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73-677: Podolia Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Southwestern Krai of the Russian Empire . It bordered Volhynian Governorate to the north, Kiev Governorate to the east, Kherson Governorate to the southeast, Bessarabia Governorate to the south, and Austria to the west. Its administrative centre was Kamenets-Podolsky ( Kamianets-Podilskyi ), which later moved to Vinnitsa ( Vinnytsia ). The governorate covered areas of Ukraine 's partially Khmelnytskyi and most of Vinnytsia Oblasts , along with

146-452: A governor of an oblast or a krai . The Russian Empire had nine governorates in modern-day Ukrainian territories: Chernigov , Kharkov , Kherson , Kiev , Podolia , Poltava , Volhynia , Yekaterinoslav , and Taurida . Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912. After the events of 1917, which led to the declaration of independence of

219-474: A major source of revenue for the city's inhabitants is the import of Japanese cars. Besides salesmen, the industry employs repairmen, fitters, import clerks as well as shipping and railway companies. The Vladivostok dealers sell 250,000 cars a year, with 200,000 going to other parts of Russia. Every third worker in the Primorsky Krai has some relation to the automobile import business. In recent years,

292-592: A minority of Koreans and Chinese in Vladivostok, accounting for roughly 1 percent of the population, as well as more recent immigrants from Central Asia , mainly from Uzbekistan . Historical German , French , Estonian , American , and Central Asian diasporas at the start of the 21st century have been little studied. According to the Russian census of 2010, Vladivostok's residents include representatives of over seventy nationalities and ethnic groups. Among them,

365-413: A population of 3,018,299, including 1,505,940 men and 1,512,359 women. The majority of the population indicated Little Russian to be their mother tongue, with a significant Jewish speaking minority. 48°40′50″N 26°34′50″E  /  48.6806°N 26.5806°E  / 48.6806; 26.5806 Guberniya Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor-general such as

438-792: A second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion , the Aigun Treaty was concluded by Muraviev's forces, after which Russian exploration of the Amur region began, and later, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of Peking , the territory of modern Vladivostok was annexed to Russia. The name Vladivostok appeared in

511-423: A single constituency, and 17 deputies from single-seat constituencies. Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with five rural localities , incorporated as Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction ; an administrative unit equal to that of the districts in status. As a municipal division , Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction

584-459: A stronghold in the Far East ; this role was played in turn by the settlements of Okhotsk , Ayan , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky , and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur . By the middle of the 19th-century, the search for the outpost had reached a dead end. None of the ports met the necessary requirement: to have a convenient and protected harbor next to important trade routes. After China was threatened with war on

657-620: A subdivision of government until it was abolished on 1 August 1925. Together with the government of Podilia, the Haisyn okruha was dissolved as well. Some territory of Tulchyn okruha were included into the newly formed Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Russian Census of 1897: According to the Russian Empire Census on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, the Podolia Governorate had

730-886: Is included in the project for the development of the Far East tourism "Eastern Ring". Within the framework of the project, the Primorsky Stage of the Mariinsky Theater was opened, and there are plans to open branches of the Hermitage Museum , the Russian Museum , the Tretyakov Gallery and the State Museum of Oriental Art . Vladivostok entered the top ten Russian cities for recreation and tourism according to Forbes, and also took

803-431: Is incorporated as Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug. Vladivostok is divided into five administrative districts: The city charter approved the following structure of local government bodies: Vladivostok City Duma's history dates from November 21, 1875, when 30 "vowels" were elected. Great changes took place after the 1917 Revolution, when the first general elections were held and women were allowed to vote. The last meeting of

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876-520: Is now officially known by the transliteration Chinese : 符拉迪沃斯托克 ; pinyin : Fúlādíwòsītuōkè ), although the historical Chinese name 海參崴 ( Hǎishēnwǎi ) is still used in common parlance and outside Mainland China to refer to the city. According to the provisions of the Chinese government, all maps published in China must bracket the city's Chinese name. The modern-day Japanese name of

