Misplaced Pages

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91-536: Many Slovak Army units and Slovak gendarmes sided with the rebels during the Slovak National Uprising . Relying on German troops to suppress the uprising was politically undesirable. Therefore, the Hlinka Guard , the paramilitary force of the clericofascist Slovak People's Party , was drafted to combat the partisans. President Jozef Tiso was an influential advocate of this, because he saw

182-612: A Polish attack against Germany to mobilize German public opinion for war and to justify the war with Poland . Alfred Naujocks was a key organiser of the operation under orders from Heydrich. It led to the deaths of Nazi concentration camp victims who were dressed as German soldiers and then shot by the Gestapo to make it seem that they had been shot by Polish soldiers. This, along with other false flag operations in Operation Himmler , would be used to mobilize support from

273-401: A Scientology office. The Guardian's Office also had a plan for further operations to discredit Cooper known as Operation Freakout , but several Scientology operatives were arrested in a separate investigation and the plan was exposed. According to PolitiFact , some false flag conspiracy theories (such as claims that mass shootings are hoaxes) are themselves spread by astroturfing , which

364-709: A Swedish outpost on the Russo-Swedish border, on 27 June 1788. This caused an outrage in Stockholm and impressed the Riksdag of the Estates , the Swedish national assembly, who until then had refused to agree to an offensive war against Russia. The Puumala incident allowed King Gustav III of Sweden, who lacked the constitutional authority to initiate unprovoked hostilities without the Estates' consent, to launch

455-613: A boat filled with Cuban refugees, attacks by alleged Cuban infiltrators inside the United States, and harassment of U.S. aircraft and shipping and the destruction of aerial drones by aircraft disguised as Cuban MiGs. These actions would be blamed on Cuba, and would be a pretext for an invasion of Cuba and the overthrow of Fidel Castro 's communist government. It was authorised by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , but then rejected by President John F. Kennedy . The surprise discovery of

546-584: A combination of the false flag and " honey trap " techniques). According to ex-KGB defector Jack Barsky , "Many a right-wing radical had given information to the Soviets under a 'false flag', thinking they were working with a Western ally, such as Israel, when in fact their contact was a KGB operative." The term is popular amongst conspiracy theory promoters in referring to covert operations of various governments and claimed cabals . According to Columbia Journalism Review , this usage mostly "migrated to

637-500: A false flag operation can fail in such a manner as to implicate the perpetrator rather than the intended victim. A notable example is an April 2022 FSB operation where would-be Ukrainian assassins of Russian propagandist Vladimir Solovyov were filmed while being arrested. The footage published by the FSB was however found to implicate the FSB as having staged the arrest. Together with weapons, drugs, Ukrainian passports and Nazi memorabilia

728-471: A finding that Skorzeny was not guilty of a crime by ordering his men into action in American uniforms. He had relayed to his men the warning of German legal experts: if they fought in American uniforms, they would be breaking the laws of war ; however, they probably were not doing so simply by wearing the American uniforms. During the trial, a number of arguments were advanced to substantiate this position and

819-685: A month; later this became 1,500 Ks monthly for married men and 800 Ks for single men. Guardsmen often had to pay for food and uniforms out of pocket, but their employers were required to continue to pay them their previous salary (they were later compensated by the government) and forbidden to fire them after returning from active service in the POHG. POHG members were also entitled to additional food rations and cigarettes. Some POHG members wore their old Hlinka Guard uniforms, others had Slovak Army or even Wehrmacht uniforms despite strict regulations requiring them to have appropriate uniforms. They were distinguished by

910-508: A pretext for invading Manchuria by blowing up a section of railway. Though the explosion was too weak to disrupt operations on the rail line, the Japanese nevertheless used the Mukden incident to seize Manchuria and create a puppet government in the form of the nominally independent state of Manchukuo . The Gleiwitz incident in 1939 involved Reinhard Heydrich fabricating evidence of

1001-653: A ruse. The foregoing rule (Article 23 of the Annex of the IV Hague Convention ), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use. It is certainly forbidden to make use of them during a combat. Before opening fire upon the enemy, they must be discarded." In 1788, the head tailor at the Royal Swedish Opera received an order to sew a number of Russian military uniforms. These were then used by Swedes to stage an attack on Puumala ,

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1092-455: A special account in a Bratislava bank, but in practice most property was appropriated by the unit involved in the persecution of Jews. Corruption was so rampant that some POHG men were imprisoned for theft and special sections had to be formed for anti-Jewish persecutions to minimize the amount of Jewish property appropriated by individual guardsmen. There were several instances in which captured Jews were tortured in hopes of obtaining property that

