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83-669: Areas of what is today considered the Swahili coast were historically known as Azania or Zingion in the Greco-Roman era , and as Zanj or Zinj in Middle Eastern,They were also living in the east coast of africa Indian, and Chinese literature from the 7th to the 14th century. The word "Swahili" means people of the coasts in Arabic and is derived from the word sawahil ("coasts"). The Swahili people and their culture formed from

166-705: A British protectorate . In August 1896, following the death of Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini , Britain and Zanzibar fought a 38-minute war , the shortest in recorded history. A struggle for succession took place as the Sultan's cousin Khalid bin Barghash seized power. The British instead wanted Hamoud bin Mohammed to become Sultan, believing that he would be much easier to work with. The British gave Khalid an hour to vacate

249-617: A Moroccan explorer, described the town as "one of the most beautiful towns in the world." Although Kilwa had been trading for centuries, the city's wealth and control of the gold trade attracted the Portuguese who were in search of gold. During the period of Portuguese subjugation, trade essentially stopped in Kilwa. Today, Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania made up of the Zanzibar Archipelago. The archipelago

332-453: A coastal port further north. The city with a population of about 10,000 was conquered in heavy combat against the troops of the local Arab sheikh. The city was plundered and torched. The Portuguese were assisted in this attack by an enemy of Mombasa, the Sultan of Melinde . The same month a caravel of Almeida's fleet captained by John ( João ) Homere captured Zanzibar island and claimed it for Portugal. On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida

415-533: A distinct mix of African and Arab origins. The Swahili were traders and merchants and readily absorbed influences from other cultures. Historical documents including the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and works by Ibn Battuta describe the society, culture, and economy of the Swahili coast at various points in its history. The Swahili coast has a distinct culture, demography, religion, and geography, and as

498-550: A hitherto secret commission he had received from the King empowering him as governor to replace Almeida at the end of his term as viceroy. Almeida, determined to avenge the death of his son and free the Portuguese prisoners taken at Chaul, refused to recognize Albuquerque's credentials immediately, and later arrested him. In 1509, Almeida became the first Portuguese to arrive by ship in Bombay . He sought Meliqueaz, to whom he had written

581-618: A large fleet, in November 1509. Almeida sailed for Portugal in December 1509 and reached Table Bay near the Cape of Good Hope, where the Garcia, Belém and Santa Cruz dropped anchor in late February 1510 to replenish water. There they encountered the local indigenous people, the ǃUriǁ'aikua (recorded as "Goringhaiqua", a Khoe-speaking clan). After friendly trade with the ǃUriǁ'aikua, some of

664-767: A menacing letter, and the Mameluk Mirocem, fiercely engaging them at the naval Battle of Diu on 3 February 1509 commanding a fleet of 23 ships near the port of Diu . He inflicted a decisive defeat on a joint fleet from the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt , the Ottoman Empire , the Zamorin of Calicut , and the Sultan of Gujarat , with technical naval support from the Republic of Venice and

747-420: A practice carried over from local tribal religions. Men wear protective amulets with Quran verses. The historian P. Curtis said about Islam and the Swahili coast, "The Muslim religion ultimately became one of the central elements of Swahili identity." The earliest known Mosques on the Swahili coast were built of wood and date back to the 9th century CE. Swahili Mosques are typically smaller than elsewhere in

830-427: A result—along with other factors, including economic—has witnessed rising secessionism in the early 21st century. In the pre-Swahili period, the region was occupied by smaller societies whose main socioeconomic activities were pastoralism, fishing, and mixed farming. Early on, those living on the Swahili coast prospered because of agriculture helped by regular yearly rainfall and animal husbandry . The shallow coast

913-513: A ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations using the island's slave labour . As a regional commercial power in the 19th century, Oman held the island of Zanzibar and the Zanj region of the East African coast, including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam . When Said ibn Sultan died in 1856, his sons quarrelled over the succession. As a result of this struggle, the empire

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996-537: Is 25-50 kilometers (16-31 mi) from the mainland. Its main industries are tourism, spice production such as cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper, and raffia palm trees. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the Omani sultanate after sultan Saif bin Sultan defeated the Portuguese at Mombasa. In 1832 the sultan of Oman moved his capital from Muscat to Stone Town, the main city of the Zanzibar archipelago. He encouraged