949-561: Is planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010. Vladivostok is a link between the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Pacific Sea routes, making it an important cargo and passenger port. It processes both cabotage and export-import general cargo of a wide range. 20 stevedoring companies operate in the port. The cargo turnover of the Vladivostok port, including the total turnover of all stevedoring companies, at

1022-603: Is the largest city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai and the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. It is located around the Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan , covering an area of 331.16 square kilometers (127.86 square miles), with a population of 603,519 residents as of 2021. Vladivostok is the second-largest city in the Far Eastern Federal District , as well as

1095-733: The Far Eastern Republic , a Soviet-backed buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japan, was proclaimed on April 6, 1920. The Soviet government officially recognized the new republic in May, but in Primorye a riot occurred, where significant forces of the White Movement were located, leading to the creation of the Provisional Priamurye Government , with Vladivostok as its capital. In October 1922,

1168-721: The Grand Duchy of Finland , Congress Poland , Russian Turkestan and others. There were also military governors such as Kronstadt , Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district). This subdivision type was created by the edict ( ukase ) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates . In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces ( Russian : провинции , romanized :  provintsii ). Later

1241-518: The Manchu Haišenwai ( Manchu : ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ ,  Möllendorff : Haišenwai ,  Abkai : Haixenwai ) or small seaside fishing village . However, according to National Chung Cheng University 's research department for Manchu studies, the Manchu name comes from Chinese, specifically Mandarin Chinese , that was named for its historical abundance of sea cucumbers. In China, Vladivostok

1314-850: The October Revolution in 1917, during which the Bolsheviks came to power, the Decree on Peace was announced, and as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk concluded between the Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers , led to the end of Soviet Russia 's participation in World War I. On October 30, the sailors of the Siberian Military Flotilla decided to "rally around the united power of

1387-820: The Red Army occupied the city, absorbing the Far Eastern Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city became a part of the Russian Federation . Today, Vladivostok remains the largest Russian port on the Pacific Ocean , and the chief cultural, economic, scientific, and tourism hub of the Russian Far East. As

1460-651: The Russian Far East , after Khabarovsk . It is located approximately 45 kilometers (28 mi) from the China–Russia border and 134 kilometers (83 mi) from the North Korea–Russia border . Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Aigun between Qing China and the Russian Empire and affirmed by the Convention of Peking – from which it is also known as the Amur Annexation – the city

1533-495: The Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island (the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world). The new campus of Far Eastern Federal University was completed on Russky Island in 2012. In December 2018, the seat of the Far Eastern Federal District , established in May 2000, was moved from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok. In November 2020, the city and region had experienced a rare weather phenomenon in

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1606-860: The Ukrainian People's Republic , these governorates became subdivisions, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mogilev , Kursk , Voronezh and Minsk governorates in 1918. By the end of the Soviet–Ukrainian War in 1920, the Bolsheviks had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into 12 governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union 's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. The West Ukrainian People's Republic in former Austro-Hungarian Empire territory

1679-468: The Ukrainian SSR , which dissolved it into five okruhas. The Government of Podolia was established right after the Second Partition of Poland in place of the former Podole and Bracław Voivodeships in 1793. The Podolia Governorate occupied the southwestern frontier of the former Russian empire, bordering Austria-Hungary , and had an area of about 42,000 km. The administrative centre

1752-641: The 20th-century was characterized by a protracted crisis caused by the political situation: the government's attention was shifted to Lüshunkou and the Port of Dalian (Talien). As well as the Boxer uprising in North China in 1900–1901, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and finally the first Russian revolution led to stagnation in the economic activity of Vladivostok. Since 1907, a new stage in

1825-671: The Korean population in the city stood at around 10,000. Sinhanch'on became a hub of the Korean independence movement and hosted the first Korean provisional government, the Korean Independence Army Government . On the orders of Joseph Stalin , both Millionka and Sinhanch'on were liquidated, and their residents deported between 1936 and 1938. Today, the city is much more homogeneous, with more than 90 percent declaring Russian ethnicity. However, there still exists