1183-533: A special ribbon on the left sleeve. POHG members were frequently drunk, leading to quarrels with the regular army, German soldiers, and even the Slovak civilian authorities. The initial actions of the POHG against the partisans were hampered by difficulty of communication with headquarters. Because of the danger of partisans intercepting messages—some Hlinka Guardsmen even joined the partisans, giving an opportunity for false flag operations—passwords were introduced and

1274-487: A successful assassination was United States Marine Sergeant Herman H. Hanneken leading a patrol of his Haitian Gendarmerie disguised as enemy guerrillas in 1919. The patrol successfully passed several enemy checkpoints in order to assassinate the guerilla leader Charlemagne Péralte near Grande-Rivière-du-Nord . Hanneken was awarded the Medal of Honor and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant for his deed. During

1365-437: Is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. The term was originally used to describe a ruse in naval warfare whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country in order to hide its true identity. The tactic

1456-416: Is usually applied for pseudo-teams. (See the above section Laws of war ). Some false flag operations have been described by Lawrence E. Cline, a retired US Army intelligence officer, as pseudo-operations, or "the use of organized teams which are disguised as guerrilla groups for long- or short-term penetration of insurgent -controlled areas". "Pseudo-operations should be distinguished," notes Cline, "from

1547-661: The 1948 Communist coup , the amount of scrutiny lessened; most guards reintegrated into society. Some joined the Communist Party and obtained positions of influence in the new state . In 1958, fifteen POHG members were tried for their participation in the Kremnička and Nemecká massacres; five were sentenced to death. During the Communist era, the POHG were portrayed as loyal agents of the Nazi regime and their role in war crimes

1638-756: The Algerian civil war , starting in the middle of 1994. Death squads composed of Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS) security forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks. Such groups included the Organisation of Young Free Algerians (OJAL) or the Secret Organisation for the Safeguard of the Algerian Republic (OSSRA). According to Roger Faligot and Pascal Kropp (1999),

1729-689: The Bratislava-Brno Offensive in which Slovakia was liberated by the Red Army, most POHG men remained home with their families and avoided fighting, despite an attempt at evacuation by Kubala. Of 5,867 men in active service in the POHG in the second half of March, only 1,600 evacuated as ordered. Some of these evacuees fought in Moravia or in Austria during later Red Army offensives. POHG members who made it far enough west to surrender to

1820-539: The IP address of paid staffers for that candidate's opponent. On 19 February 2011, Indiana Deputy Prosecutor Carlos Lam sent a private email to Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker suggesting that he run a "'false flag' operation" to counter the protests against Walker's proposed restrictions on public employees' collective bargaining rights: If you could employ an associate who pretends to be sympathetic to

1911-566: The Kremnička massacre along with Einsatzkommando 14 , a subunit of Einsatzgruppe H. The POHG also participated in the Nemecká massacre in January 1945; several hundred people were murdered. Slovak collaborators who had been present at massacres frequently lied about their involvement in order to avoid prosecution, for example claiming that they had been threatened and coerced into participating in

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2002-648: The Mau Mau uprising in the 1950s, captured Mau Mau members who switched sides and specially trained British troops initiated the pseudo-gang concept to successfully counter Mau Mau. In 1960, Frank Kitson , who was later involved in the Northern Irish conflict and is now a retired British general, published Gangs and Counter-gangs , an account of his experiences with the technique in Kenya . Information included how to counter gangs and measures of deception, including

2093-663: The North German Confederation , with the end goal of unifying the northern and southern German states. This ploy would be successful, as Napoleon III would declare war six days later; and six months later, the Confederation would win and unify the German states . In September 1931, Seishirō Itagaki and other Japanese mid- to junior-grade officers, without the knowledge of the Tokyo government, fabricated

2184-649: The Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) . On July 13, 1870, Otto von Bismarck published the Ems Dispatch , an internal message from King Wilhelm I to Bismarck regarding certain demands made by the French ambassador. In the version purposefully released to the public, Bismarck instead made it sound like the King had gravely disrespected the ambassador – a ploy to trick Emperor Napoleon III into declaring war on

2275-528: The United States Army participated in skirmishes with German forces that resisted surrender. Eventually, they were turned over to the Soviets, based on international agreements. Returning POHG members faced property confiscation, loss of civil rights , and imprisonment; most of the major leaders were executed for their role in war crimes. A few managed to remain in the West and went into exile. After

2366-643: The Waffen-SS Galizen Division . However, some guards criticized the German practices of looting the local population and refused to participate in executions. Two POHG soldiers who had just joined a few days previously to avoid military service shot captured partisans at Ilava prison. Although Einsatzgruppe H complained that POHG members tried to save acquaintances who had been captured as partisans, some victims of POHG atrocities have become famous symbols of anti-fascism, especially Mirek Nešpor, who allegedly committed suicide after being tortured by

