively in Icelandic, but may have been implemented for ease of communication in other Nordic languages. Additional diacritics may be found behind the AltGr key: AltGr + + for ˋ (freestanding grave accent, " backtick ") and AltGr + ´ for ˆ (freestanding circumflex). Punctuation Punctuation marks are marks indicating how
2184-610: The punctus , a comma-shaped mark, and a 7-shaped mark ( comma positura ), often used in combination. The same marks could be used in the margin to mark off quotations. In the late 8th century a different system emerged in France under the Carolingian dynasty . Originally indicating how the voice should be modulated when chanting the liturgy , the positurae migrated into any text meant to be read aloud, and then to all manuscripts. Positurae first reached England in
2275-502: The Bible started to be produced. These were designed to be read aloud, so the copyists began to introduce a range of marks to aid the reader, including indentation , various punctuation marks ( diple , paragraphos , simplex ductus ), and an early version of initial capitals ( litterae notabiliores ). Jerome and his colleagues, who made a translation of the Bible into Latin ,
2366-646: The Indian subcontinent , ⟨ :- ⟩ is sometimes used in place of colon or after a subheading. Its origin is unclear, but could be a remnant of the British Raj . Another punctuation common in the Indian Subcontinent for writing monetary amounts is the use of ⟨/-⟩ or ⟨/=⟩ after the number. For example, Rs. 20/- or Rs. 20/= implies 20 whole rupees. Thai , Khmer , Lao and Burmese did not use punctuation until
2457-526: The US national standard ANSI - INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), where this layout is called " ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995 -2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard. US keyboards are used not only in
2548-627: The Vulgate ( c. AD 400 ), employed a layout system based on established practices for teaching the speeches of Demosthenes and Cicero . Under his layout per cola et commata every sense-unit was indented and given its own line. This layout was solely used for biblical manuscripts during the 5th–9th centuries but was abandoned in favor of punctuation. In the 7th–8th centuries Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes, whose native languages were not derived from Latin , added more visual cues to render texts more intelligible. Irish scribes introduced
2639-603: The at sign (@) has gone from an obscure character mostly used by sellers of bulk commodities (10 pounds @$ 2.00 per pound), to a very common character in common use for both technical routing and an abbreviation for "at". The tilde (~), in moveable type only used in combination with vowels, for mechanical reasons ended up as a separate key on mechanical typewriters , and like @ it has been put to completely new uses. There are two major styles of punctuation in English: British or American. These two styles differ mainly in
2730-567: The semicolon , making occasional use of parentheses , and creating the modern comma by lowering the virgule. By 1566, Aldus Manutius the Younger was able to state that the main object of punctuation was the clarification of syntax . By the 19th century, punctuation in the Western world had evolved "to classify the marks hierarchically, in terms of weight". Cecil Hartley's poem identifies their relative values: The stop point out, with truth,
2821-419: The 'US-International' keyboard mapping is used, see below ). On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for [ { are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout. On some keyboards the ↵ Enter is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less
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2912-545: The 12th century scribes also began entering diples (sometimes double) within the column of text. The amount of printed material and its readership began to increase after the invention of moveable type in Europe in the 1450s. Martin Luther 's German Bible translation was one of the first mass printed works, he used only virgule , full stop and less than one percent question marks as punctuation. The focus of punctuation still
3003-603: The 1960s, it failed to achieve widespread use. Nevertheless, it and its inverted form were given code points in Unicode: U+203D ‽ INTERROBANG , U+2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG . The six additional punctuation marks proposed in 1966 by the French author Hervé Bazin in his book Plumons l'Oiseau ("Let's pluck the bird", 1966) could be seen as predecessors of emoticons and emojis . These were: An international patent application
3094-515: The Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard . In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs. Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å , Æ/æ and Ø/ø , but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on
3185-788: The Danish layout with added Đ ( Eth ), since the Faroe Islands are a self-governed part of the Kingdom of Denmark . This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians . It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards aimed at the Francophone market. Unlike the AZERTY layout used in France and Belgium, it is a QWERTY layout and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in
3276-414: The English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter A is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words. A feature much less commented on than the order of the keys is that the keys do not form a rectangular grid, but rather each column slants diagonally. This is because of the mechanical linkages – each key
3367-555: The French author Hervé Bazin , could be seen as predecessors of emoticons and emojis . In rare cases, the meaning of a text can be changed substantially by using different punctuation, such as in "woman, without her man, is nothing" (emphasizing the importance of men to women), contrasted with "woman: without her, man is nothing" (emphasizing the importance of women to men). Similar changes in meaning can be achieved in spoken forms of most languages by using elements of speech such as suprasegmentals . The rules of punctuation vary with
3458-455: The Greek théseis —called distinctiones in Latin —prevailed, as reported by Aelius Donatus and Isidore of Seville (7th century). Latin texts were sometimes laid out per capitula , where each sentence was placed on its own line. Diples were used, but by the late period these often degenerated into comma-shaped marks. Punctuation developed dramatically when large numbers of copies of
