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34-482: PVB may refer to: Palos Verdes blue ( Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis ), a butterfly Pemberton Volcanic Belt , a geologic feature in southwestern British Columbia, Canada Phong Vũ Buffalo , a professional eSports organization Polyvinyl butyral , a type of plastic Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida Present value of benefits , a term used in project appraisal Pressure vacuum breaker Topics referred to by

68-413: A coastal sage scrub habitat. This subspecies is locally monophagous, or particular to one species of food plant. The entire subspecies was originally thought to be particular only to the locoweed or rattlepod ( Astragalus trichopodus lonchus ), but the population rediscovered in 1994 used common deerweed ( Lotus scoparius ) as its larval food plant. These two types of plants are fast becoming scarce on

102-469: A baseball field, an act believed to have been a principal cause of the die-off of the subspecies before its rediscovery in 1994. The US Fish and Wildlife Service maintained that the city was "well aware" of the butterfly and the site status. According to the Los Angeles Times , the mayor of the city "said no one complained about butterfly destruction until grading had been completed." In 1987,

136-623: A native plant index number. The only habitat known so far on the north slope is the Defense Fuel Support Point location. The south slope has many more historic sites of Palos Verdes blue, which are all suggested for reintroduction, including any more sites containing locoweed ( Astragalus ). Particular sites of reintroduction and rehabilitation of the Palos Verdes blue include Defense Fuel Support Point in San Pedro and

170-485: A wingspan of only 25–30 mm (0.98–1.18 in). The male has a bright silvery-blue dorsal wing outlined in a narrow line of black, while the female's dorsal wing is a more brownish-gray colour. Both males and females have gray ventral wings with dark spots surrounded by white rings. G. lygdamus palosverdesensis persists particularly on the Palos Verdes Peninsula, 15 miles south of Los Angeles, in

204-564: Is also giant coreopsis ( Coreopsis gigantea ), Californian black sage ( Salvia mellifera ), California buckwheat ( Eriogonum fasciculatum ) , and Californian white sage ( Salvia apiana ). Plant species that can be found in Maritime Succulent Scrub is coast prickly pear ( Opuntia littoralis ), coast barrel cactus ( Ferocactus viridescens ), cliff spurge ( Euphorbia misera ), bush rue ( Cneoridium dumosum ), and Dudleya spp. Northern coastal scrub occurs along

238-592: Is conducted for conservation purposes, reintroduction and prevention of extinction. The mass rearing takes place in "tent" cages containing both known larval food plants. It has been variably successful. In 2008, 2,400 butterflies were raised in a laboratory at Moorpark College . In addition to accepting the conditions of the butterflies' protected status, landowners seeking to house the butterflies needed to prove they could provide sufficient numbers of " yellow-flowering deer weed plants." Although population viability analysis models are often very important for predicting

272-488: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Palos Verdes blue The Palos Verdes blue ( Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis ) is a small endangered butterfly native to the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southwest Los Angeles County, California , United States. As its distribution has been proven to be limited to one single site, it has one of

306-606: Is mostly found along the maritime Central Coast region, and the terraces and mountains with coastal climate influence in Southern California . Its distribution extends from the southwestern San Francisco Bay Area in the north, through Big Sur , Vandenberg Air Force Base , the Oxnard Plain , the Los Angeles Basin , most of Orange County , parts of Riverside County , coastal San Diego County , and

340-413: Is only five days. Interspecific competition may occur with other lycaenid butterflies for the larval food plant. A mutualism between ants and larvae has been observed during the instars of butterfly development. G. l. palosverdesensis has a host-parasite relationship with its larval food plants, Astragalus lonchus and Lotus scoparius . Predation by western yellowjackets ( Vespula pensylvanica ) on

374-774: Is terraces with deep alluvial soils , and scrub, which is found on steeper slopes and ravine areas. Evergreen shrubs and subshrubs, which are soft leaves. They are found in semi-open with a height of 2–3 meters, with multiple layers. Some examples of the plant species that can be found are Bush monkeyflower ( Mimulus aurantiacus ), Poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ), Coffee berry ( Frangula californica ), Golden yarrow ( Eriophyllum confertiflorum ). California sagebrush ( Artemisia californica ) can be found in Coastal Sage Scrub community, especially in Orange County . Some other plant species that can be found

