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91-536: The Sweet Dew incident or Ganlu incident ( Chinese : 甘露事變 ) was a failed coup on December 14, 835 by Emperor Wenzong of the Chinese Tang dynasty to seize power from the eunuchs . The emperor planned to kill the eunuchs with the aid of the chancellor Li Xun and the general Zheng Zhu . The eunuchs learned of the plot and solidified their control with a counter-coup; Li, Zheng, many of their followers and other officials were killed. Emperor Wenzong

182-402: A tonsure and disguise him as a monk, but Zongmi's followers urged him not to accept Li Xun. Li Xun thus exited Zhongnan Mountain and tried to flee to Fengxiang. He was, however, intercepted on the way by the defender of Zhouzhi ( 盩厔 , in modern Xi'an), Song Chu ( 宋楚 ), who arrested him and had him delivered to Chang'an. When Li Xun's escort reached Kunming Pond ( 昆明池 ), Li Xun, fearful that

273-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

364-611: A gold belt. He covered his face with a hat and tried to ride a horse to flee to Fengxiang. When he was just west of Xianyang ( 咸陽 , in modern Xianyang), he was captured by the Shence Army soldiers. On December 16, Zheng Tan was named chancellor. Meanwhile, Li Xun had fled to the Zhongnan Mountain ( 終南山 ) to try to seek refuge with the Buddhist monk Zongmi , with whom he was friendly. Zongmi wanted to give Li Xun

455-541: A grand procession was held for the executions of the chancellors and the key associates of Li Xun. 300 soldiers from the Left Shence Army, holding Li Xun's head high in front of the procession, escorted Wang Ya, Wang Fan, Luo, and Guo Xingyu. 300 soldiers from the Right Shence Army escorted Jia, Shu Yuanyu, and Li Xiaoben. The officials were taken to the imperial ancestral shrines and the shrines to

546-407: A military advisor to a prefect, while his father Wang Huang ( 王晃 ) served as a prefectural prefect. He had at least two older brothers, Wang Zhao ( 王沼 ) and Wang Jie ( 王潔 ). In 792, during the reign of Emperor Dezong , Wang Ya passed the imperial examinations in the class of those who used grand speech, and he was made the sheriff of Lantian County (藍田, in modern Xi'an , Shaanxi ). In 804, he

637-509: A military governor ( jiedushi ). Wang and fellow chancellor Cui Qun also objected to Zhang's commission, but eventually allowed Zhang to serve as acting consultant. In 818, Wang was removed from his chancellor position and made the deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang ), as Emperor Xianzong considered him too silent and unsuitable to be chancellor. He was subsequently made the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang ). In 820, after Emperor Xianzong died and

728-533: A new tax be levied from the mines. In 833, Wang was again made chancellor with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi , and continued to serve as the director of the monopolies and supplies. He was also created the Duke of Dai. As he had been recommended to serve as chancellor due to the efforts of Zheng Zhu , a close associate of the powerful eunuch Wang Shoucheng , when the imperial censor Li Kuan ( 李款 ) submitted an accusation against Zheng in late 833, he had

819-442: A request be made to the "northern barbarians" (probably referring to Huigu ) requesting them to attack the "western barbarians" (i.e., Tufan) and offering great rewards if they did so. Emperor Muzong did not respond to Wang's suggestion. In 821, when Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ) and Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing ) Circuits, which had briefly submitted to imperial control, rebelled under

910-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

1001-591: Is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

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1092-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

1183-610: The Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such

1274-572: The Kensiu language . Wang Ya It is not known what year Wang Ya was born in—although he should have been born sometime between 757 and 765, as he was said to be in his 70s when he eventually died in 835. His family was from the Tang dynasty 's northern capital Taiyuan and claimed to be descended from the Northern Wei official Wang Jiong ( 王冏 ). His grandfather Wang Zuo ( 王祚 ) served as