3549-627: The Netherlands below. The keyboard layout used in Estonia is virtually the same as the Swedish layout . The main difference is that the Å and ¨ keys (to the right of P ) are replaced with Ü and Õ respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the Estonian alphabet ). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around. The same as
3640-470: The Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä . On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ , respectively.) Computers with Windows are commonly sold with ÖØÆ and ÄÆØ printed on
3731-517: The QWERTY layout was not designed to slow the typist down, but rather to speed up typing. Indeed, there is evidence that, aside from the issue of jamming, placing often-used keys farther apart increases typing speed, because it encourages alternation between the hands. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent digraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in
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3822-423: The QWERTY layout, since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there rival machines with "down-stroke" and "front stroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison 's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became
3913-422: The QWERTY layouts and added keys such as escape Esc which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added function keys and arrow keys . Since the standardization of personal computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across
4004-515: The US and Canada (accustomed to using US standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to the accented letters found in some French loanwords . It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages, and serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans and historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians. It can also easily 'map' to or from
4095-654: The United States, but also in many other English-speaking places (except UK and Ireland), including India, Australia, Anglophone Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Indonesia that uses the same 26-letter alphabets as English. In many other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada , Australia , the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong , Malaysia , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Singapore , New Zealand , and South Africa ), local spelling sometimes conforms more closely to British English usage, although these nations decided to use
4186-458: The West wrote in scriptio continua , i.e. without punctuation delimiting word boundaries . Around the 5th century BC, the Greeks began using punctuation consisting of vertically arranged dots—usually a dicolon or tricolon—as an aid in the oral delivery of texts. After 200 BC, Greek scribes adopted the théseis system invented by Aristophanes of Byzantium , where a single dot called
4277-400: The adoption of punctuation from the West in the 20th century. Blank spaces are more frequent than full stops or commas. In 1962, American advertising executive Martin K. Speckter proposed the interrobang (‽), a combination of the question mark and exclamation point, to mark rhetorical questions or questions stated in a tone of disbelief. Although the new punctuation mark was widely discussed in
4368-466: The area of the traditional location of the \ key. In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places. It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the = key. Sometimes it is placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the ' (in these cases the ↵ Enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location). It may also be two lines below its default situation on
4459-577: The basis for Teletype machines; Lucien Stephen Crandall 's typewriter (the second to come onto the American market in 1883) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve; the Hammond typewriter of 1885 which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel. The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard
4550-405: The carriage was designed to advance only after releasing the space bar. In the era of mechanical typewriters, combined characters such as é and õ were created by the use of dead keys for the diacritics ( ′, ~ ), which did not move the paper forward. Thus the ′ and e would be printed at the same location on the paper, creating é . There were no particular technological requirements for
4641-524: The closing quotation mark regardless. This rule varies for other punctuation marks; for example, American English follows the British English rule when it comes to semicolons, colons, question marks, and exclamation points. The serial comma is used much more often in the United States than in the UK. Other languages of Europe use much the same punctuation as English. The similarity is so strong that
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#17327824967234732-476: The colon, and the full point terminating the sentence. The marks of interrogation and admiration were introduced many years after. The introduction of electrical telegraphy with a limited set of transmission codes and typewriters with a limited set of keys influenced punctuation subtly. For example, curved quotes and apostrophes were all collapsed into two characters (' and "). The hyphen , minus sign , and dashes of various widths have been collapsed into
4823-406: The design and reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter I (or lowercase letter L ) for the digit one, and the uppercase O for the zero. The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in
4914-418: The diacritic will be applied to the next vowel typed.) In some variants, the key names are translated to French: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg use QWERTZ layouts, where the letter Z is to the right of T . The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with
5005-467: The diacritics needed for Scots Gaelic and Welsh was added to Windows and ChromeOS using a "UK-extended" setting (see below ); Linux and X11 systems have an explicit or reassigned Compose key for this purpose. The British version of the Apple Keyboard does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the £ sign
5096-414: The diacritics needed for students of other European languages. Some QWERTY keyboards have alt codes , in which holding Alt while inputting a sequence of numbers on a numeric keypad allows the entry of special characters. For example, Alt + 1 6 3 results in ú (a Latin lowercase letter u with an acute accent). Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are