1898-555: The Russian Federal Statistics Bureau. The city's age distribution includes a large segment of older adults. Overall, the population includes 12.7% who are younger than able-bodied; 66.3% who are able-bodied; and 21% who are older than able-bodied. Vladivostok's population, like that of Russia as a whole, includes a significantly greater number of women than men. The demographic makeup of the city went through significant changes since its foundation, and

1971-441: The Russian government has made attempts to improve the country's own car industry . This has included raising tariffs for imported cars, which has put the car import business in Vladivostok in difficulties. To compensate, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It

2044-649: The Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan , Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts , using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". Eventually, in 1929,

2117-721: The Soviets", and the power of Vladivostok, as well as all of the Trans-Siberian Railway passed to the Bolsheviks. During the Russian Civil War , from May 1918, they lost control of the city to the White Army -allied Czechoslovak Legion , who declared the city to be an Allied protectorate. Vladivostok became the staging point for the Allies' Siberian intervention , a multi-national force including Japan,

2190-590: The United States and China; China sent forces to protect the local Chinese community after appeals from Chinese merchants. The intervention ended in the wake of the collapse of the White Army and regime in 1919; all Allied forces except the Japanese withdrew by the end of 1920. Throughout 1919 the region was engulfed in a partisan war. To avoid a war with Japan, with the filing of the Soviet leadership,

2263-597: The Vladivostok City Duma took place on October 19, 1922, and on October 27 it was officially abolished. In Soviet times, its functions were performed by the City Council. In 1993, by a presidential decree, the Soviets were dissolved and, until 2001, all attempts to elect a new Duma were unsuccessful. The Duma of the city of Vladivostok of the fifth (current) convocation began work in the fall of 2017, consisting of 35 deputies. The head of Vladivostok, on

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2336-559: The accelerated development of the city, which was formalized by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on January 18, 1960. During the 1960s, a new tram line was built, a trolleybus was launched, the city became a huge construction site: residential neighborhoods were being erected on the outskirts, and new buildings for public and civil purposes were erected in the center. In 1974, Gerald Ford paid an official visit to Vladivostok, to meet with Leonid Brezhnev , becoming

2409-546: The city hosts the annual Eastern Economic Forum . With a yearly mean temperature of around 5 °C (41 °F), Vladivostok has a cold climate for its mid-latitude coastal setting. This is due to winds from the vast Eurasian landmass in winter and the cooling ocean temperatures. Vladivostok means 'Lord of the East' or 'Ruler of the East'. The name derives from Slavic владь ( vlad , 'to rule' ) and Russian восток ( vostok , 'east'); Colloquial Russian speech may use

2482-472: The city is transliterated as Urajiosutoku ( ウラジオストク ) . Historically, the city's name was transliterated with Kanji as 浦鹽斯德 and shortened to Urajio ( ウラジオ , 浦鹽 ). The city was the site of a Chinese settlement around 600 AD, where it was known as Yongmingcheng (永明城 [ Yǒngmíngchéng ], "city of eternal light") during the Yuan dynasty . For a long time, the Russian government looked for

2555-732: The city of Vladikavkaz ("Ruler of the Caucasus" or "Rule the Caucasus"), now in North Ossetia–Alania , which was founded and named by the Russian Empire in 1784. Chinese maps from the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) referred to Vladivostok as Yongmingcheng ( 永明城 ; Yǒngmíngchéng ). Since the Qing dynasty , the city has also been known as Haishenwai / Haishenwei / Hai-shen-wei ( 海參崴 ; Hǎishēnwǎi, Hǎishēnwēi ; 'sea cucumber bay ') from Mandarin Chinese, ultimately from

2628-441: The city. Life was paralyzed; there was no money in the banks, and the equipment of enterprise was plundered. Due to mass migration and repression, the city's population decreased to 106,000 inhabitants. Between 1923 and 1925, the government adopted a "three-year restoration" plan, during which operations at the commercial port were resumed, and it became the most profitable in the country (from 1924 to 1925). The "restoration" period

