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35-608: PANDORA , or Pandora , is a national web archive for the preservation of Australia's online publications. Established by the National Library of Australia in 1996, it has been built in collaboration with Australian state libraries and cultural collecting organisations, including the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies , the Australian War Memorial , and

70-1064: A contribution to international knowledge". The provision for legal deposit of digital format publications was added to the Australian Copyright Act 1968 in 2016 so the National Library of Australia may copy Australian websites without acquiring permission. They do notify publishers before copying a website to the PANDORA archive, and may request publisher assistance if required. Selection also gives priority to six categories of publication: As time and staff resources permit, high quality sites outside these categories may be included, within certain guidelines, for instance, "Personal sites will usually only be selected if they provide information of outstanding research value unavailable elsewhere or if they are of exceptional quality or particular interest". The archival management system called PANDAS (PANDORA Digital Archiving System)

105-459: A large number of technical resources. Also, the Web is changing so fast that portions of a website may suffer modifications before a crawler has even finished crawling it. Some web servers are configured to return different pages to web archiver requests than they would in response to regular browser requests. This is typically done to fool search engines into directing more user traffic to a website and

140-621: A new technical system had to be developed whereby a web archiving service which would integrate the delivery of archived websites within a live website interface delivering the archived websites seamlessly to the user, which is difficult to achieve technically. Australian Government websites are Commonwealth records, and are therefore publications to be managed in accordance with the Archives Act 1983 . The Australian Government Web Archive (AGWA) consists of bulk archiving of Commonwealth Government websites. The NLA began regular harvests of

175-558: A recent lawsuit against Google's caching, which Google won. In 2017 the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA), a United States financial regulatory organization, released a notice stating all the businesses doing digital communications are required to keep a record. This includes website data, social media posts, and messages. Some copyright laws may inhibit Web archiving. For instance, academic archiving by Sci-Hub falls outside

210-426: A specified selection policy, preserves them, and makes them available for viewing. Content must be about Australia, and is selected based on its cultural significance and research value; and must be "on a subject of social, political, cultural, religious, scientific or economic significance and relevance to Australia and be written by an Australian author; or be written by an Australian recognised authority and constitute

245-720: A web crawler developed in conjunction with the Nordic national libraries. Other projects launched around the same time included a web archiving project by the National Library of Canada , Australia's Pandora , Tasmanian web archives and Sweden's Kulturarw3. From 2001 to 2010, the International Web Archiving Workshop (IWAW) provided a platform to share experiences and exchange ideas. The International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC), established in 2003, has facilitated international collaboration in developing standards and open source tools for

280-559: Is preserved in an archival format for research and the public. Web archivists typically employ automated web crawlers to capturing the massive amount of information on the Web. A widely known web archive service is the Wayback Machine , run by the Internet Archive . The growing portion of human culture created and recorded on the web makes it inevitable that more and more libraries and archives will have to face

315-558: Is a "Limit to the gov.au web domain" option before searching, and government websites archived via AGWA can still be searched separately using the "Advanced Search" option. Other options in Advanced Search are to limit by timespan of the snapshots, domain and file type. With many of the earlier websites from the 1990s now lost, mainly because of the frequent change of web platforms, the Australian Web Archive

350-723: Is a significant initiative that will help to save current and future web pages, especially Australian content. Material will continue to be added to the Archive, and other online material collected in accordance with the National Library Act 1960 , the legal deposit provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 and the NLA's digital collections selection policy . Websites in the Asia Pacific region are not included in

385-448: Is fully searchable, based on a combination of techniques used by the developers. Each team created a unique and complex search algorithm , by adapting a version of Google ’s page ranking algorithm (based frequency of clicks on a page), modified to lead to better, high-quality resources. Other technologies include a Bayesian filter (effectively a spam filter ), a Not Safe For Work classifier from Yahoo , and machine learning . There

