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47-588: The term viceroy is better reserved for the stattholder , the representative of the Swedish monarch in Norway when that neighboring country was in personal union with Sweden , as it concerns a whole kingdom, and notably in the several cases where the incumbent was no lesser than the Swedish crown prince. Governors-general could also be appointed over parts of Sweden proper , today's Sweden and Finland , and usually consisting of several counties in that part of

94-562: A personal representative , a de facto viceroy to rule on their behalf (as does their co-ruler, the Bishop of Urgell ). The French position of "adjunct département director, delegate for the sea and coast of the Atlantic Pyrenees and Landes " carries the title of "viceroy of Pheasant Island ". Pheasant Island is a French-Spanish condominium on the river Bidasoa . In Italian viceré : The highest colonial representatives in

141-513: A risk of foreign or Indian attack, but the captains general were usually given political powers over the provinces under their command. Because the long distances to the viceregal capital would hamper effective communication, both audiencias and captains general were authorized to communicate directly with the crown through the Council of the Indies . The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new office of

188-521: A second one ruling the possessions in India (Hindustan) and Ceylon ; and a third one from Malacca to the Far East. However, Governor Afonso de Albuquerque (1509–1515) centralized the post into a plenipotentiary office, which it remained after his tenure. The typical duration in office was usually three years, although powerful viceroys might extend their tenure; of the thirty-four governors of India in

235-458: A single governor: Thereafter it had lieutenants-general and viceroys: Next were a series of viceroys (resident in France) from 8 October 1611 to 1672. Later there were governors and governors-general. The president of France retains, ex officio , the title of Co-Prince in the neighboring microstate of Andorra (a post previously occupied by the king of France) and continues to send

282-465: A viceroy's wife, known as the viceregal consort . The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms , who are viceregal representatives of the monarch. The position of a viceroy is by royal appointment rather than a noble rank. An individual viceroy often also held a separate noble title, such as Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston , who

329-443: Is not complete. Some of those listed held the title of governor, not governor-general. The following were the governors-general of Finland : The following were the governors-general of Ingria : The following were the governors-general of Estonia : The following were the governors-general of Livonia : The following were the governors-general of Karelia : The Scanian Dominion ( Swedish : Skånska Generalguvernementet ),

376-447: Is sometimes translated to English as viceroy. In 1830, emperor Minh Mạng abolished the post in order to increase the imperial direct ruling power in all over Vietnam. During the Han , Ming and Qing dynasties, there existed positions of viceroys having control over various provinces (e.g., Liangguang = Guangdong and Guangxi , Huguang = Hubei and Hunan ). In Siam before 1885,

423-716: The Albanian Kingdom (today Albania ). As viceré of Albania of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy were the Marchese Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino and after his departure General Alberto Pariani . Ban Borić was the first ruler and viceroy of Bosnia, appointed by Géza II of Hungary by 1154. His war affairs are documented as he fought several notable battles. He also maintained ties with knights Templar and donated lands in Bosnia and Slavonia to their order. His own biological brother Dominic

470-660: The Australian House of Representatives : "The Governor-General is the viceroy of the Queen of Australia". The Australia Act 1986 also provide that all royal powers in Australia, except the actual appointment of the governor-general and the governors, are exercisable by the viceregal representatives. The noun viceroy is rarely used, but the adjective viceregal is standard usage. Namestnik (Russian: наме́стник , Russian pronunciation: [nɐˈmʲesʲnʲɪk] )

517-584: The Central Legislative Assembly , one of the first steps in the establishment of Indian home rule . This process was accelerated by the Government of India Act 1935 and ultimately led to the independence of India and Pakistan as dominions in 1947. Both countries finally severed complete ties with Britain when they became republics – India as a secular republic in 1950 and Pakistan as an Islamic republic in 1956. Alongside

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564-655: The Commander-in-Chief, India , the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. As the representative of the emperors and empress of India , who were also the kings and queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the viceroy served as the grand master of the two principal orders of chivalry of British India:

611-791: The Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire . During the office's history, the governors-general of India were based in two cities: Calcutta until 1911 and New Delhi afterwards. Additionally, whilst Calcutta was the capital of India, the viceroys spent the summer months at Simla . The two historic residences of the viceroys still stand: the Viceroy's House in New Delhi and Government House in Kolkata. They are used today as

658-748: The Sublime Porte rather than hereditary privilege. Pashas and beylerbeys were appointed to govern provinces called eyalets , until the promulgation of the Vilayet Law in 1867 ended the eyalet system, replacing it with more centrally-controlled vilayets . the beylerbey of the Rumelia Eyalet was the only provincial governor entitled to a seat in the Imperial Council , but only when a matter fell within his jurisdiction. The post of Tổng Trấn ( governor of all military provinces )