2701-649: The city. The public life of the city flourished; many public associations were created, from charities to hobby groups. After the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, Vladivostok was occupied in 1918 by White Russian and Allied forces , the last of whom, from the Japanese Empire , were not withdrawn until 1922 as part of its wider intervention in Siberia ; by that time the antirevolutionary White Army forces had collapsed. That same year,

2774-524: The coast of Vladivostok. With the summit on Russky Island, the government and private businesses inaugurated resorts , dinner and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport . Two giant cable-stayed bridges were built in preparation for the summit, the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and

2847-557: The completion of the construction of the Ussuriyskaya branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Chinese-Eastern Railway . According to the first census of the population of Russia on February 9, 1897, roughly 29,000 inhabitants lived in Vladivostok, and 10 years later the city's population had tripled. Korean haenyeo divers from Jeju Island and vicinities were active in Vladivostok. The first decade of

2920-580: The decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union "Issues of the Fifth Navy" dated August 11, 1951, a special regime was introduced in Vladivostok (it began to operate on January 1, 1952); the city was closed to foreigners. It was planned to remove from Vladivostok not only foreign consulates, but also the merchant and fish fleet and transfer all regional authorities to Voroshilov (now Ussuriysk ). However, these plans were not implemented. During

2993-442: The development of the city began: the losses of Lüshunkou and Dalian (Talien) again made Vladivostok the main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean . A free port regime was introduced, and until 1914 the city experienced rapid growth, becoming an important economic hub in the Asia-Pacific , as well as an ethnically diverse city with a population exceeding over 100,000 inhabitants: during the time ethnic Russians made up less than half of

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3066-427: The end of 2018 amounted to 21.2 million tons. In 2015, the total volume of external trade seaport amounted to more than 11.8 billion dollars. Foreign economic activity was carried out with 104 countries. Vladivostok is located in the extreme southeast of the Russian Far East, and is the closest city to the countries of the Asia-Pacific with an exotic European culture, which makes it attractive to tourists. The city

3139-399: The face of freezing rain caused by collision of warm and cold air masses. The result was wires and trees encrusted in ice up to 1.2 cm thick. More than 1,500 homes were left without electricity, 900 without heating, 870 without heat water, 500 without cold water. 60 % to 70 % of Vladivostok's forests were damaged. The structure of the city administration has the City Council at

3212-404: The first President of the United States to visit the city. On September 20, 1991, Boris Yeltsin signed decree No. 123 "On the opening of Vladivostok for visiting by foreign citizens", which entered into force on January 1, 1992, ending Vladivostok's status as a closed city. In 2012, Vladivostok hosted the 24th APEC summit . Leaders from the APEC member countries met at Russky Island , off

3285-414: The first civilian settler, a merchant, Yakov Lazarevich Semyonov, arrived in Vladivostok with his family. On March 15, 1862, the first act of his purchase of land was registered, and in 1870 Semyonov was elected the first head of the post, and a local self-government emerged. By this time, a special commission decided to designate Vladivostok as the main port of the Russian Empire in the Far East. In 1871,

3358-446: The fourteenth place in the National Tourism Rating. In addition to being a cultural hub, the city also is a tourism hub in the Peter the Great Gulf . The city's resort area is located on the coast of Amur Bay , which includes over 11 sanatoriums. Vladivostok also has a bustling gambling zone, which has over 11 casinos planned to open by 2023. Tigre de Cristal, the city's first casino, was visited by over 80,000 tourists, in less than

3431-406: The fractionally recognised state of Transnistria . It was created from the Second Partition of Poland , which was formed from the former Polish Bracław and Podole voivodeships , which are part of the Southwestern Krai along with Volhynia and Kiev . Its capital was located in Kamenets-Podolsky, which later moved to Vinnitsa. The governorate still existed until the administrative reforms of

3504-480: The largest ethnic groups (over 1,000 people) are: ethnic Russians (475,200); Ukrainians (10,474); Uzbeks (7,109); Koreans (4,192); Chinese (2,446); Tatars (2,446); Belarusians (1,642); Armenians (1,635); and Azerbaijanis (1,252). The city's main industries are shipping , commercial fishing , and the naval base . Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%. A very important employer and