1079-560: Is a name that has been applied to various parts of southeastern tropical Africa . In the Roman period and perhaps earlier, the toponym has been hypothesised to have referred to a portion of the Southeast Africa coast extending from southern Somalia to the border between Mozambique and South Africa. If this is correct, then during classical antiquity Azania was mostly inhabited by Southern Cushitic peoples, whose groups would rule

1162-409: Is in ruins, historically it was one of the most powerful city states on the Swahili coast. One of the main exports along the Swahili coast was gold and in the 13th century the city of Kilwa took control of the gold trade from Banadir in modern-day Somalia. By the mid-14th century the sultan of Kilwa was able to assert his power over several other city states. Kilwa levied a customs duty on the gold that

1245-405: Is likely that the abundant local resources were very important to the islands' inhabitants. These resources include mangroves, fishing, and crustaceans. Mangroves were important as they provided wood for boats. However, archaeological digs reveal that the culture of the Swahili people living on these islands was adapted to trade and their maritime surroundings quite early on. Although today Kilwa

1328-402: Is not found locally on the Swahili coast, so the metal had to be imported. There are many islands close to the Swahili coast including Zanzibar , Kilwa , Mafia and Lamu in addition to distant Comoros which is sometimes considered part of the Swahili coast. Several of these islands became very powerful through trade including Zanzibar and Kilwa. Before these islands became trade hubs, it

1411-712: Is that the Indonesian Austronesian came directly across the Indian Ocean from Java to Madagascar . It is likely that they went through the Maldives where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present. Francisco de Almeida Dom Francisco de Almeida ( Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku ðɨ alˈmɐjðɐ] ), also known as the Great Dom Francisco (c. 1450 – 1 March 1510),

1494-557: Is the lingua franca of East Africa and the national language of Kenya and Tanzania in addition to being one of the languages of the African Union. Estimates of the number of speakers vary greatly but are usually around 50, 80 and 100 million people. Swahili is a Bantu language with heavy influence from Arabic with the word "Swahili" itself descending from the Arabic word "sahil," meaning "coast"; "Swahili" meaning "people of

1577-653: Is very similar to that of other Bantu languages as, like other Bantu languages, Swahili has five vowels (a,e,i,o,u). The primary religion of the Swahili coast is Islam . Initially, unorthodox Muslims fleeing persecution in their homelands may have settled in the region, but it is likely that the religion took hold through Arab traders. The majority of Muslims on the Swahili coast are Sunni , but many people continue non-Islamic traditions. For example, spirits who bring illness and misfortune are appeased and people are buried with valuable items. In addition, teachers of Islam are allowed to become medicine men; having medicine men being

1660-652: The Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa , further German interest in the area was soon shown in 1885 by the arrival of the newly created German East Africa Company , which had a mission to colonize the area. In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the African Great Lakes , with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with

1743-842: The German East Africa Company acquired formal direct rule over the coastal area previously submitted to German protection. This resulted in a native uprising, the Abushiri revolt , which was suppressed by the Kaiserliche Marine and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland. With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became

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1826-590: The Mediterranean Sea , Silk Road , Indian Ocean , Red Sea , and Sahara desert to distant locations. As many as 5 million of these may have come from Africa, though most would have been from West Africa, rather than East Africa. Before the 18th Century, the slave trade on the East African coast was fairly minor. Women and children were preferred since the main roles of enslaved persons in the Asian World were as domestic servants and concubines. Most of

1909-563: The Muslim world and have little decorations. In addition, they typically do not have minarets or inner courtyards. Domestic housing was usually constructed of mud-bricks and were mostly one storey high. Often, they had two long and narrow rooms. Housing is often decorated by carved door frames and window grilles. Larger houses sometimes have gardens and orchards. Houses were constructed close together which resulted in twisty narrow streets. Azania Azania ( Ancient Greek : Ἀζανία )

1992-582: The Persian Gulf , Red Sea and caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean. Initially, Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. With voyages led by Vasco da Gama, Francisco de Almeida and Afonso de Albuquerque , the Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, including Sofala and Kilwa , by 1515. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of