705-506: The intendant , which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. See also: From 1505 to 1896 Portuguese India  – including, until 1752, all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia and Australasia – was governed alternatively by either a viceroy (Portuguese vice-rei ) or governor and commission located in

752-643: The secretary of state for India in London and were advised by the Council of India . They were largely unencumbered in the exercise of their authority and were among the most powerful men on earth in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, ruling over an entire subcontinent with a large military force at their disposal in the form of the Indian Army . Under the terms of the Government of India Act 1919 , viceroys shared some limited aspects of their authority with

799-536: The "federation" of Italian East Africa (six provinces, each under a governor; together Ethiopia , Eritrea and Somaliland ) were no longer styled high commissioner , but viceroy and governor-general from 5 May 1936, when Italian forces occupied the Ethiopian Empire (today Ethiopia ), until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies. On 7 April 1939, Italy invaded

846-472: The 16th century, only six had longer mandates. During some periods of the Iberian Union , between 1580 and 1640, the king of Spain , who was also king of Portugal , appointed viceroys to govern Portugal itself , as the king had multiple realms throughout Europe and delegated his powers to various viceroys. After the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of

893-678: The 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The last ban held his position until 1941 and the collapse of Yugoslavia in World War II. An equivalent office, called the Exarch , was created in the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire towards the end of the sixth century for governors of important areas too far from

940-693: The 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of Aragon , Valencia , Catalonia , Navarre , Portugal during the brief period known as the Iberian Union, Sardinia , Sicily , and Naples . With the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new captaincies general . At the end of War of the Spanish Succession ,

987-611: The Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation Viceroy , although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament . Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first viceroy and governor-general", none of the warrants appointing his successors referred to them as viceroys , and

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1034-725: The Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy. Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil ( Estado do Brasil ) was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro . Following adoption of the Government of India Act 1858 , which transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown , the Governor-General as representing

1081-593: The Río de la Plata in 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires ). The viceroyalties of the Spanish Americas and the Spanish East Indies were subdivided into smaller, autonomous units, the audiencias ( tribunal with the authority to judge), and the captaincies general (military districts), which in most cases became the bases for the independent countries of modern Hispanic America . These units gathered

1128-472: The Scanian governors-general until 1693. Halland County was removed from the dominion in 1693 and for the periods 1693–1719 and 1801–1809, the dominion included the counties in the province of Scania only. The following were the governors-general of Scania: The following were the governors-general of Scania (the province only): The following were the governors-general of Prussia : The following were

1175-587: The Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions. These Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time; Naples until 1734, Sicily until 1816 and Sardinia until 1848. The Americas were incorporated into the Crown of Castile . With the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the institution of viceroys was adapted to govern the highly populated and wealthy regions of

1222-514: The capital of Goa . The government started seven years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , in 1505, under the first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida (b.1450–d.1510). Initially, King Manuel I of Portugal tried to distribute power with three governors in different areas of jurisdiction: a government covering the area and possessions in East Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf , overseeing up to Cambay (Gujarat);

1269-499: The contemporary countries of South Africa and Nigeria as the customary representatives of their respective principals in the various areas that are under their immediate control. The viceroy in the Magadha Empire was called Uparaja (lit. vice king). The Mughal Empire had a system of administration which involved both official governors appointed from the capital, and local feudal lords ( zamindars ). Subahdars were

1316-571: The country, when circumstances so required. When this happened the royal governor of each county would report to the governor-general instead of directly to the monarch or the Privy Council. A royal governor, regardless if whether under a governor-general or not, held the civil, but not the military, jurisdiction over his county. The governors-general were always members of the Privy Council . The list of governors-general given below

1363-509: The former, and can be seen as equivalents of viceroys, governing the provinces ( subahs ) by appointment from the capital. Mansabdars were military governors who were also appointed to provincial government, but they were appointed for military rather than civilian government. The Khedive of Egypt, especially during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still

1410-558: The governors-general of Pomerania : The following were the governors-general of Bremen-Verden : Viceroy A viceroy ( / ˈ v aɪ s r ɔɪ / ) is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice- , meaning "in the place of" and the Anglo-Norman roy ( Old French roi , roy ), meaning "king". This denotes

1457-470: The imperial capital of Constantinople to receive regular instruction or reinforcement. The chosen governors of these provinces were empowered to act in place of the monarch (hence ex- "outside", arch "ruler") with more discretion and autonomy than was granted other categories of governor. This was an extraordinary break from the centralized traditions of the Roman Empire and was an early example of

