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50-529: France uses the rank of capitaine for management duties in both uniformed and plain-clothed policing. The rank comes senior to lieutenant and junior to commandant . This rank was previously known as inspecteur principal for plain-clothed officers, and officier de la paix principal for officers in uniform. In the United Kingdom, the approximate equivalent rank of a police captain is that of chief inspector . In most American police departments,

100-1009: A calque ( / k æ l k / ) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation . When used as a verb , “to calque” means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word skyscraper has been calqued in dozens of other languages, combining words for "sky" and "scrape" in each language, as for example Wolkenkratzer in German, arranha-céu in Portuguese, grattacielo in Italian, gökdelen in Turkish, and matenrou(摩天楼) in Japanese. Calquing

150-617: A diminutive or, in Chinese , adding the word " cursor " ( 标 ), making shǔbiāo "mouse cursor" ( simplified Chinese : 鼠标 ; traditional Chinese : 鼠標 ; pinyin : shǔbiāo ). Another example is the Spanish word ratón that means both the animal and the computer mouse. The common English phrase " flea market " is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ("market with fleas"). At least 22 other languages calque

200-605: A flying officer ranks with an army lieutenant and a pilot officer with an army second lieutenant. In the US Air Force, the Third Lieutenant Program refers specifically to a training program at active duty air force bases for cadets of the Air Force Academy and Air Force ROTC the summer before their fourth and final year before graduation and commissioning. A single silver or subdued pip

250-539: A governor serves as the chief executive officer and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories , functioning as both head of state and head of government therein. Leaders, or officers of the Boys' Brigade, particularly in the United Kingdom, are ranked as lieutenants after having completed their formal training, before which they are ranked as warrant officers. Officers serving in staff or command posts are awarded

300-574: A "lieutenant in command" or "lieutenant and commander" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the Royal Navy followed suit in March 1914. The insignia of an additional half-thickness stripe between the two full stripes of a lieutenant was introduced in 1877 for a Royal Navy lieutenant of 8 years seniority, and used for lieutenant commanders upon introduction of their rank. The first lieutenant in

350-453: A NCO rank, while the equivalent rank of an officer graduated in the naval academy is designated midshipman. The first French Lieutenant of Police, Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie , was appointed in Paris by Louis XIV on 15 March 1667 to command a reformed police force. He was later elevated to Lieutenant-General of Police . In the 17th century, the term "lieutenant" corresponded to "deputy" (i.e.

400-503: A captain, or sometimes the local police chiefs). In smaller police departments, they may command a precinct itself. Lieutenants either command a watch (8-hour "shift") of regular officers or a special unit for operations or investigations (like a Robbery-Homicide squad). The typical rank insignia for a lieutenant is a single silver bar (like that of an Army or Marine Corps First Lieutenant) or a single gold bar (like that of an Army or Marine Corps Second Lieutenant). Some police departments split

450-539: A number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with a silver bar for first lieutenant and a gold bar for second lieutenant. The United States Marine Corps and British Royal Marines both use army ranks, while many former Eastern-Bloc marine forces retain

500-655: A person appointed to carry out a task). La Reynie was the deputy for policing duties of the Provost of Paris, the ceremonial representative of the King in Paris. In 1995, the rank of lieutenant was introduced in the National Police as the first rank of the police officers scale. The rank of Lieutenant was formerly used in areas outside of the Metropolitan Police. The adoption of standardized ranks across

550-656: A position"; thus a "lieutenant" is a placeholder for a superior, during their absence (compare the Latin locum tenens ). In the 19th century, British writers who considered this word either an imposition on the English language, or difficult for common soldiers and sailors, argued for it to be replaced by the calque "steadholder". However, their efforts failed, and the French word is still used, along with its many variations (e.g. lieutenant colonel , lieutenant general , lieutenant commander , flight lieutenant , second lieutenant and many non-English language examples), in both