5187-589: The few variations may confuse a native English reader. Quotation marks are particularly variable across European languages. For example, in French and Russian , quotes would appear as: « Je suis fatigué. » (In French, the quotation marks are spaced from the enclosed material; in Russian they are not.) In the French of France and Belgium , the marks ⟨:⟩ , ⟨;⟩ , ⟨?⟩ and ⟨!⟩ are preceded by
5278-427: The financial backer James Densmore , is believed to have influenced the array of letters, although this contribution has been called into question. Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback. In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, N to Z, right-to-left. In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching
5369-418: The goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants ). The following sections give general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems. The emphasis is on Microsoft Windows. English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on
5460-496: The greater use and finally standardization of punctuation, which showed the relationships of words with each other: where one sentence ends and another begins, for example. The introduction of a standard system of punctuation has also been attributed to the Venetian printers Aldus Manutius and his grandson. They have been credited with popularizing the practice of ending sentences with the colon or full stop (period), inventing
5551-413: The guidance of the reader produced the colon and full point. In process of time, the comma was added, which was then merely a perpendicular line, proportioned to the body of the letter. These three points were the only ones used until the close of the fifteenth century, when Aldo Manuccio gave a better shape to the comma, and added the semicolon; the comma denoting the shortest pause, the semicolon next, then
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#17327824967235642-416: The history of the typewriter, but the 1 and exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s. In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the carriage in the same position. For instance, the exclamation point , which shares a key with the numeral 1 on post-mechanical keyboards, could be reproduced by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe,
5733-457: The keyboard is also the same. | could also be produced by shifting the key on the left side of the keyboard. " ? are produced by shifting the same keys, but ? is mirrored to ؟ . In Arabic (102) it's true also for {} which are again mirrored. Finally, , instead of being the normal output of their keys, are produced by shifting the same keys. The typewriter came to the Czech -speaking area in
5824-402: The language, location , register , and time . In online chat and text messages punctuation is used tachygraphically , especially among younger users. Punctuation marks, especially spacing , were not needed in logographic or syllabic (such as Chinese and Mayan script ) texts because disambiguation and emphasis could be communicated by employing a separate written form distinct from
5915-528: The late 10th century, probably during the Benedictine reform movement, but was not adopted until after the Norman conquest . The original positurae were the punctus , punctus elevatus , punctus versus , and punctus interrogativus , but a fifth symbol, the punctus flexus , was added in the 10th century to indicate a pause of a value between the punctus and punctus elevatus . In
6006-490: The late 11th/early 12th century the punctus versus disappeared and was taken over by the simple punctus (now with two distinct values). The late Middle Ages saw the addition of the virgula suspensiva (slash or slash with a midpoint dot) which was often used in conjunction with the punctus for different types of pauses. Direct quotations were marked with marginal diples, as in Antiquity, but from at least
6097-503: The late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout . However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @ $ & and others) missing from
6188-494: The left hand than the right hand. Thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand (the three most frequent letters in the English language, E T A , are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left- handed people but disadvantageous for right-handed people. Contrary to popular belief,
6279-505: The modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows: In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons . The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented: After they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating
6370-635: The most common diacritics used in the territory where sold. For example, default keyboard mapping for the UK/Ireland keyboard has the diacritics used in Irish but these are rarely printed on the keys; but to type the accents used in Welsh and Scots Gaelic requires the use of a " UK Extended " keyboard mapping and the dead key or compose key method. This arrangement applies to Windows, ChromeOS and Linux ; macOS computers have different techniques. The US International and UK Extended mappings provide many of
6461-510: The original Morse code did not have an exclamation point. These simplifications have been carried forward into digital writing, with teleprinters and the ASCII character set essentially supporting the same characters as typewriters. Treatment of whitespace in HTML discouraged the practice (in English prose) of putting two full spaces after a full stop, since a single or double space would appear
6552-593: The other Nordic countries: Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood). The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, and É/é are produced by first pressing the ´ dead key and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing ° , located below
6643-412: The practice of word separation . Likewise, insular scribes adopted the distinctiones system while adapting it for minuscule script (so as to be more prominent) by using not differing height but rather a differing number of marks—aligned horizontally (or sometimes triangularly)—to signify a pause's duration: one mark for a minor pause, two for a medium one, and three for a major one. Most common were
6734-489: The punctuation of traditional typesetting, writing forms like text messages tend to use the simplified ASCII style of punctuation, with the addition of new non-text characters like emoji . Informal text speak tends to drop punctuation when not needed, including some ways that would be considered errors in more formal writing. In the computer era, punctuation characters were recycled for use in programming languages and URLs . Due to its use in email and Twitter handles,