3577-414: The main naval base of the Siberian Military Flotilla, the headquarters of the military governor and other naval departments were transferred from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur to Vladivostok. In the 1870s, the government encouraged resettlement to the South Ussuri region, which contributed to an increase in the population of the post: according to the first census of 1878, there were 4,163 inhabitants. The city status

3650-415: The middle of 1859, was used in newspaper articles and denoted a bay. On June 20 (or July 2 of the Gregorian calendar ), 1860 the transport of the Siberian Military Flotilla "Mandzhur" under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Alexei Karlovich Shefner delivered a military unit to the Golden Horn Bay to establish a military post, which has now officially received the name of Vladivostok. On October 31, 1861,

3723-615: The number of governorates was increased to 23 . By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds ( Russian : уезды ), was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin: namestnichestvo ( наместничество ), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty", other times as " vicegerency ". The term guberniya , however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki ( наместник ) (literal translation: "deputy") or " governors general " ( генерал-губернатор , general-gubernator ). Correspondingly,

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3796-513: The periods of the Russian Civil War and the demographic crisis after dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. In the 1970s, the population exceeded over 500,000, and in 1992 reached a historical high of over 648,000. The average population density is about 1,832 people/km . The population has risen by 30,000. Since 2013, natural growth dynamics added 727 individuals to this figure by 2015's end. By 2020, Vladivostok's population reached over 600,000, as reported by

3869-470: The population, and large Asian communities developed in the city. The public life of the city flourished; many public associations were created, from charities to hobby groups. During World War I , no active hostilities took place in the city. However, Vladivostok was an important staging post for the import of military-technical equipment for troops from allied and neutral countries, as well as raw materials and equipment for industry. Immediately after

3942-449: The principles of one-man management, manages the city's administration, which he forms in accordance with federal laws, laws of the Primorsky Territory and the city charter. The city's administrative structure is approved by the City Duma on the proposal of the head, and may include sectoral (functional) and territorial bodies of the administration of Vladivostok. Igor Pushkaryov was the city's mayor from May 2008 to June 2016; previously he

4015-417: The region. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vladivostok served as a transit point on the route used to deliver prisoners and cargo for the Sevvostlag of the Soviet super-trust Dalstroy . The notorious Vladivostok transit camp was located in the city. In addition, in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Vladivostok forced labour camp (Vladlag) was located in the area of the Vtoraya Rechka railway station. Vladivostok

4088-415: The short form Vladik ( Russian : Владик ) to refer to the city. The city, along with other features in the Peter the Great Gulf area, was first given its modern name in 1859 by Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky . The name initially applied to the bay, but following an expedition by Alexey Karlovich Shefner in 1860, it was later applied to the new settlement. The form of the name appears analogous to that of

4161-403: The subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug , and raion . Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land. In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to

4234-429: The term governorate general ( генерал-губернаторство , general-gubernatorstvo ) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates. By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general

4307-482: The terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , the city was visited by over three million tourists in 2017. The city is the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District, and is the home to the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy . Due to its geographical position in Asia combined with its Russian architecture , the city has been referred to as "Europe in the Far East". Many foreign consulates and businesses have offices in Vladivostok, and

4380-414: The top. The responsibilities of the administration of Vladivostok are: Legislative authority is vested in the City Council. The new City Council began operations in 2001 and in June that year, deputies of the Duma of the first convocation of Vladivostok began their work. On December 17, 2007, the Duma of the third convocation began. The deputies consist of 35 elected members, including 18 members chosen by

4453-438: The troops of the Red Army of the Far Eastern Republic under the command of Ieronim Uborevich occupied Vladivostok, displacing the White Army formations from it. In November, the Far Eastern Republic liquidated and became a part of Soviet Russia. By the time of the establishment of Soviet power, Vladivostok was clearly in decline. The retreating forces of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) removed items of material value from