2457-1480: The 13th Mechanized Battalion Equipment [ edit ] Main article: List of equipment of the Slovak Army References [ edit ] ^ "Veliteľ Pozemných síl Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky" (in Slovak) . Retrieved 2023-11-02 . ^ "Aktuality" . ^ "Aktuality" . 71prpv.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . 103prrchbo.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . 1mb.mil.sk . ^ "1. Mechanizovaná brigáda" . ^ "Aktuality" . 11mpr.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . 12mpr.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . 13mpr.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . 14prlog.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality 2. mechanizovanej brigády" . mbpo.mil.sk . ^ "O nás" . ^ "Aktuality" . ^ "Aktuality" . 21zmpr.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . 22mprmi.mil.sk . ^ "Aktuality" . ^ "5. Delostrelecký pluk Rožňava" . ^ "21. Samohybný delostrelecký oddiel" . ^ "54. Raketometný oddiel Rožňava" . ^ "PLNÁ POĽNÁ" (PDF) . www.mosr.sk . Retrieved 2023-08-31 . ^ "Aktuality" . 91zpsd.mil.sk . ^ "Tlačové správy" . External links [ edit ] Official Homepage of

2548-654: The 1953 coup in Iran", the true extent of the tactic has been difficult for historians to discern. In the summer of 1954, a group of Egyptian Jews recruited by Israeli army intelligence were caught with plans to bomb American, British, and Egyptian civil targets in Egypt. The bombs were timed to detonate several hours after closing time. The bombings were to be blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood , Egyptian Communists , "unspecified malcontents", or "local nationalists", with

2639-402: The 2018 mid-term elections were part of a false flag effort to discredit Republicans and supporters of then-President Donald Trump. Cesar Sayoc, motivated by his belief that Democrats were “evil”, was later convicted of mailing the devices to Trump's critics. On the internet, a concern troll is a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual point of view is opposed to the one that

2730-637: The Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney in 1941 while disguised as a Dutch merchant ship, causing the greatest loss of life on an Australian warship. While Kormoran was fatally damaged in the engagement and its crew captured, the outcome represented a considerable psychological victory for the Germans. The British used a Kriegsmarine ensign in the St Nazaire Raid and captured a German code book. The old destroyer Campbeltown , which

2821-461: The British planned to sacrifice in the operation, was provided with cosmetic modifications that involved cutting the ship's funnels and chamfering the edges to resemble a German Type 23 torpedo boat . By this ruse the British were able to get within two miles (3 km) of the harbour before the defences responded, where the explosive-rigged Campbeltown and commandos successfully disabled or destroyed

Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-524: The German and U.S. military seem to have been in agreement. In the transcript of the trial, it is mentioned that Paragraph 43 of the Field Manual published by the War Department , United States Army , on 1 October 1940, under the entry Rules of Land Warfare states: "National flags, insignias and uniforms as a ruse – in practice it has been authorized to make use of these as

3003-590: The German population for the start of World War II in Europe . The operation failed to convince international public opinion of the German claims, and both Britain and France – Poland's allies – declared war two days after Germany invaded Poland. On 26 November 1939, the Soviet army shelled Mainila , a Russian village near the Finnish border. Soviet authorities blamed Finland for

3094-716: The Great Balaton Principality Kingdom of Hungary Habsburg monarchy Ottoman Empire Principality of Hungary (895–1000) High Medieval Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) Matthew III Csák Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) Battle of Mohács (1526) Ottoman Hungary (1541–1699) Province of Budin (1541–1686) Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918) Upper Hungary Slovak Uprising (1848–1849) Slovak National Council Demands of

3185-603: The Ground Forces of the Slovak Republic Armed Forces v t e Slovakia  articles History Roman era Pannonia Pannonian Limes Danubian Limes Laugaricio Gerulata Celemantia Medieval Slavic states West Slavs Samo's Empire Samo Principality of Nitra Pribina Great Moravia House of Mojmír Svatopluk

3276-582: The Hlinka Guard as loyal to the Slovak Republic . Slovak fascist propaganda claimed that the uprising had been fomented by the Czech and Jewish minorities, considered " enemies of the state " because of their alleged support for Czechoslovakism and Communism respectively. Although many Czechs and Jews had been expelled from Slovakia, some had been allowed to remain. Their deportation or murder

3367-480: The Jews had allegedly hidden. Frequently, Jews were released if they could pay a bribe. One POHG man noticed a man of Jewish appearance in a Trenčín restaurant; despite the man's documents stating him to be a Catholic, the guardsman forced him to undress. Noticing that the man was circumcised, the guardsman extorted valuables before releasing him. The Fifth Company of the POHG helped murder at least 282 people as part of