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420-414: Is often done to avoid accountability or to provide enhanced content only to those browsers that can display it. Not only must web archivists deal with the technical challenges of web archiving, they must also contend with intellectual property laws. Peter Lyman states that "although the Web is popularly regarded as a public domain resource, it is copyrighted ; thus, archivists have no legal right to copy

455-478: Is publicly available. As of March 2020, there were 62,959 archived titles, using 49.63 TB of data. 35°17′47.49″S 149°07′46.02″E  /  35.2965250°S 149.1294500°E  / -35.2965250; 149.1294500 Web archiving Web archiving is the process of collecting, preserving and providing access to material from the World Wide Web . The aim is to ensure that information

490-705: Is used to add a title into PANDORA. This was developed and is maintained by the National Library of Australia. The latest version is PANDAS 3, which was deployed in mid-2007. In March 2019 it became part of larger the Australian Web Archive , which comprises the PANDORA Archive, the Australian Government Web Archive (AGWA) and the National Library's ".au" domain collections, using a single interface in Trove which

525-540: The National Film and Sound Archive , the Australian War Memorial and the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) had become participants. The State Library of Tasmania has not participated in PANDORA, at the time of inception running its own web archiving project called Our Digital Island . The PANDORA archive collects certain Australian web resources according to

560-460: The National Film and Sound Archive . It is now one of three components of the Australian Web Archive . The name, PANDORA, is a bacronym which describes its purpose: Preserving and Accessing Networked Documentary Resources of Australia. The National Library of Australia (NLA) began selecting suitable online publications at the beginning of 1996, after recognising "the need to preserve Australia's documentary heritage in online formats as well as in

595-506: The Wayback Machine , hosted by the Internet Archive , allowing full-text searching using a search engine built in-house. The developers also devised techniques to filter out unwanted "noise". The data remains on the Library servers, although a move to the cloud is envisaged in the future, as content grows. Usability by a wide range of users, and in particular the search functionality, were major focuses during development. The archive

630-468: The AGWA included content dating from 2005, which amounted to about 144 million files occupying 15 terabytes . It only included Commonwealth Government websites collected through bulk harvests of nearly 1000 seed URLs. The scheduling of the harvests was not yet routinely established, but harvests were being conducted roughly three times per year. In 2017, the AGWA and the PANDORA archive were amalgamated with

665-726: The Internet Archive, but not currently publicly accessible. Despite the fact that there is no centralized responsibility for its preservation, web content is rapidly becoming the official record. For example, in 2017, the United States Department of Justice affirmed that the government treats the President's tweets as official statements. Web archivists generally archive various types of web content including HTML web pages, style sheets , JavaScript , images , and video . They also archive metadata about

700-581: The Web". However national libraries in some countries have a legal right to copy portions of the web under an extension of a legal deposit . Some private non-profit web archives that are made publicly accessible like WebCite , the Internet Archive or the Internet Memory Foundation allow content owners to hide or remove archived content that they do not want the public to have access to. Other web archives are only accessible from certain locations or have regulated usage. WebCite cites

735-456: The bounds of contemporary copyright law. The site provides enduring access to academic works including those that do not have an open access license and thereby contributes to the archival of scientific research which may otherwise be lost. Australian Web Archive The PANDORA service started archiving websites in October 1996. In 2005, the NLA started archiving annual snapshots of

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770-431: The challenges of web archiving. National libraries , national archives and various consortia of organizations are also involved in archiving Web content to prevent its loss. Commercial web archiving software and services are also available to organizations that need to archive their own web content for corporate heritage, regulatory, or legal purposes. While curation and organization of the web has been prevalent since

805-408: The collected resources such as access time, MIME type , and content length. This metadata is useful in establishing authenticity and provenance of the archived collection. Transactional archiving is an event-driven approach, which collects the actual transactions which take place between a web server and a web browser . It is primarily used as a means of preserving evidence of the content which

840-528: The creation of web archives. The now-defunct Internet Memory Foundation was founded in 2004 and founded by the European Commission in order to archive the web in Europe. This project developed and released many open source tools, such as "rich media capturing, temporal coherence analysis, spam assessment, and terminology evolution detection." The data from the foundation is now housed by