6825-455: The right of a narrower than traditionally right ⇧ Shift key. Two keyboard layouts that are based on Qwerty are used in Arabic -speaking countries. Microsoft designate them as Arabic (101) and Arabic (102). In both the number line is identical to the American layout, beside ( ) being mirrored, and not including the key to the left of 1 . The \ key on the right side of
6916-411: The same on the screen. (Most style guides now discourage double spaces, and some electronic writing tools, including Misplaced Pages's software, automatically collapse double spaces to single.) The full traditional set of typesetting tools became available with the advent of desktop publishing and more sophisticated word processors . Despite the widespread adoption of character sets like Unicode that support
7007-460: The screen. Additional words can also be added to the word list. SureType was developed by BlackBerry vendor Research in Motion . This computer science article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . QWERTY QWERTY ( / ˈ k w ɜːr t i / KWUR -tee ) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets . The name comes from the order of the first six keys on
7098-476: The spoken form of the language. Ancient Chinese classical texts were transmitted without punctuation. However, many Warring States period bamboo texts contain the symbols ⟨└⟩ and ⟨▄⟩ indicating the end of a chapter and full stop , respectively. By the Song dynasty , the addition of punctuation to texts by scholars to aid comprehension became common. During antiquity, most scribes in
7189-508: The success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a ⇧ Shift key. One popular but possibly apocryphal explanation for the QWERTY arrangement is that it was designed to reduce the likelihood of internal clashing of typebars by placing commonly used combinations of letters farther from each other inside the machine. The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent
7280-403: The time of pause A sentence doth require at ev'ry clause. At ev'ry comma, stop while one you count; At semicolon, two is the amount; A colon doth require the time of three ; The period four , as learned men agree. The use of punctuation was not standardised until after the invention of printing. According to the 1885 edition of The American Printer , the importance of punctuation
7371-601: The top letter row of the keyboard: Q W E R T Y . The QWERTY design is based on a layout included in the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold via E. Remington and Sons from 1874. QWERTY became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in ubiquitous use. The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes , a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha , Wisconsin . In October 1867, Sholes filed
7462-406: The top, and a cursor section to the right and center with keys for Insert , Delete , Home , End , Page Up , and Page Down with cursor arrows in an inverted-T shape. QWERTY was designed for English , a language with accents (' diacritics ') appearing only in a few words of foreign origin. The standard US keyboard has no provision for these at all; the need
7553-464: The two keys, allowing same computer hardware to be sold in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, with different operating system settings. Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use US International layout), the Dutch layout uses QWERTY but has additions for the € sign, the diaresis (¨) , and the braces ({ }) as well as different locations for other symbols. An older version contained
7644-412: The way in which they handle quotation marks, particularly in conjunction with other punctuation marks. In British English, punctuation marks such as full stops and commas are placed inside the quotation mark only if they are part of what is being quoted, and placed outside the closing quotation mark if part of the containing sentence. In American English, however, such punctuation is generally placed inside
7735-435: Was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row , these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language. Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only
7826-443: Was filed, and published in 1992 under World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) number WO9219458, for two new punctuation marks: the "question comma" and the "exclamation comma". The question comma has a comma instead of the dot at the bottom of a question mark, while the exclamation comma has a comma in place of the point at the bottom of an exclamation mark. These were intended for use as question and exclamation marks within
7917-414: Was later met by the so-called " US-International " keyboard mapping , which uses " dead keys " to type accents without having to add more physical keys. (The same principle is used in the standard US keyboard layout for macOS , but in a different way). Most European (including UK) keyboards for PCs have an AltGr key ('Alternative Graphics' key, replaces the right Alt key) that enables easy access to
8008-441: Was mostly aimed at recording business transactions. Only with the Greek playwrights (such as Euripides and Aristophanes ) did the ends of sentences begin to be marked to help actors know when to make a pause during performances. Punctuation includes space between words and both obsolete and modern signs. By the 19th century, the punctuation marks were used hierarchically, according to their weight. Six marks, proposed in 1966 by
8099-528: Was not used in Chinese , Japanese , Korean and Vietnamese Chu Nom writing until the adoption of punctuation from the West in the late 19th and early 20th century. In unpunctuated texts, the grammatical structure of sentences in classical writing is inferred from context. Most punctuation marks in modern Chinese, Japanese, and Korean have similar functions to their English counterparts; however, they often look different and have different customary rules. In
8190-492: Was noted in various sayings by children, such as: Charles the First walked and talked Half an hour after his head was cut off . With a semicolon and a comma added, it reads as follows: Charles the First walked and talked; Half an hour after, his head was cut off. In a 19th-century manual of typography , Thomas MacKellar writes: Shortly after the invention of printing, the necessity of stops or pauses in sentences for
8281-414: Was rhetorical, to aid reading aloud. As explained by writer and editor Lynne Truss , "The rise of printing in the 14th and 15th centuries meant that a standard system of punctuation was urgently required." Printed books, whose letters were uniform, could be read much more rapidly than manuscripts. Rapid reading, or reading aloud, did not allow time to analyze sentence structures. This increased speed led to
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