3458-706: The OJAL was reminiscent of "the Organization of the French Algerian Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists created in December 1956 by the Direction de la surveillance du territoire (Territorial Surveillance Directorate, or DST) whose mission was to carry out terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise". In espionage , the term "false flag" describes

3549-663: The POHG at Vlčova Street in Bratislava. On 1 September, the German authorities decided to use the POHG as the main means of implementing the Final Solution in Slovakia. There was little resistance within the POHG to murdering Jewish citizens; the Hlinka Guard had a history of committing anti-Jewish violence, and many guardsmen could not resist the opportunity to enrich themselves by stealing from murdered Jews. Kubala ordered that all property stolen from Jews be deposited in

3640-419: The POHG legally part of the armed forces, those who refused to serve in it were subject to a 5,000 Slovak koruna fine and up to 3 months imprisonment. Deserters could be shot. Those who had participated in the uprising, even under threat of violence from partisans in partisan-controlled areas, were also forbidden to join, but in practice many did anyway and were even promoted to positions of responsibility within

3731-508: The POHG uniform was altered slightly. When communication with their superiors was not possible, local units collaborated closely with nearby German forces. Because the Germans did not trust them, the POHG mostly performed auxiliary military tasks during the suppression of the uprising, rather than frontline combat. When POHG units did confront the enemy directly, they often ran away; other POHG dragged their feet when ordered into contested territory, foiling German offensives. The first unit to join

Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-478: The POHG's loyalty to the regime and glossing over their military failure. The Slovak Army's loyalty to the Slovak people was brought into question due to their support for the uprising, and it was accused of being a hotbed of " Bolshevism ", which had no basis in fact. About 5% of Emergency Divisions personnel committed war crimes. The POHG cooperated closely with Einsatzgruppe H , a Nazi German death squad created to murder or deport Slovakia's remaining Jews, during

3913-407: The POHG. The shortage of NCOs and officers was partially solved by drafting personnel from the regular Hlinka Guard into the POHG. Membership in the units did not necessarily correlate with sympathy for fascism, Nazism, or antisemitism. There was a high rate of desertion from the units during their short existence. Originally, guards were paid 11.50 Ks per day, regardless of rank, paid out three times

4004-1246: The Slovak Ground Forces in 2024 Geographic distribution [ edit ] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 1st Mech. Bde. [REDACTED] 11th Mech. Bn. [REDACTED] 12th Mech. Bn. [REDACTED] 13th Mech. Bn. [REDACTED] 14th Logistic Bn. [REDACTED] 2nd Mech. Bde. [REDACTED] 14th Tank Bn. [REDACTED] 21st Mech. Bn. [REDACTED] 22nd Mech. Bn. [REDACTED] 20th Logistic Bn. [REDACTED] 21st Artillery Bn. [REDACTED] 54th Rocket-Launcher Bn. [REDACTED] 56th Anti-Tank Bn. [REDACTED] 901st Eng. Bn. [REDACTED] 902nd Eng. Bn. [REDACTED] 65th Recon Bn. [REDACTED] 71st Com. Sup. Bn. [REDACTED] 103rd CBRN-Def. Bn. class=notpageimage| Slovak Ground Forces battalion locations 2024: [REDACTED] Brigade HQs [REDACTED] Tank units [REDACTED] Mechanized units [REDACTED] Artillery [REDACTED] Reconnaissance [REDACTED] Engineers [REDACTED] Command Support [REDACTED] CBRN-Defense [REDACTED] Logistics [REDACTED] Soldiers of

4095-5858: The Slovak Nation Czechoslovakia Washington Declaration (1918) First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Slovak Soviet Republic (1919) Munich Betrayal (1938) Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) Autonomous Land of Slovakia (1938–1939) Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) Czechoslovak government-in-exile (1939–1945) First Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Slovak National Uprising (1944) Iron Curtain Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948) Czechoslovak coup d'état (1948) Fourth Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Prague Spring (1968) Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990) Velvet Revolution (1989) Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992) Slovak Republic (1990–1992) Velvet Divorce (1992) [REDACTED] Geography Castles Carpathians Cities and towns Districts Islands Municipalities National parks Protected areas Regions Rivers Tourism regions Traditional regions Wildlife World Heritage Sites (UNESCO) Politics National symbols Anthem Coat of arms Patriarchal cross Flag Seal Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military National Council (parliament) Political parties President Prime Minister Referendums Slovak Government Flying Service Economy Banks Central bank Energy Euro (currency) Privatisation Stock exchange " Tatra Tiger " Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Mafia Demographics Slovaks List of Slovaks Education Healthcare Identity card Language Passport Public holidays Remembrance days Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Beer Wine Literature Music Religion Shepherd's axe Sport Media Newspapers Radio Television Outline Category Portal v t e Armies in Europe Sovereign states Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria v t e Military equipment of Europe Sovereign states Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria v t e NATO Allied Land Command NATO land forces [REDACTED] Albanian Land Force [REDACTED] Belgian Land Component [REDACTED] Bulgarian Land Forces [REDACTED] Canadian Army [REDACTED] Croatian Army [REDACTED] Czech Land Forces [REDACTED] Royal Danish Army [REDACTED] Estonian Land Forces [REDACTED] Finnish Army [REDACTED] French Army [REDACTED] German Army [REDACTED] Hellenic Army [REDACTED] Hungarian Ground Forces [REDACTED] Iceland Crisis Response Unit [REDACTED] Italian Army Carabinieri [REDACTED] Latvian Land Forces [REDACTED] Lithuanian Land Force [REDACTED] Luxembourg Army [REDACTED] Montenegrin Ground Army [REDACTED] Royal Netherlands Army [REDACTED] Army of North Macedonia [REDACTED] Norwegian Army [REDACTED] Polish Land Forces [REDACTED] Portuguese Army [REDACTED] Romanian Land Forces [REDACTED] Ground Forces of