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1504-562: The last Viceroy of India, but continued on as the first governor-general of the Dominion of India . The lords lieutenant of Ireland were often referred to as viceroy after 1700 until 1922, even though the Kingdom of Ireland had been merged in 1801 into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms , for example Gough Whitlam in 1973 told

1551-478: The local provinces which could be governed by either a crown official, a corregidor (sometimes alcalde mayor ) or by a cabildo or town council. Audiencias primarily functioned as superior judicial tribunals, but unlike their European counterparts, the New World audiencias were granted by law both administrative and legislative powers. Captaincies general were primarily military districts set up in areas with

1598-657: The north overseas: New Spain (Mexico and Philippines) and the south overseas: Peru and South America. The viceroys of these two areas had oversight over the other provinces, with most of the North American, Central American, Caribbean and East Indian areas supervised by the viceroy in Mexico City and the South American ones by the viceroy in Lima , (with the exception of most of today's Venezuela , which

1645-596: The official residences of the president of India and the governor of West Bengal , respectively. The portraits of the governors-general still hang in a room on the ground floor of the Presidential Palace, one of the last vestiges of both the viceroys and the British Raj. Notable governors-general of India include Warren Hastings , Lord Cornwallis , Lord Curzon , The Earl of Minto , Lord Chelmsford , and Lord Mountbatten . Lord Mountbatten served as

1692-408: The position as one who acts on behalf of a king or monarch. A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty , though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal , less often viceroyal . The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure , although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate

1739-460: The principle of viceroyalty. As with many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures. In cultures all over the continent of Africa, the role of viceroy has been subsumed into a hereditary noble as opposed to strictly administrative position. In the Arabo-Berber north, for example,

1786-533: The title of Khalifa is often used by individuals who derive their authority to rule from someone else in much the same way as a viceroy would. Elsewhere, subordinate inkosis under the rule of a paramount chief like the King of the Zulu Nation of Southern Africa or subordinate baales in the realms of the reigning obas of West African Yorubaland continue to occupy statutorily recognized positions in

1833-685: The title of Khedive which was almost an equivalent to viceroy. Other titles, such as Sharif (as in the Sharifate of Mecca ), or Khan (as in the Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Kazan ), denoted hereditary rulers of Ottoman vassal states, under the Sultan's titles of Caliph and Great Khan , respectively. Titles such as pasha , beylerbey , bey , and agha denote officials who were, at least nominally, appointed to their positions by

1880-501: The title, which was frequently used in warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the sovereign's representative. The governor-general continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council. The viceroys reported directly to

1927-601: Was a political post in the early period of the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1830). From 1802, under the reign of emperor Gia Long , there were two Tổng Trấn who administered Vietnam's northern part named Bắc thành with administrative center in Hanoi and the southern part Gia Định thành with administrative center in Gia Định , while Nguyen emperors ruled only the central region Kinh Kỳ from capital Phú Xuân . Tổng Trấn

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1974-496: Was also Viceroy of New Spain . The title was originally used by the Crown of Aragon , where, beginning in the 14th century, it referred to the Spanish governors of Sardinia and Corsica . After the unification, at the end of the 15th century, later kings of Spain came to appoint numerous viceroys to rule over various parts of the increasingly vast Spanish Empire in Europe, the Americas, and overseas elsewhere. In Europe, until

2021-571: Was an official position in the history of the Russian Empire . It can be translated as "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (in the broadest sense of the word) or in place appointee . The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings. The Tsar Paul I 's 1799 formation of the Russian-American Company obviated viceroys in the colonization of the northwestern New World . New France , in present Canada, had

2068-530: Was established after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 and initially included all of Skåneland . In 1660, Bornholm was returned to Denmark. Blekinge , which had been part of Kristianstad County while under the dominion, was removed in 1680 and placed under Kalmar County . The dominion was suspended in 1670, but recreated during the Scanian War . In 1675, Bohus County was added and it remained administered by

2115-506: Was on record as a Knight Templar . Due to his vast powers over Bosnian politics and essential veto powers, the modern-day position of the high representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina has been compared to that of a viceroy. From the earliest medieval period in the Kingdom of Croatia , the position of viceroy was held by Ban of Croatia who acted as king's representative in Croatian lands and supreme commander of Croatian army. In

2162-515: Was overseen by the high court, or Audiencia of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola for most of the colonial period). These large administrative territories became known as viceroyalties (Spanish term: virreinatos ). There were only two New World viceroyalties until the 18th century, when the new Bourbon dynasty established two additional viceroyalties to promote economic growth and new settlements on South America. New viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 (capital, Bogotá ) and

2209-401: Was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the Sublime Porte , he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's grandson, Ismail Pasha , subsequently received

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