1365-486: The Pushe ( 僕射 , heads of the executive bureau ( 尚書省 , Shangshu Sheng )) Linghu Chu and Zheng Tan . Emperor Wenzong became saddened and angered when he read Wang Ya's confession and asked Linghu and Zheng whether this was Wang Ya's handwriting. When Linghu and Zheng confirmed that it was, Emperor Wenzong responded, "Then not even execution is enough for their crimes." He issued an order that Linghu and Zheng take over at

1456-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

1547-599: The Three Excellencies ), as well as the director of the salt and iron monopolies and grain supplies again. Later that year, he was made Zuo Pushe ( 左僕射 ), one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng ), and continued to be director of the monopolies and supplies. He reported to Emperor Wenzong that the 12 prefectures that Emperor Xianzong recaptured from the warlord Li Shidao in 819 had previously had copper and iron mines that were highly lucrative. At Wang's suggestion, Emperor Wenzong ordered that

1638-695: The Tibetan Empire , and destroy the warlords north of the Yellow River . Wenzong began executing the plan in summer 835. Command of one of the Shence armies was transferred from eunuch Wei Yuansu ( 韋元素 ) to eunuch Qiu Shiliang , one of Wang's rivals; the other army was also eunuch controlled. Wei and the directors of palace communications, the eunuchs Yang Chenghe ( 楊承和 ) and Wang Jianyan ( 王踐言 ) were made monitors of different circuits and then ordered to commit suicide; Wang had been in conflict with

1729-571: The Emperor and the officials arrived at Hanyuan Hall, Wenzong ordered the chancellors, as well as officials of the examination bureau ( 門下省 , Menxia Sheng ) and legislative bureau ( 中書省 , Zhongshu Sheng ) to examine the sweet dew at the Left Jinwu headquarters. After they did so, Li Xun returned and announced, "After we took our examinations, it appeared to me that those were not real sweet dews. This should not be announced immediately; otherwise,

1820-418: The Emperor. Meanwhile, it was said that Wang and Guo had several hundred soldiers with them; initially, the soldiers stood outside Danfeng Gate ( 丹鳳門 ), outside Hanyuan Hall. Li Xun had them summoned inside Danfeng Gate to receive the edict, but only Wang's soldiers went in, and Guo's soldiers did not. Meanwhile, Qiu and the other eunuchs were at the Left Jinwu headquarters. Han, however, had become fearful and

1911-580: The Left Shence Army headquarters, where he was tortured. Wang, unable to stand the pain, falsely confessed that he and Li Xun were planning to overthrow Emperor Wenzong and support Zheng as the new emperor. Wang Fan fled back to his mansion at Changxing District ( 長興里 ), and ordered the soldiers of Hedong Circuit to guard his mansion. When Shence Army officers arrived, they yelled out to him, "Wang Ya committed treason. The Emperor wants you to take over as chancellor, and Commander Yu wanted me to come give regards." Wang Fan, believing them, exited his mansion, and

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2002-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

2093-419: The Shence Army soldiers slaughtered them. Qiu and the other eunuchs also sent Shence Army soldiers to close all gates to the imperial city and enter various governmental offices to attack the officials. It was said that the officials and their guards, and civilians who happened to be in the offices, were all slaughtered – over 1,000 people. Various files, seals, books, and other equipment owned by

2184-403: The Shence Army soldiers to the imperial temples and altar, and then they were taken under a tree and executed by being cut in half at the waist . Their families were also massacred. It was said that because the people particularly resented Wang Ya for raising tea taxes, they cursed and threw rocks or brick fragments at him as he was paraded. Their bodies were exposed to the elements. In spring 836,

2275-560: The Sweet Dew Incident, for almost the rest of Tang dynasty's history, the eunuchs were in firm control of the government, determining the successions of emperors. Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in