4186-2587: The Slovak Republic Command HQ Veliteľstvo Pozemných síl OS SR - Trenčín Commanders Commander Major General Ivan Pach Military unit The Slovak Ground Forces ( Slovak : Pozemné sily Slovenskej republiky ), also known as the Slovak Army , are the land forces of the Slovak Armed Forces . Organization [ edit ] Ground Forces Command , in Trenčín 65th Reconnaissance Battalion, in Prešov 71st Command Support Battalion, in Trenčín 103rd Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Battalion, in Rožňava 1st Mechanized Brigade , in Topoľčany 103rd Command Support Company, in Topoľčany 11th Mechanized Battalion, in Martin ( BVP-2 ) 12th Mechanized Battalion, in Nitra (BVP-2) 13th Mechanized Battalion, in Levice (BVP-2) 14th Logistic Battalion, in Topoľčany 2nd Mechanized Brigade , in Prešov 67th Command Support Company, in Prešov 14th Tank Battalion, in Trebišov ( T-72M1 ) 21st Mechanized Battalion, in Trebišov ( BVP-1 ) 22nd Mechanized Battalion, in Michalovce (BVP-1) 20th Logistic Battalion, in Prešov 5th Artillery Regiment , in Rožňava 21st Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion, in Michalovce ( 155 mm SpGH Zuzana 2 ) 54th Rocket-Launcher Battalion, in Rožňava ( RM-70/85 ) 56th Anti-Tank Battalion, in Rožňava 91st Engineer Regiment , in Sereď 901st Engineer Battalion, in Sereď 902nd Engineer Battalion, in Michalovce 905th Specialized Engineer Support Center, in Nováky Army organization - Visual overview [ edit ] [REDACTED] Organization of

4277-480: The Slovak Republic [REDACTED] Slovenian Ground Force [REDACTED] Spanish Army [REDACTED] Swedish Army [REDACTED] Turkish Land Forces [REDACTED] British Army [REDACTED] United States Army [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ground_Forces_of_the_Slovak_Republic&oldid=1256165306 " Categories : Military of Slovakia Ground Forces of

4368-446: The Slovak Republic Military units and formations of Slovakia 1993 establishments in Slovakia Military units and formations established in 1993 Hidden categories: CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Slovak-language text Short description matches Wikidata False flag A false flag operation

4459-462: The Slovak Republic. The Hlinka Guard had previously assaulted Jews in public during the first years of the regime, enriched itself through the process of " Aryanization " (confiscation of Jewish-owned businesses and property), and participated in the forcible roundups that sent two-thirds of Slovakia's Jews to death camps in 1942. Some of its personnel were previously members of the Hlinka Guard or Hlinka Youth, but many Hlinka Guardsmen refused to join

4550-412: The aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to refrain from evacuating its troops occupying Egypt's Suez Canal zone, a move that would embolden Egyptian President Nasser against Israel. However, the plot was exposed before launch and Egyptian authorities were able to tail an operative to his target, arrest him and later search his apartment where

4641-530: The appearance of enemies when none exist, or create the illusion of organized and directed persecution. This can be used to gain attention and sympathy from outsiders, in particular the media, or to convince others within the group that their beliefs are under attack and in need of protection. In retaliation for writing The Scandal of Scientology , some members of the Church of Scientology stole stationery from author Paulette Cooper 's home and then used that stationery to forge bomb threats and have them mailed to

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4732-407: The attack and used the incident as a pretext to invade Finland, starting the Winter War , four days later. Operation Northwoods , a 1962 plot proposed but never executed by the U.S. Department of Defense for a war with Cuba , involved scenarios such as fabricating the hijacking or shooting down of passenger and military planes, sinking a U.S. ship in the vicinity of Cuba, burning crops, sinking