2075-551: The Red Sea . The "Azanians" made extensive use of small sewn boats, which were used to fish and hunt. The Periplus' s description of the "Azanians" is brief, merely characterizing them as "Dark-skinned" and "Of great stature". Subsequently, by the 10th century AD, these original "Azanians" had been replaced by early waves of Bantu settlers. Later Western writers who mention Azania include Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 – c. 170 CE) and Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE). The term

2158-521: The Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), which feared for their eastern trade links. His victory was decisive: the Ottomans and Egyptians left the Indian Ocean, enabling a Portuguese trade monopoly over Indian waters for over 100 years, into the 17th century when it was ended by the Dutch and English. Albuquerque was released after three months' confinement, on the arrival of the grand-marshal of Portugal with

2241-555: The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar , which became known as Tanzania six months later. Trade along the Eastern African coast started as early as the first century CE. Bantu farmers, who are considered the initial settlers within the region, built communities along the coast. These farmers eventually started trading with traders from southeast Asia, southern Arabia, and sometimes Rome and Greece. The rise of

2324-619: The "Azanians" were unaware of iron smelting. Chapter 15 of the Periplus suggests that Azania could be the littoral area south of present-day Somalia (the "Lesser and Greater Bluffs", the "Lesser and Greater Strands", and the "Seven Courses"). Chapter sixteen describes the emporium of Rhapta , located south of the Puralean Islands at the end of the Seven Courses of Azania, as the "southernmost market of Azania". The Periplus does not mention any dark-skinned " Ethiopians " among

2407-694: The British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya ) and the Germans to take present-day Tanzania . Both powers leased coastal territory from Zanzibar and established trading stations and outposts. Over the next few years, all of the mainland possessions of Zanzibar came to be administered by European imperial powers, beginning in 1888 when the Imperial British East Africa Company took over administration of Mombasa . The same year

2490-598: The Christian conquest of Granada on the side of the Castilians . In 1505 King Manuel I of Portugal made Almeida, then in his mid-fifties, the first viceroy of Portuguese India ( Estado da Índia ). With an armada of 22 ships, including 14 carracks and 6 caravels , Almeida departed from Lisbon on 25 March 1505. The armada carried a crew of 1,500 soldiers. The flagship was the carrack São Rafael captained by Fernão Soares. The mission's primary aims were to bring

2573-525: The Indian Ocean world. The Portuguese gained control of the Island of Mozambique and the port city of Sofala in the early 16th century. Vasco da Gama having visited Mombasa in 1498 was then successful in reaching India thereby permitting the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes that used

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2656-615: The Indian Ocean's trade network, however, especially in the western part of the Indian Ocean, Swahili coast being included, Muslim merchants dominated trade due to their ability to fund the construction of vessels. The yearly monsoon winds carried ships from the Swahili coast to the eastern Indian Ocean and back. These yearly winds were the catalyst for trade in the region as they reduced the risk associated with sailing and made it predictable. The monsoon winds were less strong and reliable as one travelled further South along Africa's coast resulting in settlements being smaller and less frequent towards

2739-505: The Portuguese, besieging Fort St. Angelo at the Siege of Cannanore . In 1507 Almeida's mission was strengthened by the arrival of Tristão da Cunha 's squadron. Afonso de Albuquerque 's squadron had, however, split from that of Cunha off east Africa and was independently conquering territories to the west. In March 1508, at the request of the Arab merchants of Calicut, an Egyptian fleet under

2822-772: The Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown a month later during the Zanzibar Revolution . Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar . In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form

2905-584: The Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full-self government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon

2988-525: The South. Trade was further encouraged by the invention of lateen sails which allowed merchants to travel apart from the monsoon winds. Evidence for Indian Ocean trade includes the presence of pot shards on coastal archaeological sites that can be traced back to China and India. It has been estimated that between 1450 and 1900 CE as many as 17 million people were sold into slavery from Europe , Africa , and Asia and transported by Asian slave traders through

3071-526: The Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes , to increase British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the territory. It administered about 240 km (150 mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from