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600-699: A practice known as interpretatio germanica : the Latin "Day of Mercury ", Mercurii dies (later mercredi in modern French ), was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz " ( Wodanesdag ), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English , then "Wednesday" in Modern English. Since at least 1894, according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé , the French term calque has been used in its linguistic sense, namely in

650-567: A publication by Louis Duvau: Un autre phénomène d'hybridation est la création dans une langue d'un mot nouveau, dérivé ou composé à l'aide d'éléments existant déja dans cette langue, et ne se distinguant en rien par l'aspect extérieur des mots plus anciens, mais qui, en fait, n'est que le calque d'un mot existant dans la langue maternelle de celui qui s'essaye à un parler nouveau. [...] nous voulons rappeler seulement deux ou trois exemples de ces calques d'expressions, parmi les plus certains et les plus frappants. Another phenomenon of hybridization

700-461: A senior inspector based on the original Philippine National Police rank under the Republic Act 6975. It has existed since 2019. It was higher than a police lieutenant , and lower than a police major. Lieutenant A lieutenant ( UK : / l ɛ f ˈ t ɛ n ən t / lef- TEN -ənt , US : / l uː -/ loo- ; abbreviated Lt. , Lt , LT , Lieut and similar)

750-415: A similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery. One system classifies calques into five groups. This terminology is not universal: Some linguists refer to a phonological calque , in which the pronunciation of

800-439: A third, more junior, rank. Historically, the "lieutenant" was the deputy to a "captain", and as the rank structure of armies began to formalise, this came to mean that a captain commanded a company and had several lieutenants, each commanding a platoon . Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the lieutenant, they went by many names, including second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, ensign and cornet . Some parts of

850-402: A title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure. It often designates someone who is " second-in-command ", and as such, may precede the name of the rank directly above it. For example, a "lieutenant master" is likely to be second-in-command to the "master" in an organisation using both ranks. Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments, such as

900-460: A word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 ( pinyin : léidá ), which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder". Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service Saorview is a partial calque of that of

950-481: Is a junior commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations, as well as fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces. The rank in armies and air forces is often subdivided into subcategories of seniority. In English-speaking navies , lieutenants are often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; in other navies, the lieutenants are usually equal to their army counterparts. Lieutenant may also appear as part of

1000-465: Is an official in state governments of 45 out of 50 United States . In most cases, the lieutenant governor is the highest officer of state after the governor , standing in for the governor when they are absent from the state or temporarily incapacitated. In the event a governor dies, resigns, or is removed from office, the lieutenant governor typically becomes governor. In the United States ,

1050-552: Is commanded by either a police major, police inspector, or the next highest rank. A police captain is considered upper-level management in most large urban police departments. In the New York City Police Department , the rank of captain is immediately below deputy inspector . Captains are usually veterans with extensive experience. In the Philippines, the rank of a police captain is equivalent to

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1100-425: Is distinct from phono-semantic matching : while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language. Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases,

1150-458: Is equivalent to a lieutenant. In the Finnish military there is a senior lieutenant grade that ranks above lieutenant and second lieutenant but below captain; it does not have an English equivalent. In Germany it is called Oberleutnant (senior lieutenant). Conventionally, armies and other services or branches that use army-style rank titles have two grades of lieutenant, but a few also use

1200-444: Is the creation in a language of a new word, derived or composed with the help of elements already existing in that language, and which is not distinguished in any way by the external aspect of the older words, but which, in fact, is only the copy ( calque ) of a word existing in the mother tongue of the one who tries out a new language. [...] we want to recall only two or three examples of these copies ( calques ) of expressions, among

1250-511: Is used to designate this rank. The Royal Air Force also has an acting pilot officer designation, the most junior commissioned rank in the British armed forces. It is functionally equivalent to third lieutenant. During the early days of the naval rank, a lieutenant might be very junior indeed, or might be on the cusp of promotion to captain; by modern standards, he might rank with any army rank between second lieutenant and lieutenant colonel. As