4823-535: The attacks appear to be by enemy nations or terrorists, thus giving the nation that was supposedly attacked a pretext for domestic repression or foreign military aggression. Similarly deceptive activities carried out during peacetime by individuals or nongovernmental organizations have been called false flag operations, but the more common legal term is a " frameup ", "stitch up", or "setup". In land warfare, such operations are generally deemed acceptable under certain circumstances, such as to deceive enemies , provided

4914-433: The camp, registered as a refugee camp by the United Nations (UN). Even according to Reid-Daly, most of those killed were unarmed guerrillas standing in formation for a parade. The camp hospital was also set ablaze by the rounds fired by the Scouts, killing all patients. According to David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, who visited the camp shortly before the raid, it was only a refugee camp that did not host any guerrillas. It

5005-410: The candidate's knowledge. The Canuck letter is an example of one candidate's creating a false document and attributing it as coming from another candidate in order to discredit that candidate. In 2006, individuals practicing false flag behavior were discovered and "outed" in New Hampshire and New Jersey after blog comments claiming to be from supporters of a political candidate were traced to

5096-415: The claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia. On 4 April 1953, the CIA was ordered to undermine the government of Iran over a four-month period, as a precursor to overthrowing Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh . One tactic used to undermine Mosaddegh was to carry out false flag attacks "on mosques and key public figures", to be blamed on Iranian communists loyal to

5187-405: The customary rules and general principles underlying treaties on the law of war on land and at sea", and as such these two non-controversial articles were already part of customary law. In land warfare, the use of a false flag is similar to that of naval warfare: the trial of Otto Skorzeny , who planned and commanded Operation Greif , by a U.S. military tribunal at the Dachau Trials included

5278-525: The days leading up to the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February , the Russian government intensified its disinformation campaign , with Russian state media promoting false flags on a nearly hourly basis purporting to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russia, in a bid to justify an invasion of Ukraine. Many of the disinformation videos were poor and amateur in quality, with mismatching metadata showing incorrect dates, and evidence from Bellingcat researchers, and other independent journalists, showed that

5369-405: The death penalty. Partisan groups often set ambushes and lured POHG units with anonymous tipoffs about Jews in hiding, a tactic that proved effective. German hopes of recruiting significant numbers of POHG men into the Waffen-SS for deployment on the approaching Eastern Front never materialized. Slovak propaganda claimed the overall Hlinka Guard as superior to the regular armed forces, emphasizing

5460-482: The deception is not perfidious and that all such deceptions are discarded before opening fire upon the enemy. Similarly, in naval warfare such a deception is considered permissible, provided the false flag is lowered and the true flag raised before engaging in battle. Auxiliary cruisers operated in such a fashion in both World Wars, as did Q-ships , while merchant vessels were encouraged to use false flags for protection. Such masquerades promoted confusion not just of

5551-434: The documents relating to Operation Northwoods was a result of the comprehensive search for records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy by the Assassination Records Review Board in the mid-1990s. Information about Operation Northwoods was later publicized by James Bamford . In January and February 2022, Western government agencies predicted that Russia would use a false flag operation in Ukraine. In

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5642-450: The enemy but of historical accounts. In 1914 the Battle of Trindade was fought between the British auxiliary cruiser RMS Carmania and the German auxiliary cruiser SMS Cap Trafalgar , which had been altered to look like Carmania . (Contrary to some accounts, the Carmania had not been altered to resemble the Cap Trafalgar .) Another notable example was the World War II German commerce raider Kormoran , which surprised and sank

5733-428: The entire plan, including the names of other agents and explosive materials, was held. Unknown to Israel Prime Minister Moshe Sharet , the exposé caused a scandal in Israel, with Israeli officials blaming one another for the operation and the Israeli defense minister, Pinhas Lavon , resigning under pressure. Later, two investigative committees found that Lavon was unaware of the operation. Due to its deceptive nature

5824-494: The entirety of its existence. Officially, captured partisans were the responsibility of the Germans, while gendarmes who joined the partisans and Jews were at the disposal of the POHG, but this distinction was often blurred in practice. Einstazgruppe H's intelligence personnel, in reports to their superiors, emphasized the help that the POHG provided during roundups of Jews for deportation to Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps . According to Czech historian Lenka Šindelářová,

5915-406: The fighting, led by Štefan Rabin, did not begin to engage in combat until the end of September, when the suppression of the rebellion was already well underway. It only suffered the loss of 5 killed and 15 wounded, indicating that it was not involved in heavy fighting. This unit was also one of the most brutal in its treatment of captured Jews and partisans. The overall combat effectiveness of the POHG