3154-536: The Sultan of Zanzibar. That coastal strip, remaining under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar, was constituted as the Protectorate of Kenya in 1920. In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika , joining the Commonwealth . It became a republic a year later. The Colony of Kenya came to an end in 1963 when an ethnic Kenyan majority government was elected for the first time and eventually declared independence . On 10 December 1963,

3237-467: The Sultan's palace in Stone Town. Khalid failed to do so, and instead assembled an army of 2,800 men to fight the British. The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations around the city after which Khalid retreated and later went into exile. Hamoud was then peacefully installed as Sultan. In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon , who already had an agreement with

3320-563: The Sultan. However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a protectorate , the East Africa Protectorate , the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office . In 1891, after it became apparent that the German East Africa Company could not handle its dominions, it sold out to the German government, which began to rule German East Africa directly. During World War I German East Africa

3403-851: The Swahili coast city-states can be largely attributed to the region's extensive participation in a trade network that spanned the Indian Ocean . The Indian Ocean's trade network has been likened to that of the Silk Road , with many destinations being linked through trade. It has been claimed that the Indian Ocean trade network actually connected more people than the Silk Road. The Swahili coast largely exported raw products like timber , ivory , animal skins , spices , and gold . Finished products were imported from as far as east Asia such as silk and porcelain from China , spices and cotton from India , and black pepper from Sri Lanka . Some of

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3486-501: The Swahili coast include Egypt , Greece , Rome , Assyria , Sumeria , Phoenicia , Arabia , Somalia , and Persia . Trade in the region decreased during the Pax Mongolica due to overland trade being cheaper during that period, however, trade by ships provided the advantage that the goods that were transported on them were in bulk, meaning they could be available to the mass market. Many different ethnic groups were involved in

3569-433: The Swahili coast's food due to its proximity and reliance on the coast. In addition, coconuts and many different spices as well as tropical fruits are often used. The Arabic influence can be seen in the small cups of coffee that are available in the area and the sweet meats that can be tasted. The Arab influence is also seen in the Swahili language, architecture, and boat design including food as aforementioned. Swahili

3652-440: The area but few coins of foreign origin have been excavated. Previously, it was believed that the coins from the Swahili coast were of Persian origin, but now it is recognized that these are in fact indigenous coins. The coins found on the coast only have inscriptions in Arabic, not Swahili. The coins from this region can be put into five categories: Shanga silver, Tanzanian silver, Kilwa copper, Kilwa gold and Zanzibar copper. Silver

3735-541: The area until the great Bantu Migration . In 1933, G.W.B Huntingford proposed a theory of Azanian civilization existing in Kenya and northern Tanzania , between the Stone Age and Islamic period . It was supposed that these people were from Ethiopia and Somalia , where they eventually perished around the 14th to 15th-century. Azania was a region in ancient Arcadia, which was according to Pausanias named after

3818-567: The area's inhabitants. They only later appear in Ptolemy 's Geographia , but in a region far south, around the "Bantu nucleus" of northern Mozambique . According to John Donnelly Fage , these early Greek documents altogether suggest that the original inhabitants of the Azania coast, the "Azanians", were of the same ancestral stock as the Afro-Asiatic populations to the north of them along

3901-432: The coast." Some hold that Swahili is a completely Bantu language with only a few Arabic loanwords , while others suggest that Bantu and Arabic mixed to form Swahili. It has been hypothesized that the mixing of languages was facilitated by intermarriage between natives and Arabs in addition to general interactions. Most likely, Swahili was around in some form before Arab contact but then was heavily influenced. Swahili syntax

3984-452: The coastal trade from Arabs between 1500 and 1700, but, with the Arab seizure of Portugal's key foothold at Fort Jesus on Mombasa Island (now in Kenya ) in 1698 by Omani ruler Saif bin Sultan , the Portuguese retreated to the south. Omani ruler Said bin Sultan (1806–1856) moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island). He established

4067-566: The coastal waters southwards to Colombo , in modern-day Sri Lanka . Meanwhile, the Zamorin succeeded in convincing the Kōlattiri of Cannanore of the true imperialistic motives of Portuguese in Kerala. The Kōlattiri was already annoyed and angered with the Portuguese for their violation of the safe conduct guaranteed to the ships of Muslim merchants of Cannanore. The Kōlattiri joined the fight against