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408-594: The Marine Corps Air Station Miramar has vernal pools and the endemic mint Pogogyne abramsii . One of the largest remaining areas of inland coastal sage scrub is found in the Temescal Mountains of Riverside County. A few rare and endangered species occur in southern coastal scrub habitats. For example, the coastal California gnatcatcher ( Polioptila californica californica ) is a threatened bird species endemic to

442-755: The Pacific Coast from the northern San Francisco Bay Area to southern Oregon . It frequently forms a landscape mosaic with the California coastal prairie plant community. The predominant plants are low evergreen shrubs and herbs . Characteristic shrubs include coyote brush ( Baccharis pilularis ), yerba santa ( Eriodictyon californicum ), coast silk-tassel ( Garrya elliptica ), salal ( Gaultheria shallon ), and yellow bush lupine ( Lupinus arboreus ). Herbaceous species include western blue-eyed grass ( Sisyrinchium bellum ), Douglas iris ( Iris douglasiana ), and grasses . Southern coastal scrub

476-557: The Federal Government, of any State, municipality, or political subdivision of a State, or of any federal government; any State, municipality, or political subdivision of a State; or any other entity subject to the jurisdiction of the United States." The Palos Verdes Peninsula is split into the north and south slopes. On the north slope, reintroduction is suggested based on presence of deerweed ( Lotus scoparius ) and

510-564: The Linden H. Chandler Preserve. In conjunction with other organizations, the Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy is installing and maintaining coastal sage scrub habitat on the slopes around the fuel tanks to benefit the blue butterfly. The Urban Wildlands Group, a nonprofit organization "dedicated to the conservation of species, habitats, and ecological processes in urban and urbanizing areas", conducts

544-476: The Palos Verdes / South Bay Audubon Society and other volunteer groups have provided help weeding and establishing habitat for the butterfly. The Youth Environmental Service (YES) program started in 2012 and focuses on conserving the Linden H. Chandler Preserve, where they work on restoring native plants for the Palos Verdes blue butterfly. Coastal sage scrub Coastal sage scrub is characterized by low-growing aromatic, and drought-deciduous shrubs adapted to

578-400: The Palos Verdes Peninsula because of housing development. Retention of these larval food plants is essential for conservation of the Palos Verdes blue. Oviposition, laying of eggs on the larval food plant, occurs only once a breeding season for the Palos Verdes blue. There are at least four larval instars , or stages of development. After 7 to 10 days the larvae emerge and crawl to the base of

612-550: The Palos Verdes blue has also been observed at the Defense Fuel Point location. G. lygdamus palosverdesensis was listed as an " endangered species " by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on July 2, 1980. This listing also included city-owned critical habitat, plus comments and recommendations for species conservation. Insects are not currently protected by California laws. The main threat to

646-411: The Palos Verdes blue has been habitat destruction due to weeds and rototilling , which has negative effects on the essential larval food plants. Recreational, commercial, or residential development of the Palos Verdes Peninsula is also a major concern in preservation of the food plants. In 1982, the city of Rancho Palos Verdes bulldozed the then most extensive known habitat of the butterfly to build

680-543: The best claims to being the world's rarest butterfly. The Palos Verdes blue ( G. l. palosverdesensis ) is a localized subspecies of the silvery blue ( G. lygdamus ), which ranges over much of North America. It was described in 1977, shortly before it became one of the second groups of butterflies to be listed under the US Endangered Species Act in 1980. It is distinguished from other subspecies of G. lygdamus by its slightly different patterning on

714-499: The captive breeding program. This program is a collaboration with Moorpark College and is directed by Moorpark College professor Dr. Jana Johnson. Since that time, the Defense Logistics Agency , which operates the facility, has funded habitat restoration and a breeding program for the blue butterfly. Honey, produced on the premises, is provided to the captive rearing program so the butterflies are able to feed on

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748-697: The city was charged by the federal government with violating the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The case was dismissed later that year by a federal court, which said a municipality was not a person for purposes of the ESA, and thus could not be held criminally responsible. The following year, the US Congress responded by amending the act to include any "individual, corporation, partnership, trust, association, or any other private entity; or any officer, employee, agent, department, or instrumentality of