6006-485: The focus of far-right commemorations. Notes Citations Bibliography Slovak Army (Redirected from Slovak Army ) Branch of the Slovak Armed Forces Slovak Ground Forces Pozemné sily Slovenskej republiky [REDACTED] Coat of arms Founded 1939 – 1945 1993 – present Country [REDACTED]   Slovakia Branch Army Part of Armed Forces of

6097-401: The footage also prominently showed three expansion packs for the Sims 3 video game. Investigative journalist Eliot Higgins interpreted this to mean that the arrest was in fact staged, with its organizers misunderstanding an instruction "to get 3 SIMs ". Further lending credence to the arrest being staged was footage of a note with a Russian phrase, which in fact read signature unclear . This

6188-439: The government. The CIA operation was code-named TPAJAX . The tactic of a "directed campaign of bombings by Iranians posing as members of the Communist party" involved the bombing of "at least one" well known Muslim's house by CIA agents posing as Communists. The CIA determined that the tactic of false flag attacks added to the "positive outcome" of TPAJAX . However, as "the C.I.A. burned nearly all of its files on its role in

6279-469: The highest rank initially available for black soldiers being colour sergeant . They succeeded in turning approximately 800 insurgents who were then paid by Special Branch, ultimately reaching the number of 1,500 members. Engaging mainly in long-range reconnaissance and surveillance missions, they increasingly turned to offensive actions, including the attempted assassination of Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army leader Joshua Nkomo in Zambia . This mission

6370-434: The initiative in many of the massacres of partisans, requiring POHG members to be present at executions. POHG executions of captured partisans were justified based on war crimes allegedly committed by partisans which were emphasized in fascist propaganda. On one occasion, the POHG summarily executed partisans who had previously been disarmed by the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and the POHG also committed war crimes in concert with

6461-441: The key dock structures of the port. Between December 1922 and February 1923, a commission of jurists at the Hague drafted a set of rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. They included: This draft was never adopted as a legally binding treaty, but the International Committee of the Red Cross states in its introduction on the draft: "To a great extent, [the draft rules] correspond to

6552-532: The loyalty of certain elements of the Hlinka Guard, it was decided to create a new organization within the Hlinka Guard for the suppression of the uprising. POHG companies began to separate from the rest of the Hlinka Guard in early September, during the first weeks of the uprising. Its intended purpose was to restore the Axis Slovak Republic 's control over central Slovakia in conjunction with German troops, and to persecute real and supposed enemies of

6643-419: The massacre by German SD members and only shot over victims' heads. Other Slovak collaborators bragged about their murders, despite strict orders to keep the crimes confidential. Therefore, it is impossible to know the exact role that individual soldiers played in the massacre, but even those who did not shoot still contributed to the killings by guarding the perimeter and performing other auxiliary tasks. During

6734-426: The more common police or intelligence infiltration of guerrilla or criminal organizations. In the latter case, infiltration is normally done by individuals. Pseudo teams, on the other hand, are formed as needed from organized units, usually military or paramilitary . The use of pseudo teams has been a hallmark of a number of foreign counterinsurgency campaigns." Similar false flag tactics were also employed during

6825-733: The recruiting of agents by operatives posing as representatives of a cause the prospective agents are sympathetic to, or even the agents' own government. For example, during the Cold War , several female West German civil servants were tricked into stealing classified documents by agents of the East German Stasi intelligence service pretending to be members of West German peace advocacy groups (the Stasi agents were also described as " Romeos ", indicating that they also used their sex appeal to manipulate their targets, making this operation

6916-437: The right", however because some historical false flag incidents occurred, historians should not fully cede the usage of the term to conspiracy theorists. Perlman says "The real danger is if we use the nonattributive 'false flags' as shorthand for conspiracy theories, without explaining what they are and who is promoting them." At the same time, Perlman writes that "people yelling that any attack attributed to someone on 'their side'

7007-491: The risks of exposure rapidly increase with time and intelligence gathering eventually leads to violent confrontation. Pseudo-operations may be directed by military or police forces, or both. Police forces are usually best suited to intelligence tasks; however, military provide the structure needed to back up such pseudo-ops with military response forces. According to US military expert Lawrence Cline (2005), "the teams typically have been controlled by police services, but this largely

7098-472: The special companies. Hundreds of men volunteered, but many of these were motivated by economic reasons or to avoid being drafted into the regular army. Nevertheless, the manpower needs exceeded willing recruits, and Kubala authorized local commanders to draft eligible men, both Guardsmen and non-Guardsmen, as needed. A significant number who received these notices managed to evade the authorities or were imprisoned for refusing to serve. Under new regulations making

7189-445: The success of Einsatzgruppe H was largely due to denunciations and the cooperation of the POHG guardsmen, who could impersonate partisans due to their local knowledge and ability to speak Slovak. POHG men participated in the massacres and aided with interrogations, as well as searching houses for Jews in hiding. Many members of the POHG refused to execute captured partisans, but few refused to murder or round up Jews. Einsatzgruppe H took