4150-587: The command of Amir Husain Al-Kurdi (Mir Hussain) of the Mameluk Egyptian attacked and defeated the Portuguese squadron under command of Lourenço de Almeida at Chaul in the Battle of Chaul . Lourenço de Almeida was killed in this battle and this led to a temporary retreat by the Portuguese from Indian waters. Afonso de Albuquerque arrived at Cannanore at the close of 1508 and immediately made known

4233-444: The creation of clove plantations as well as the settlement of Indian traders. Until 1890 the sultans of Zanzibar controlled part of the Swahili coast known as Zanj which included Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. At the end of the 19th century, the British and German empires brought Zanzibar into their spheres of influence. The culture of the Swahili coast had unique characteristics emerging from the diversity of its founders. The Swahili coast

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4316-412: The crew visited their nearby village, situated in modern-day Observatory where they tried to steal some of the locals' cattle. Almeida allowed his captains Pedro and Jorge Barreto to return to the village on the morning of 1 March 1510. The village's cattle herd was raided with the loss of one man, while Almeida awaited his men some distance from the beach. As the flagship's master Diogo d'Unhos had moved

4399-421: The enslaved would have been absorbed into Swahili households. The children of enslaved concubines were born as free members of their father's lineage without distinction and manumissions were a common act of piety for elderly Muslims. A series of slave uprisings took place between 869 and 883 CE in Basra , a city of present-day Iraq , referred to as the Zanj Rebellion. The enslaved Zanj were likely transported from

4482-452: The grip that the Abbasids had over slaves. During the Rebellion, the slaves, under the leadership of Ali ibn Muhammad, captured Basra and even threatened to raid the capital, Baghdad. The vast majority of the slave rebels were Black Africans, and the 9th century Zanj revolts in Iraq is some of the best evidence of a large number of people being sold into slavery from Eastern Africa. As a result of this uprising, Abbasid Caliphate largely abandoned

4565-466: The harbour of Quilon. Almeida took up residence in Cochin. He strengthened the Portuguese fortifications of Fort Manuel on Cochin . The Zamorin of Calicut prepared a large fleet of 200 ships to oppose the Portuguese, but in March 1506 De Almeida's son Lourenço de Almeida intercepted Zamorin's fleet in a sea battle at the entrance to the harbour of Cannanore , the Battle of Cannanore , and inflicted heavy losses. Hereupon Lourenço de Almeida explored

4648-412: The inland areas of the East Africa Protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council. That part of the former Protectorate was thereby constituted as the Colony of Kenya and from that time, the Sultan of Zanzibar ceased to be sovereign over that territory. The remaining 16 km (10 mi) wide coastal strip (with the exception of Witu ) remained a Protectorate under an agreement with

4731-409: The landing boats to a watering point, the Portuguese were left without a means of retreat. The ǃUriǁ'aikua sensed the opportunity for an attack, during which Almeida and 64 of his men perished, including 11 of his captains. Almeida's body was recovered the same afternoon and buried on the shore front of the current Cape Town . An archivist, Nicolaas Vergunst , suggested in a 2011 book that De Almeida

4814-540: The large-scale importation of slaves from East Africa. On the Swahili coast, coin minting can be correlated to an increase in Indian Ocean trade . The earliest coins share many similarities to coins from Sindh . Some estimate that coins were minted on the Swahili coast as early as the mid 9th century until the end of the 15th century CE. The making of coins came comparatively late to this area with many other cultures starting to make coins several centuries earlier. There are archaeological records of foreign coins being used in

4897-450: The later Arabic Al-Zanjia. The roots of "land of the Zanj" - "Al-Zanjia" however is contested as not being related to the South Semitic etymology, nor to the Greek usage referring to an Arcadian territory and legend - and pronounced differently "e osania", but rather relates to Southeast Asia etymology. Zanj in Arabic means the "country of the blacks". The name is also transliterated Zenj , Zinj or Zang . Anthony Christie argued that