2366-587: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

2457-411: The accusation suppressed. In spring 834, he was given the additional titles of acting Sikong , Menxia Shilang (門下侍郎, the deputy head of the examination bureau), imperial scholar at Hongwen Pavilion ( 弘文館 ), and the director of Taiqing Palace ( 太清宮 ). When Emperor Wenzong wanted to make one of the close associates of Zheng and Wang Shoucheng, Li Zhongyan , an imperial official, Wang Ya agreed despite

2548-528: The advice of Li and Zheng – had Wang commit suicide. According to the plan, Wang's funeral in Chang'an on December 20 would be attended by all of the eunuchs; Zheng and his personal guards would also attend and use surprise to kill the eunuchs. By this time, Li was chancellor and jealously believed that Zheng would receive all of the credit for the plot. Li decided to act first and made appointments to raise troops – Guo Xingyu ( 郭行餘 ) as

2639-427: The chancellors immediately led the other officials in congratulating the Emperor (as sweet dew was considered a sign of divine favor). Li Xun and Shu Yuanyu suggested that Wenzong go observe the sweet dew himself so that he could receive the blessings from heaven. Wenzong agreed, and the officials proceeded to Hanyuan Hall ( 含元殿 ), near the Left Jinwu headquarters. Wenzong himself took a litter to Hanyuan Hall. Once

2730-450: The conspiracy of Li Xun and Zheng Zhu but were nevertheless massacred with their families. The commentators thus felt angry and sad for them and sighed about their undue death. I do not agree. If the state were falling and one cannot help right it, what use is a chancellor? Wang and Jia calmly held high positions and enjoyed the wealth and honors, at the same time that the wicked men led by Li and Zheng used their trickery and fraud to reach

2821-462: The director of the salt and iron monopolies and grain supply for the Chang'an region. He was soon made the minister of rites (禮部尚書, Libu Shangshu ) and continued to serve as the director of the monopolies and supply. In 826, he was made the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong , Shaanxi ), as well as its capital Xingyuan Municipality ( 興元 ). In 829, by which time Emperor Jingzong's brother Emperor Wenzong

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2912-499: The emperor in his presence. It was said that Emperor Wenzong was so fearful that he was unable to speak. Meanwhile, Qiu and the other eunuchs sent the Shence Army officers Liu Tailun ( 劉泰倫 ) and Wei Zhongqing ( 魏仲卿 ), with 500 soldiers each, armed with swords, to attack those they considered to be associates of Li Xun and Zheng Zhu. At that time, Wang Ya and the other chancellors were ready to have their regular lunch conference. A staff member informed them, "Soldiers are coming out of

3003-452: The empire would prematurely congratulate you." Wenzong expressed surprise, and ordered Qiu Shiliang and fellow Shence Army commander Yu Hongzhi ( 魚弘志 ) to lead the other eunuchs to examine the sweet dew. After the eunuchs left Hanyuan Hall, Li Xun immediately summoned Guo Xingyu and Wang Fan to Hanyuan Hall and stated, "Be ready to receive the edict." Wang was fearful, and he did not proceed into Wenzong's presence, but Guo did and knelt before

3094-509: The eunuch monitor of Fengxiang, Zhang Zhongqing ( 張仲卿 ), and a number of officers, but Zheng, terrified, did not know what to do. At the same time, Qiu had an edict in Emperor Wenzong's name delivered to Zhang ordering Zhang to act against Zheng. Zhang initially also was not sure how to act, but under suggestion from the officer Li Shuhe ( 李叔和 ), Zhang invited Zheng to a feast. Li Shuhe gave Zheng's guards food and drink, and then, at

3185-465: The eunuchs in the palace, as Emperor Wenzong had feared the lead eunuchs' power. On December 14, 835 —in an incident later known as the Ganlu Incident —Li Xun had planned to have soldiers under his associates Guo Xingyu ( 郭行餘 ), Wang Fan ( 王璠 ), Luo Liyan ( 羅立言 ), Han Yue ( 韓約 ), and Li Xiaoben ( 李孝本 ) trap the eunuchs and massacre them. However, the powerful eunuch Qiu Shiliang discovered