782-707: The coastal sage scrublands remain undeveloped. Some of the remaining southern coastal scrub in Los Angeles County can be found in dunes under the takeoff path at Los Angeles International Airport—LAX , in the coastal Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area , and at the Robert J. Bernard Field Station at the Claremont Colleges . In San Diego County, the Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base protects larger areas, and

816-412: The flora. Hesperoyucca whipplei , colloquially known as Chaparral Yucca, is commonplace throughout the climate zone. The coastal sage scrub plant community is divided into three geographical subtypes— northern coastal scrub , southern coastal scrub , and maritime succulent scrub . The coastal scrub communities are divided into three regions: The Northern Coastal Scrub consists of prairie , which

850-518: The food plant where they pupate. Pupae remain in diapause until emerging as adults. The flight period and reproductive period occur together, beginning in late January and ending in early May. It is rare to see the Palos Verdes blue far from its home food patch, but research shows that males cover more distance and have longer periods of flight. Palos Verdes blues are a diurnal and panmictic subspecies. They are also non-migratory and very particular in their use of larval food plants. Their adult lifespan

884-466: The many local extinctions and declining numbers of this subspecies. For this reason, the subspecies long-term viability is very difficult to predict. Current conservation efforts are supported by the Defense Logistics Agency and the U.S. Navy and implemented by the Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy , The Urban Wildlands Group, and The Butterfly Project led by biologist Jana J. Johnson at Moorpark College. The Youth Environmental Service program of

918-526: The northwestern region of Baja California state in Mexico, including the areas around Tijuana and Ensenada . The metropolitan areas of Los Angeles , San Diego , and Tijuana are located in the southern coastal scrublands, and most of the scrublands have been lost to urbanization and agriculture . The plants of this community prefer the mild maritime climates found along Southern California's coastline. World Wildlife Fund estimates that only 15 percent of

952-467: The other now-extinct populations. Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis is a subspecies of Glaucopsyche lygdamus (the "silvery blue"), a species of butterfly found throughout North America. There are currently 11 subspecies of silvery blue. G. lygdamus palosverdesensis was first described in the 1970s and was distinguished from other G. lygdamus by its faster and early flight, wing color and wing spot patterns. The Palos Verdes blue butterfly has

986-502: The outcome of conservation efforts, there have been many problems with using population viability analysis models to predict Palos Verdes blue populations. This type of modeling has proved inconclusive mainly because the Palos Verdes blue utilizes habitat so variably, depending on climatic and successional changes. So far, the appropriate habitat has been hard to find, and expert intuition has often been wrong. Long-term population studies are not available to provide this information because of

1020-511: The same food source as its wild companions. Major Jason Pike, an entomologist for the Defense Logistics Agency who has been monitoring the project, commented, "The military takes its responsibilities for endangered species on its properties very seriously, and DLA is pleased to provide support for the blue butterfly project." Mass rearing of the Palos Verdes blue has been taking place since rediscovery in 1994. The mass rearing

1054-402: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PVB . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PVB&oldid=902281193 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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1088-456: The semi-arid Mediterranean climate of the coastal lowlands. The community is sometimes called "soft chaparral " due to the predominance of soft, drought-deciduous leaves in contrast to the hard, waxy-cuticled leaves on sclerophyllous plants of California's chaparral communities. Characteristic shrubs and subshrubs include: Larger shrubs include: Herbaceous plants , grasses , and in some locales, cacti and succulents , are also part of

1122-458: The underside of the wing and an earlier flight period. The subspecies was described from the southern slope of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in coastal Los Angeles County. The Palos Verdes blue butterfly was thought to be driven to extinction in 1983, primarily by development of its habitat. The last three to six known individuals were seen and photographed in March, 1983, but the site they occupied

1156-470: Was scraped shortly after for fire control. In 1994, the butterfly was rediscovered by Rick Rogers, Rudi Mattoni, and Timothy Dahlum at the Defense Fuel Support Point in San Pedro , which is located on the northern (inland) side of the Palos Verdes Peninsula. This new population lays eggs on an additional food plant (common deerweed, Lotus scoparius ) but shares physical and behavioral characteristics with

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