1300-857: Is used. This is not recognised as current by recent editions of the OED (although the RN pronunciation was included in editions of the OED up until the 1970s). The senior grade of lieutenant is known as first lieutenant in the United States , and as lieutenant in the United Kingdom and the rest of the English-speaking world. In countries that do not speak English, the rank title usually translates as "lieutenant", but may also translate as "first lieutenant" or "senior lieutenant". The Israel Defense Forces rank segen (סגן) literally translates as "deputy", which

1350-537: The British Army , including the Royal Artillery , Royal Engineers and fusilier regiments , used first lieutenant as well as second lieutenant until the end of the 19th century, and some British Army regiments still preserve cornet as an official alternative to second lieutenant. There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as

1400-579: The Confederate States Army also used "third lieutenant", typically as the lowest ranking commissioned officer in an infantry company. Notably, the United States Revenue Cutter Service used a simple officer rank structure with Captain, First, Second and Third Lieutenants, each of whom had distinct insignia. The title of Third Lieutenant, essentially equal to the rank of ensign , existed until 1915 when

1450-829: The Old and the New World . Pronunciation of lieutenant as / l ɛ f ˈ t ɛ n ə n t / lef- TEN -ənt is generally associated with the armies of British Commonwealth countries, while / l uː ˈ t ɛ n ə n t / loo- TEN -ənt is generally associated with the United States military. The early history of the pronunciation is unclear; Middle English spellings suggest that both pronunciations may have existed even then. The majority of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources show pronunciations with /v/ or /f/ , but Bullokar has /liu/ . The rare Old French variant spelling leuf for Modern French lieu ( ' place ' ) supports

1500-475: The Royal Navy and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the "first lieutenant" and acting as the second-in-command . Although lieutenants are no longer numbered by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. In minor war vessels, destroyers and frigates

1550-526: The viceregal representatives of the Crown in Canadian provinces . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant's deputies. The word lieutenant derives from French ; the lieu meaning "place" as in a position ( cf. in lieu of ); and tenant meaning "holding" as in "holding

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1600-545: The "brevet" rank of captain, these officers then revert to their lieutenancy after having completed their tour of duty. The rank of cadet lieutenant (CLT) is given to officer cadet trainees who have passed their officer's course. The rank insignia of CLT is a pip and a bar below it. CLTs may be promoted to the rank of senior cadet lieutenant (S/CLT), which has a rank insignia of a pip and two bars below it. The Salvation Army also uses lieutenant to denote first time officers, or clergymen/women. Calque In linguistics ,

1650-525: The French expression directly or indirectly through another language. The word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort . In contrast, the term calque is a loanword, from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy"). Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is of the English word " skyscraper ", a kenning -like term which may be calqued using

1700-514: The Service became the nucleus of the new United States Coast Guard . Because of the time required to fully establish this organization the rank continued for some time afterwards; the first Coast Guard aviator, Elmer F. Stone , was a third lieutenant until 1918. In the Royal Navy, the commissioned rank of mate was created in 1840, and was renamed sub-lieutenant in 1860. In the US Navy, the rank

1750-476: The UK service " Freeview ", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include " liverwurst " (< German Leberwurst ) and " apple strudel " (< German Apfelstrudel ). The " computer mouse " was named in English for its resemblance to the animal . Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using

1800-549: The United Kingdom has eliminated its use. A number of city and burgh police forces in Scotland used the rank of lieutenant (and detective lieutenant) between inspector and superintendent from 1812 to 1948. It was replaced by the rank of chief inspector . The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (founded 1871) had the rank of lieutenant between staff sergeant and inspector until 1997. In Australia, Queensland's first police force (founded 1864) had second lieutenants and lieutenants between

1850-404: The billet may be filled by a lieutenant commander. On submarines and smaller Coast Guard cutters the billet of first lieutenant may be filled by a petty officer . Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both university graduates and officers commissioned from

1900-423: The first lieutenant (either a lieutenant or lieutenant-commander) is second in command, executive officer (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a commander of the warfare specialization is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant (normally a lieutenant-commander) is appointed as his deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a shore establishment carries a similar responsibility to