3276-403: The eunuchs were guilty of grievous crimes. The eunuchs initially tried to placate Liu by having him bestowed with high honors, but he continued to submit accusations against them, particularly against Qiu. It was said that only after Liu's accusations did the eunuchs become somewhat apprehensive and allow Emperor Wenzong, Li Shi, and Zheng Tan some ability to govern. Still, it was said that after

3367-406: The eunuchs would torture and humiliate him, told the officer escorting him to decapitate him so that the Shence Army soldiers could not seize him and take the glory themselves. The officer agreed and decapitated Li Xun, delivering the head to Chang'an. On December 17, Li Shi , who had been displaced by Luo Liyan as mayor of Jingzhao, was named chancellor and director of finances. On the same day,

3458-407: The eunuchs. More than 10 eunuchs were killed or injured, but this attack was unable to prevent the eunuchs from carrying Emperor Wenzong's litter through Xuanzheng Gate ( 宣政門 ), into the palace. Li Xun, who was still holding on to the litter, urged Emperor Wenzong to stop, but Emperor Wenzong yelled at him to stop yelling. The eunuch Chi Zhirong ( 郗志榮 ) battered Li Xun's chest, and Li Xun fell onto

3549-405: The feast, while Zheng was not paying attention, killed and decapitated him. He then had Zheng's guards, Zheng's household, and a large number of Zheng's staff members, slaughtered. Zhang had Li Shuhe deliver Zheng's head to Chang'an, and Li Shuhe arrived there on December 20 – where, on December 19 the eunuchs had readied the troops in case of an attack by Zheng, causing much panic in

3640-413: The feet of the ding broke, the food spilled, and punishments were carried out in dark rooms. It is that Heaven destroyed them, not Qiu Shiliang. Wang Ya's grandnephew Wang Yu ( 王羽 ) fled to Liu Congjian the reigning Military Governor of Zhaoyi. When Liu's nephew and successor Liu Zhen fell, Wang Yu was also killed. In 854, then-ruling Emperor Xuānzong (Emperor Muzong's brother) had Wang Ya and

3731-461: The gates allowed each official to only bring one attendant with them each. None of the chancellors or imperial censors was attending the meeting, and many other positions at the imperial gathering were also missing. When Emperor Wenzong inquired why the chancellors were not there, Qiu Shiliang responded, "Wang Ya and the others committed treason, and they have been arrested." Qiu showed Wang Ya's confession to Emperor Wenzong, and further showed them to

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3822-500: The gates. Qiu and the other eunuchs ran back to Hanyuan Hall, preparing to report to Wenzong what was happening. When Li Xun saw the eunuchs running back to Hanyuan Hall, he yelled at the Jinwu guards for them to protect the emperor and promised them rewards. The eunuchs, however, yelled that there was an emergency and the emperor must return to the palace at once. They grabbed Emperor Wenzong's litter, put him on it, and ran north through

3913-507: The gods of earth, and they were presented as if they were sacrificial animals. They then were paraded at the eastern and western markets of Chang'an. With the imperial officials ordered to oversee the executions, they were executed by being cut in half at the waist, and then their heads were cut off and hung outside Xing'an Gate. Their relatives, no matter how distantly related, were executed, including children, and some who had somehow initially escaped death were made into government slaves. It

4004-403: The government were destroyed in the process. The eunuchs also sent cavalry soldiers outside the imperial city to try to capture those who had fled. Shu Yuanyu was captured after he changed into civilian clothes and got on a horse to flee out of Anhua Gate ( 安化門 ). Wang Ya, who was in his 70s, walked to a tea shop at Yongchang District ( 永昌里 ), and was captured there. The soldiers took Wang to