875-451: The entire Australian web domain ( URLs with the suffix . ".au" ), collected via large crawl harvests . Later, the earliest websites from the .au web domain, dating back to 1996, were obtained from the Internet Archive . In 2019 this content was first made publicly accessible through Trove. The PANDORA infrastructure, which works well for a selective small scale archiving, does not adapt to large scale "bulk harvesting" of web content, so

910-543: The mid- to late-1990s, one of the first large-scale web archiving projects was the Internet Archive , a non-profit organization created by Brewster Kahle in 1996. The Internet Archive released its own search engine for viewing archived web content, the Wayback Machine , in 2001. As of 2018, the Internet Archive was home to 40 petabytes of data. The Internet Archive also developed many of its own tools for collecting and storing its data, including PetaBox for storing large amounts of data efficiently and safely, and Heritrix ,

945-576: The other web archive collections, to form the Trove web archive collection. After further development and the creation of the Australia Web Archive, government websites archived via AGWA and now included in AWA can still be searched separately using the "Advanced Search" option. A web archive is described by the NLA as a "collection of snapshots of websites captured while they are accessible on

980-426: The responses as bitstreams. Web archives which rely on web crawling as their primary means of collecting the Web are influenced by the difficulties of web crawling: However, it is important to note that a native format web archive, i.e., a fully browsable web archive, with working links, media, etc., is only really possible using crawler technology. The Web is so large that crawling a significant portion of it takes

1015-516: The service. There is a huge amount of publishing by the government, but many challenges to overcome trying to preserve content, such as its sudden disappearance. In March 2014, the AGWA was made publicly accessible. The AGWA meets the preservation and retention requirements for websites as "retain as national archives" (RNA) material under the Archives Act ; however videos and document files ( such as PDFs or Word documents ) are not always captured, so must be managed separately. As of early 2015,

1050-408: The traditional formats of its existing collections". After investigating the landscape of "Australian electronic publications" between 1993 and 1996, staff (initially four) were committed to the PANDORA program. Following a six-month period of testing and experimentation, the NLA committed to collecting materials in online formats. A system to store, manage and provide access to these online publications

1085-517: The web, and then preserved in a static copy". The collection archived in the AWA is "relevant to the cultural, social, political, research and commercial life and activities of Australia and Australians". It collects web material via both scheduled archiving of selected websites and publications as well as some ad hoc harvesting relating to significant events. As of March 2019, when it began, AWA already contained around 600 terabytes of data, with 9 billion records. It contains more functionality than

Pandora archive - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-549: The website was redesigned. The new site added subject-level access to titles and included documents relating to the PANDORA project. In August 1998 the State Library of Victoria became a participant in adding content. In 2000, ScreenSound Australia (now National Film and Sound Archive) joined as a collaborating partner. By 2003, all of the mainland State libraries, the Northern Territory Library ,

1155-574: The websites in June 2011, after a significant obstacle had been overcome with an administrative agreement made in May 2010 allowing the NLA to collect, preserve and make accessible government websites without having to seek prior permission for each website or document, as was the case before that. The service uses the Heritrix web crawler for harvesting, WARC files for storage and Open Wayback for delivery of

1190-428: Was actually viewed on a particular website , on a given date. This may be particularly important for organizations which need to comply with legal or regulatory requirements for disclosing and retaining information. A transactional archiving system typically operates by intercepting every HTTP request to, and response from, the web server, filtering each response to eliminate duplicate content, and permanently storing

1225-493: Was built by the NLA, which includes PANDORA, a set of policies and procedures and a technical infrastructure. The first two titles were downloaded in October 1996. By June 1997 the archive contained 31 titles. With the sheer volume of content that needed archiving, it was essential to collaborate with other organisations, and in 1998 the State Library of Victoria came on board. By 2000, 600 titles had been archived, at which time

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