1950-405: The first lieutenant of a capital ship . In the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard the billet of first lieutenant describes the officer in charge of the deck department or division, depending upon the size of the ship. In smaller ships with only a single deck division, the billet is typically filled by an ensign while in larger ships with a deck department, consisting of multiple subordinate divisions,

2000-479: The insignia of 2 gold stars. This pattern was copied by the United States Navy and various Air Forces for their equivalent ranks grades, except that the loop is removed (see flight lieutenant ). Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain: such a lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy, and

2050-672: The naval rank structure. Before 1999 the Royal Marines enjoyed the same rank structure as the army, but at a grade higher; thus a Royal Marine captain ranked with and was paid the same as a British Army major. This historical remnant caused increasing confusion in multi-national operations and was abolished. While some air forces use the army rank system, the British Royal Air Force and many other Commonwealth air forces use another rank system in which flight lieutenant ranks with an army captain and naval lieutenant,

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2100-404: The rank of captain is immediately above that of lieutenant . A police captain is often the officer in charge of a precinct . In some smaller police departments, a person holding the rank of police captain may be in charge of a division (patrol division, detective division, etc.) within that department. In larger police departments, a police captain may command only one section of a precinct which

2150-599: The rank of lieutenant into two separate grades. In the Singapore Civil Defence Force , the rank of lieutenant (LTA) is the second-lowest commissioned rank. The rank insignia of LTA is two pips. In Canada, the representative of the Canadian monarch in each province is called the Lieutenant Governor . The Lieutenant Governor exercises all the royal prerogative powers that the monarch holds. In French history , "lieutenant du roi"

2200-494: The rank structure of navies stabilized, and the ranks of commander, lieutenant commander and sub-lieutenant were introduced, the naval lieutenant came to rank with an army captain (NATO OF-2 or US O-3). The insignia of a lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy, consists of two medium gold braid stripes (top stripe with loop) on a navy blue or black background. Where in Myanmar Navy, they're Sub Lieutenant with

2250-764: The ranks may skip the rank altogether. In March 1813, the US Army created the rank of third lieutenant. The rank was used as the entry level officer rank for the Ordnance Department and the Corps of Artillery until March 1821. Throughout the 19th century and until as late as World War II the United States Army sometimes referred to brevet second lieutenants as "third lieutenants". These were typically newly commissioned officers for which no authorized second lieutenant position existed. Additionally,

2300-471: The ranks of sergeant and inspector-general. The rank of police lieutenant is used in most medium or large police departments in the United States, where it is one rank above sergeant and two ranks above a regular police officer (three in departments with a corporal rank). It is roughly equivalent to an inspector in the British and Canadian police forces. The usual role of a lieutenant is to carry out administrative duties and assist precinct commanders (normally

2350-575: The suggestion that a final [u] of the Old French word was in certain environments perceived as an [f] . Furthermore, in Latin , the lingua franca of the era, the letter ⟨v⟩ is used for both [u] and [v] . In Royal Naval (RN) tradition—and other English-speaking navies outside the United States—a reduced pronunciation / l ə ˈ t ɛ n ə n t /

2400-483: The word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scrape", "scratch", "pierce", "sweep", "kiss", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word. Some Germanic and Slavic languages derived their words for "translation" from words meaning "carrying across" or "bringing across", calquing from the Latin translātiō or trādūcō . The Latin weekday names came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following

2450-518: Was a title borne by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. It is in the sense of a deputy that it has entered into the titles of more senior officers, lieutenant general and lieutenant colonel . The British monarch 's representatives in the counties of the United Kingdom are called Lords Lieutenant . The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland performed the function of viceroy in Ireland . The Lieutenant Governor

2500-530: Was called master until 1883, when it was renamed lieutenant, junior grade . In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval commissioned or subordinate officer , ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. In Portugal, sub-lieutenant is the rank of a junior naval officer graduated from a civil university or promoted from

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