4095-454: The government. Niu Sengru , Huangfu Shi ( 皇甫湜 ), and Li Zongmin were considered to have written criticisms that were particularly on point and were ranked the highest by the officials in charge of grading, Yang Yuling ( 楊於陵 ) and Wei Guanzhi . Initially, Emperor Xianzong was set to give commissions to Niu, Huangfu, and Li Zongmin, but the chancellor Li Jifu was offended by the criticism. As Wang Ya and fellow imperial scholar Pei Ji were

4186-511: The ground. The litter then entered Xuanzheng Gate, and the gate was closed. The eunuchs were cheering. The officers lined up at Hanyuan Hall paused for a moment, and then fled. Li Xun, knowing that he had failed, put on a green uniform belonging to his staff members, got onto a horse, and fled, stating loudly on the road, "What crime did I commit that I am exiled?" No one on the road suspected him of being Li Xun. Meanwhile, Shu Yuanyu, along with other chancellors Wang Ya and Jia Su returned to

4277-407: The guise of searching for Li Xun's associates and the chancellors. For example, because Hu Zheng ( 胡證 ), the former military governor of Lingnan Circuit ( 嶺南 , headquartered in modern Guangzhou , Guangdong ), was extremely wealthy, the Shence Army soldiers used the excuse of searching for Jia Su to enter his mansion, and they killed his son Hu Yin ( 胡溵 ). Similarly pillaged were the households of

4368-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

4459-564: The leadership of Wang Tingcou and Zhu Kerong respectively, Wang Ya submitted a petition suggesting that Zhu be tolerated and pardoned so that he would not join Wang Tingcou in fighting the imperial forces and that the efforts be concentrated against Wang Tingcou. By the time that Wang Ya's petition arrived at Chang'an, however, Yingmo Circuit (瀛莫, headquartered in modern Cangzhou , Hebei ), which had been carved out of Pinglu Circuit previously, had already mutinied and rejoined Lulong, with

4550-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

4641-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

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4732-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

4823-503: The military governor of Binning Circuit ( 邠寧 , headquartered in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi); Wang Fan ( 王璠 ) as the military governor of Hedong Circuit ( 河東 , headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi); Luo Liyan ( 羅立言 ) as the acting mayor of Jingzhao; and Han Yue ( 韓約 ) a general of the imperial guards. Other than the new appointments, it was said that only deputy chief imperial censor Li Xiaoben ( 李孝本 ) and fellow chancellor Shu Yuanyu were aware of Li's plans. On December 14, Wenzong

4914-409: The musical reorganization was done, Wang, along with the secretary general of the worship ministry Li Kuo ( 李廓 ) and the director of palace supplies Yu Chengxian ( 庾承憲 ) presented the musicians to Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong was pleased and awarded Wang and the others colored silk. In 830, Wang was made the minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, Libu Shangshu ) and acting Sikong (司空, one of

5005-402: The office of the chancellors and handle the matters there, and that Linghu draft an edict to explain what had occurred (i.e., to declare the guilt of Wang Ya and the other chancellors). However, although Linghu did so, Linghu wrote the edict in dull language when describing Wang Ya's and Jia Su's alleged treason, thus angering Qiu. As a result, while, eventually, Zheng was made chancellor, Linghu

5096-400: The office of the chancellors, and believed that soon Emperor Wenzong would summon them to deal with the aftermath. When the officials under them came to inquire what had occurred, they told those subordinates to keep working and not to worry. Meanwhile, by this point, Qiu Shiliang and the other eunuchs had realized that Emperor Wenzong was complicit with this plot, and they were openly cursing

5187-468: The officers began to give him mock congratulations. Only then did Wang Fan realize that he had been tricked. The Shence Army soldiers also captured Luo Liyan at Taiping District ( 太平里 ), and also captured Wang Ya's relatives and household servants, imprisoning all of them. Li Xun's cousin Li Yuangao ( 李元臯 ) was killed. Meanwhile, the Shence Army soldiers were also pillaging wealthy households under