4980-501: The light of the fact that the term with a different meaning to the Greek Arcadian meaning, was in use in South Asia, Southeast Asia and China. The Greek Travelogue is unlikely to reflect navigation of the African East Coast. The 1st century AD Greek travelogue the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea first describes Azania based on its author's intimate knowledge of the area. According to the Periplus , traded items included awls, knives, glass, and iron implements, although this does not suggest

5063-400: The more southern areas of East Africa . The uprising grew to more than 500,000 slaves and free men as well, who were used in strenuous agriculture labor. The Zanj Rebellion was a guerilla war mounted by slaves against the Abbasids. This revolt lasted 14 years. Slaves with numbers as high as 15,000 would raid towns, set slaves free, and seize weapons and food. These revolts greatly destabilized

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5146-463: The most part, fled to East Africa between the 8th and 11th centuries on account of the religious differences of the times, the refugees being schismatics. Various small states thus grew up along the coast. These states are sometimes referred to, collectively, as the Zanj empire. However, it is unlikely that they were ever united under one ruler. According to Berger et al., this shared way of life began to diverge at least around 13th century CE (362). In

5229-411: The mythical king Azan. According to Herodotus, the region contained the ancient town of Paus. The use of this name coincides with a reference in which Pliny the Elder mentions an "Azanian Sea" (N.H. 6.34) that began around the emporium of Adulis and stretched around the south coast of Africa. It may well be that the Greek usage resonated with a term already in use around the Horn of Africa especially in

5312-503: The naval Battle of Diu in 1509. Before Almeida returned to Portugal he lost his life in a conflict with indigenous people at the Cape of Good Hope in 1510. His only son Lourenço de Almeida had previously been killed in the Battle of Chaul . Almeida was born at Lisbon . As was customary for men in his social circle, he joined the military at an early age. In 1476 he took part in the Battle of Toro . Then he fought in conflicts in different parts of Morocco and in 1492 participated in

5395-511: The other imports received from Asia and Europe include cottons, silks, woolens, glass and stone beads, metal wire, jewelry, sandalwood, cosmetics, fragrances, kohl, rice, spices, coffee, tea, other foods and flavorings, teak, iron and brass fittings, sailcloth, pottery, porcelain, silver, brass, glass, paper , paints, ink, carved wood, books, carved chests, arms, ammunition, gunpowder, swords and daggers , gold, silver, brass, bronze, religious specialists, and craftsmen. Other places that traded with

5478-402: The people in the Swahili coast were less wealthy and engaged in such jobs as clerks, craftsmen, sailors, and artisans. The Swahili culture is predominantly Islamic by religion. Archeological records have shown that mosques in the Swahili cities were built as early as the eight century CE. Muslim burial grounds of similar age have also been discovered. Despite being predominantly Muslim, the culture

5561-432: The permission of the friendly ruler Kōlattiri , the building of St. Angelo Fort in Cannanore , leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships. Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin on 31 October 1505, with only eight vessels left. There he learnt that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed. He decided to send his son Lourenço with 6 ships, who wantonly destroyed 27 Calicut vessels in

5644-402: The roughly 4,000-strong population of this harbour town. Because of the good harbour that the town provided, sufficient for anchoring ships of up to 500 tons, the Portuguese decided to build a fort here. For this purpose Pêro Ferreira and a crew of 80 soldiers remained in the town. In 1505, Francisco d'Almeida arrived with eleven heavily armed ships that destroyed Kilwa , Barawa and Mombasa ,

5727-453: The spice trade under Portuguese control, build forts along the east African and Indian coasts, further Portuguese spice trade through alliances with local chieftains, and construct trading posts. Almeida rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered African coastal waters again at Sofala and the Island of Mozambique , whence they proceeded northwards to the coastal settlement of Kilwa . In July 1505 they employed 8 ships to attack and conquer

5810-441: The use of Kwale and Urewe ceramics both along the coast and within the interior parts, showing that the regions had a shared way of life in the Late Stone and Early Iron Ages. From the earliest times of which there is any record the African seaboard from the Red Sea to an unknown distance southwards was subject to Arabian influence and dominion. At a later period the coast towns were founded or conquered by Persian and Arabs who, for