7280-551: The troll claims to hold. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to share their goals , but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow fear, uncertainty, and doubt within the group often by appealing to outrage culture . This is a particular case of sockpuppeting and safe-baiting . Proponents of political or religious ideologies will sometimes use false flag tactics. This can be done to discredit or implicate rival groups, create

7371-532: The unions' cause to physically attack you (or even use a firearm against you), you could discredit the unions   ... Employing a false flag operation would assist in undercutting any support the media may be creating in favor of the unions. The press had acquired a court order to access all of Walker's emails and Lam's email was exposed. At first, Lam vehemently denied it, but eventually admitted it and resigned. Some conservative commentators suggested that pipe bombs that were sent to prominent Democrats prior to

7462-840: The use of defectors, which brought the issue a wider audience. Another example of combined police and military oversight of pseudo-operations include the Selous Scouts in the former country Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ), governed by white minority rule until 1980. The Selous Scouts were formed at the beginning of Operation Hurricane , in November 1973, by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Ronald Reid-Daly . As with all Special Forces in Rhodesia, by 1977 they were controlled by COMOPS (Commander, Combined Operations) Commander Lieutenant General Peter Walls . The Selous Scouts were originally composed of 120 members, with all officers being white and

7553-670: Was again interpreted as a misunderstood instruction, this time taken too literally. The FSB subsequently published a version of the footage with the Sims games blurred out. Pseudo-operations are those in which forces of one power disguise themselves as enemy forces. For example, a state power may disguise teams of operatives as insurgents and, with the aid of defectors, infiltrate insurgent areas. The aim of such pseudo-operations may be to gather short or long-term intelligence or to engage in active operations, in particular assassinations of important enemies. However, they usually involve both, as

7644-399: Was committed by 'the other side' drown out the voices of reason." Political campaigning has a long history of this tactic in various forms, including in person, print media and electronically in recent years. This can involve when supporters of one candidate pose as supporters of another, or act as " straw men " for their preferred candidate to debate against. This can happen with or without

7735-547: Was due to the weaknesses in the respective military intelligence systems." The State Political Directorate (OGPU) of the Soviet Union set up such an operation from 1921 to 1926. During Operation Trust , they used loose networks of White Army supporters and extended them, creating the pseudo-"Monarchist Union of Central Russia" (MUCR) in order to help the OGPU identify real monarchists and anti-Bolsheviks. An example of

7826-497: Was emphasized in order to delegitimize the institutions of the Slovak Republic. Former members of the POHG were prosecuted for their membership in the organization; some were tortured and forced to give false confessions. At the same time, some anti-communists perceived the POHG as heroic forces fighting against communism and for Slovak nationalism, while glossing over the units' participation in war crimes. They continue to be

7917-692: Was finally aborted by the Selous Scouts, and attempted again, unsuccessfully, by the Rhodesian Special Air Service . Some offensive operations attracted international condemnation, in particular the Selous Scouts' raid on a Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) camp at Nyadzonya Pungwe, Mozambique in August 1976. ZANLA was then led by Josiah Tongogara . Using Rhodesian trucks and armored cars disguised as Mozambique military vehicles, 84 scouts killed 1,284 people in

8008-411: Was initially used by pirates and privateers to deceive other ships into allowing them to move closer before attacking them. It later was deemed an acceptable practice during naval warfare according to international maritime laws, provided the attacking vessel displayed its true flag before commencing an attack. The term today extends to include countries that organize attacks on themselves and make

8099-435: Was limited; many of its personnel were middle-aged men with families, who took all opportunities to avoid danger. This tendency reduced morale among POHG units and led to tensions with German forces, who had to take on dangerous engagements without help. One POHG unit, training in the Bratislava area, rioted when it learned that it might be expected to fight against advancing Red Army forces; many of its members deserted despite

8190-461: Was seen as an integral part of the suppression of the uprising, and the Hlinka Guard was the preferred tool for the Slovak Republic's racial persecutions. The commander of the Hlinka Guard, Alexander Mach , accused moderate Hlinka Guardsmen of being too "soft" and allowing the uprising to occur. Other Hlinka Guardsmen accused Mach of being soft on the rebels, and he was removed from his position and replaced with Otomar Kubala . Because of doubts about

8281-610: Was staged for UN approval. According to a 1978 study by the Directorate of Military Intelligence, 68% of all insurgent deaths inside Rhodesia could be attributed to the Selous Scouts, who were disbanded in 1980. If the action is a police action, then these tactics would fall within the laws of the state initiating the pseudo, but if such actions are taken in a civil war or during a belligerent military occupation then those who participate in such actions would not be privileged belligerents . The principle of plausible deniability

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