5278-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

5369-461: The officials Luo Rang ( 羅讓 ), Hun Hui ( 渾鐬 ), and Li Zhi ( 黎埴 ). It was said that many street hoodlums also used this opportunity to take vengeance and to pillage. The morning of December 15, when the surviving officials were to enter the palace for the routine imperial gathering at Zichen Hall, the Jianfu Gate ( 建福門 ) was not opened until the sun rose, and the Shence Army soldiers guarding

5460-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

5551-413: The palace and killing everyone they were meeting!" The chancellors, unable to get on horses quickly, fled on foot. The officials of the legislative and examination bureaus, and the Jinwu soldiers, numbering over 1,000 people, were also trying to flee, but they were bottlenecked at the gate to the office of the chancellors, and eventually, the gates were closed with some 600 of them still trapped inside, and

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5642-447: The people of Chang'an. Only after Zheng's head was hung on Xing'an Gate was it said that the people were calmed somewhat. Also on December 20, Han Yue was captured, and on December 21, Han was executed. After the incident, the eunuchs, led by Qiu Shiliang and Yu Hongzhi, controlled the political scene completely for some time. When the six eunuchs who were almost forced to commit suicide returned to Chang'an, Tian Yuancao claimed that he

5733-498: The people, but after one night, he came to believe that there would be no way that he would be able to flee. He changed into mourning clothes and rode a donkey to Xing'an Gate ( 興安門 ), informing the guards at Xing'an Gate that he was Jia, and asking to be delivered to the Shence Armies. The guards delivered him to the Right Shence Army. Meanwhile, Li Xiaoben changed into a green uniform (as Li Xu did), but continued to have on

5824-410: The plot and took control of Emperor Wenzong, and the eunuchs then had the Shence Army ( 神策軍 ) kill or arrest Li Xun's and Zheng's associates. Meanwhile, Wang Ya and the other chancellors were set to have lunch together at the office of the chancellors, when they received report that the Shence Army soldiers were killing everyone in their paths. The chancellors and the other officials fled on foot. Wang Ya

5915-454: The positions of chancellorship. Wang and Jia sat with them and did not feel shame in doing so. The state faced disaster and disturbance and they did not worry. They lived their lives day by day. They thought that they had the wonderful strategy to protect themselves and that no one was more intelligent than they were. If everyone could do this and suffer no disaster, what wicked person would not do so? Instead, within an instant disaster fell,

6006-471: The prefect of Guo Prefecture (虢州, in modern Sanmenxia , Henan ). Yang and Wei were also demoted out of the capital Chang'an . He was subsequently further made the prefect of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi ). However, it was said that Emperor Xianzong missed Wang, and Wang was eventually recalled to serve as Bingbu Yuanwailang ( 兵部員外郎 ), a low-level official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu ), and put in charge of drafting edicts. He

6097-421: The reviewers of the examination, and Huangfu was Wang's nephew, he accused Pei and Wang of conflict of interest. Due to Li Jifu's accusations, Pei and Wang were stripped of their imperial scholar status and both demoted—with Wang being made Duguan Yuanwailang ( 都官員外郎 ), a low-level official at the ministry of justice (刑部, Xingbu ), and subsequently being sent out of the capital to serve as the military advisor to

6188-557: The roped screen behind Hanyuan Hall (breaking the screen in the process) toward the palace. Li Xun ran after the litter and grabbed it, yelling, "I have not finished my report, and Your Imperial Majesty should not return to the palace!" At this time, the Jinwu guards were in Hanyuan Hall, along with the Jingzhao Municipal government police under Luo Liyan and office of imperial censors' guards under Li Xiaoben, attacking

6279-520: The senior official Linghu Chu requested that their bodies be buried, and Emperor Wenzong ordered such burial. However, Qiu had the tombs then opened up and threw their bodies into the Wei River . The Shence Army soldiers pillaged these executed officials' mansions for wealth, and it was said that, because Wang was so wealthy such that even though the soldiers and other looters looted his mansion for days, there were still valuables left. In particular, it