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4526-400: The years of the Khrushchev Thaw , Vladivostok received special attention from state authorities. In 1954, Nikita Khrushchev visited the city for the first time to finally decide whether to secure the status of a closed naval base for him. It was noted that at that time the urban infrastructure was in a deplorable state. In 1959, Khrushchev visited the city again. The result was a decision on

4599-584: Was Kamenets-Podolskiy until 1914 when it moved to Vinnytsia . Podolia Governorate was one of the three governorates of the Southwestern Krai administration. In 1917 it was recognized by the Russian Provisional Government to be governed by the General Secretariat of Ukraine as the representative of the Russian Provisional Government in the region. Until 1918 the governorate consisted of 12 uyezds (counties): On 12 April 1923 all uyezds (counties) were transformed into okruhas (counties), while volosts (districts) – into raions (districts). Okruhas served as

4672-459: Was a Federation Council member of Primorsky Krai. On June 27, 2016, Konstantin Loboda, the first deputy mayor, was appointed as the Vladivostok's new acting mayor. On December 21, 2017, Vitaly Vasilyevich Verkeenko was appointed the head of the city. According to the Russian Census of 2021 , Vladivostok had a population of 603,519, with 634,835 residents in the greater urban area. Since the city's founding its population has actively grown, save for

4745-405: Was adopted and the city Duma was established, the post of the city head, the coat of arms was adopted, although Vladivostok was not officially recognized as a city. Due to the constant threat of attack from the Royal Navy , Vladivostok also actively developed as a naval base. In 1880, the post officially received the status of a city. The 1890s saw a demographic and economic boom associated with

4818-405: Was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland ("Russian Poland") and the Grand Duchy of Finland . After the February Revolution , the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars . The October Revolution left the subdivision in place, but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets ( губернский совет ). Actual subdivisions of

4891-418: Was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts ( волость ); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , Polish : gubernia , Swedish : län , Finnish : lääni ) system

4964-424: Was distinguished by a number of peculiarities: the Russian Far East did not adopt ' war communism ', but was, immediately, inducted to the New Economic Policy . In 1925, the government decided to accelerate the industrialization of the country. A number of subsequent "five-year plans" changed the face of Primorye, making it an industrial region, partly as a result of the creation of numerous concentration camps in

5037-420: Was founded as a Russian military outpost on July 2, 1860. In 1872, the main Russian naval base on the Pacific Ocean was transferred to the city, stimulating its growth. In 1914 the city experienced rapid growth economically and ethnically diverse with population exceeding over 100,000 inhabitants with slightly less than half of the population being Russians. During this time, large Asian communities developed in

5110-423: Was heavily dependent on the services provided by the Chinese merchants and businessmen in the neighbourhood. Specifically, the retail services of the city were controlled by the Chinese, as they had more retail shops than Russians did. There also existed an ethnic enclave of Koreans called Sinhanch'on . Koreans moved to the area in significant quantities following the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910. By 1915,

5183-494: Was marked by several waves of immigration from both Europe and Asia. From the late 1890s to the early 1920s, half of the city's population was Asian, with the Chinese being the largest Asian group, followed by Koreans and Japanese . The old Chinese quarter of the city was called Millionka and in its peak accommodated up to 50,000 Chinese residents. The neighbourhood had its own small shops, theatres, opium dens, brothels, and hideouts for smugglers and thieves. The city's economy

5256-506: Was not a place of hostilities during the Great Patriotic War , although there was a constant threat of attack from Japan. In the city, a "Defense Fund" was created (the first in the country), to which the residents of Vladivostok contributed personal wealth. During the war years Vladivostok handled imported cargo ( lend-lease ) of a volume almost four times more than Murmansk and almost five times more than Arkhangelsk . By

5329-608: Was not subdivided into governorates, and would be annexed by the Second Polish Republic from 1920 until the Soviet invasion of 1939 . There is another meaning of the word as it denoted a type of estate in Lithuania of the until 1917. Vladivostok Vladivostok ( / ˌ v l æ d ɪ ˈ v ɒ s t ɒ k / VLAD -iv- OST -ok ; Russian : Владивосток , IPA: [vlədʲɪvɐˈstok] )

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