5893-431: The wake of trading activities along the coast, Arab merchants would pour scorn on non-Muslims and some African practices. This attitude of scorn allegedly pushed African elites to deny connections to the interior and to claim descent from Shirazis and to have already converted to Islam. The interactions that ensued led to the formation of the unique Swahili culture and city states, especially those facilitated by trade. At

5976-477: The word zanj or zang may not be Arabic in origin: a Chinese form (僧祇 sēngqí ) is recorded as early as 607 AD. Christie argued that the word is South East Asian in origin. The Javanese word jenggi means African people, precisely the people of Zanzibar. It is known that the Indonesian Austronesian peoples reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE. As for their route, one possibility

6059-555: The zenith of its power in the 15th century, the Kilwa Sultanate owned or claimed overlordship over the mainland cities of Malindi , Inhambane and Sofala and the island-states of Mombassa , Pemba , Zanzibar , Mafia , Comoro and Mozambique (plus numerous smaller places). The voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society in

6142-540: Was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer . He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492. In 1505 he was appointed as the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese State of India ( Estado da Índia ). Almeida is credited with establishing Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean with his victory at

6225-422: Was appointed as Viceroy of India , on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast: at Anjediva Island , Cannanore , Cochin and Quilon . Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men. On 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjediva Island, where he immediately started the construction of Fort Anjediva . On 23 October, he started, with

6308-680: Was briefly revived in the second half of the 20th century as the appellation given to South Africa by Marxists such as the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) party. It has also been applied to the regional state of Jubaland within Somalia. Mofarite , Hadramite and Omani merchants established various trading posts on the Zanj Coast corresponding to Azania: the South Semitic etymology of A'Zania preceded

6391-473: Was distinctly African as indicated by the Swahili language used. This language was largely African characterized by many Arab and Persian words. Irrespective of their economic status, the Swahili drew a clear difference between them and the people from interior of the continent whom they considered as uncultured. For the elite, this distinction was important in selling into slavery Africans from neighboring, non-Muslim communities. Fish and shellfish are common in

6474-632: Was divided in 1861 into two separate principalities: Sultanate of Zanzibar and the area of "Muscat and Oman". Until 1884, the Sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the Swahili Coast, known as Zanj. That year, however, the Society for German Colonization forced local chiefs on the mainland to agree to German protection, prompting Sultan Bargash bin Said to protest. Coinciding with

6557-404: Was essentially an urban civilization which revolved around trade activities. A few individuals in the Swahili coast were wealthy and made up the elite, ruling class. These elite families were instrumental in the fashioning of Swahili urban life by establishing a Muslim ancestry, embracing Islam, financing mosques in the region, stimulating trade, and practicing the seclusion of women. The majority of

6640-626: Was gradually occupied by forces from the British Empire and Belgian Congo during the East Africa Campaign , although German resistance continued until 1918. After this, the League of Nations formalised control of the area by the UK, who renamed it " Tanganyika ". The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. On 23 July 1920,

6723-424: Was important as it provided seafood. Starting in the early 1st millennium CE, trade was crucial. Submerged river estuaries created natural harbors while yearly monsoons winds helped trade. Later in the 1st millennium there was a migration of Bantu people. The communities settling along the coast shared archaeological and linguistic features with those from the interior of the continent. Archeological data has revealed

6806-472: Was shipped north from Zimbabwe that stopped in Kilwa's port. In Kilwa's Husuni Kabwa, or Great Fort, there is evidence of gardens, a pool, and commercial activities. The fort served as a palace and area to store commercial goods and was built by sultan Al-Hasan Ibn Suleman. The fort consists of a public courtyard, and a private area. Due to the intricate architecture present in Kilwa Ibn Battuta ,

6889-520: Was the victim of a plot by his own men, who intentionally cut off his retreat after the planned provocation of the ǃUriǁ'aikua Almeida was the son of the 1st Count of Abrantes and one of a number of highly distinguished siblings including two bishops, an ambassador to the Holy See and the Portuguese head of the Order of Malta. His son, Lourenço, was killed in the battle of Chaul, but he was survived by

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