6370-529: The six circuits receiving the edicts. Meanwhile, Zheng Zhu, unaware of Li Xun's actions and still acting on the original plan, had taken his guards and departed Fengxiang. When he got to Fufeng ( 扶風 , in modern Baoji), the magistrate of Fufeng County, Han Liao ( 韓遼 ), became aware of Zheng's plan, and therefore refused to supply him and fled to Wugong (武功, in modern Xianyang). When Zheng received news that Li Xun had failed, he returned to Fengxiang. His subordinate Wei Hongjie ( 魏弘節 ) suggested to him that he kill

6461-479: The soldiers arresting its imperially commissioned governor Lu Shimei ( 盧士玫 ) and delivering him to Zhu. Wang Ya's suggestion thus could not be carried out. In 823, Wang Ya was recalled to Chang'an to serve as chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu ). After Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong , Wang Ya was made the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang ) but also continued to serve as chief imperial censor, as well as

6552-481: The stern opposition of fellow chancellor Li Deyu . Li Deyu was subsequently demoted out of the capital to serve as a prefectural secretary general. In 835, due to Zheng's suggestion, Wang, despite his knowing that doing so was ill-advised, proposed an increase to the tea tax, which caused the people much distress. Meanwhile, without Wang's knowledge, Li Zhongyan (whose name had been changed to Li Xun by this point), Zheng, and Emperor Wenzong had been plotting to massacre

6643-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

6734-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

6825-719: The trio and may have been placated by their removal from the capital Chang'an . Zheng was made military governor of Fengxiang Circuit ( 鳳翔 , headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ) to raise imperial troops. Li and Zheng had eunuchs Tian Yuancao ( 田元操 ), Liu Xingshen ( 劉行深 ), Zhou Yuanzhen ( 周元稹 ), Xue Shigan ( 薛士幹 ), Sixian Yiyi ( 似先義逸 ), and Liu Yingchan ( 劉英 , final character not in Unicode ) – all with previous conflicts with Wang – assigned to survey six remote circuits, intending to order their suicides with edicts drafted by imperial scholar Gu Shiyong ( 顧師邕 ). In winter 835, Wenzong – on

6916-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

7007-587: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

7098-435: Was emperor, Wang Ya was recalled to serve as the minister of worship (太常卿, Taichang Qing ). As Emperor Wenzong opined that the music used at imperial ceremonies at the time were too frivolous and wanted more ancient-style music, he had Wang Ya consult the older musicians and took music from Emperor Xuanzong 's Kaiyuan era (713–741). The young musicians were taught the music, which became known as "Yunshao Style" ( 雲韶樂 ). Once

7189-567: Was hosting an imperial meeting at Zichen Hall ( 紫宸殿 ) with the imperial officials. Han Yue, who was the general of the Left Jinwu Corps ( 左金吾 ), instead of giving the customary report that everything was well that the Left Jinwu and Right Jinwu generals were to give, instead stated that the night previous, sweet dew ( 甘露 ganlu in Chinese) had descended on a pomegranate tree outside the Left Jinwu headquarters. He bowed to Wenzong, and

7280-423: Was introduced to Li Xun (then named Li Zhongyan) and Zheng Zhu by the powerful eunuch Wang Shoucheng . Li and Zheng's association with Wang put the pair above the eunuchs' suspicion, which was advantageous when they joined the emperor against the eunuchs. By summer 835, Wenzong approved a plan by Li and Zheng to pacify the empire; the plan had three steps – destroy the eunuchs, recover territory lost to

7371-459: Was made Hanlin Xueshi ( 翰林學士 ), an imperial scholar. He thereafter served in the palace, going through the offices of You Shiyi ( 右拾遺 ), a low-level consultant at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng ); Zuo Bujue ( 左補闕 ), a consultant at the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng ); and Qiju Sheren ( 起居舍人 ), an imperial chronicler. After Emperor Dezong died in 805 and

7462-474: Was made Zhongshu Shilang ( 中書侍郎 ), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, as well as chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ). In 817, there was an occasion when Emperor Xianzong wanted to make one of his close associates, Zhang Su ( 張宿 ), a high-level consultant, drawing a strenuous objection from the chancellor Li Fengji —and this was partially responsible for Emperor Xianzong's removing Li Fengji and making him

7553-408: Was nervous and sweating. Qiu began to sense that something was wrong. Suddenly, a gust of wind blew up a screen, and Qiu saw many armed soldiers and heard the sounds of clanging weapons. Qiu and the other eunuchs were surprised and quickly ran outside. The guards at the Left Jinwu headquarters were about to close the gate to close them in, but Qiu yelled at them, and they, surprised, were unable to close

7644-463: Was not. Meanwhile, the pillaging on the streets were continuing. The eunuchs ordered the Shence Army officers Yang Zhen ( 楊鎮 ) and Jin Suiliang ( 靳遂良 ) to take 500 soldiers each and take over security over the key streets of Chang'an. The soldiers beat drums to warn the hoodlums, and after killing some 10 hoodlums, the situation calmed down. Jia had changed into civilian clothes and hidden among

7735-422: Was ready to slaughter the officials, and this led to another major panic at Chang'an. Only after Li Shi and the general Chen Junshang ( 陳君賞 ) remained calm were the people calmed. In spring 836, the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit ( 昭義 , headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), Liu Congjian , submitted a harshly worded accusation against the eunuchs, claiming that the chancellors were innocent and that

7826-679: Was said that Wang held a large collection of valuable calligraphic works and paintings—which he had amassed by purchases and by giving their prior owners offices—and that while the looters took the jewels studded on the rolls or jade used for the rolls, they left the artwork. With regard to Wang's and Jia's death, the Song dynasty historian Sima Guang , the author of the Zizhi Tongjian , commented: The commentators all state that Wang Ya and Jia Su were both talented in literary abilities and had good reputations, and that they did not know about

7917-420: Was said that during these few days, none of the decisions being made in Emperor Wenzong's name were actually made by Emperor Wenzong himself (or even known by him); rather, Qiu and Yu Hongzhi were making all of these decisions. On December 18, Gu Shiyong was arrested, even though the edicts that he had drafted ordering that the six eunuchs sent out to survey the circuits be forced to commit suicide were ignored by

8008-419: Was soon captured and taken to the Left Shence Army headquarters. He was tortured, and, unable to bear the pain, falsely stated that he and Li Xun had planned a coup to overthrow Emperor Wenzong and make Zheng emperor. On December 17, the head of Li Xun (who had already been killed by this point), Wang Ya, Wang Fan, Luo, Guo, Li Xiaoben, and Wang Ya's fellow chancellors Jia Su and Shu Yuanyu , were paraded by

8099-408: Was succeeded by his seriously ill son Emperor Shunzong , Wang was one of the imperial scholars who were involved in drafting the edict to create Emperor Shunzong's son Li Chun crown prince , along with Zheng Yin , Wei Cigong ( 衛次公 ), and Li Cheng . In summer 808, by which time Li Chun was emperor (as Emperor Xianzong), a special imperial examination was held for examinees to submit criticism of

8190-406: Was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong , Wang Ya was made the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang , Sichuan ) and the prefect of Dongchuan's capital Zi Prefecture ( 梓州 ). In winter 820, after Tufan forces made a two-pronged incursion later in the year and attacked Ya Prefecture (雅州, in modern Ya'an , Sichuan ), Wang submitted a petition suggesting that

8281-466: Was then again made imperial scholar as well as deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, Gongbu Shilang ). He was also created the Baron of Qingyuan. It was said that Wang was a talented writer and many of the edicts that had beautiful language during the reigns of Emperors Dezong and Xianzong were drafted by Wang. As Wang did not engage in partisanship, Emperor Xianzong often consulted with him. In 816, Wang

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