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109-564: Lying at near 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level, the city (and the wider Cuenca de Pamplona ) is located on the flood plain of the Arga river , a second-order tributary of the Ebro . Precipitation-wise, it is located in a transitional location between the rainy Atlantic northern façade of the Iberian Peninsula and its drier inland. Early population in the settlement traces back to

218-516: A Jewish community existed in Pamplona. The first documentation of Jews in Pamplona dates to 958, when Hasdai Ibn Shaprut visited Pamplona on a diplomatic mission to meet with Sancho I . The Jews of Pamplona had an independent court system which enforced the Jewish system of halacha , or religious laws. In 1498, the Jewish population was either expelled or forced to convert to Christianity. After

327-706: A Basque "Semen"—written forms Semeno, Xemen, Ximen , or Jimeno . It may be that native Basque name based on the word seme (meaning "son", attested in Aquitanian engravings), or it may be "Seguin" (modern Gascon "Siguin"), a name of Germanic origin based on sig , meaning 'victory' (cf modern German Sieg ), and win , meaning 'friend'. It has been suggested that some apparently Basque names are merely corruptions of late Germanic names. For example, Garsinde leading to Garsean, Gendolf or Centulf to Centule, Aginald or Hunnald to Enneko (in Flanders, and Frisian , still

436-521: A clash between Christians and Muslims, this battle became one of the most celebrated events in the legendary Matter of France . Muslims attacked Vasconia as well, taking possession of Pamplona for some time, but they were expelled by a rebellion in 798–801 that helped to create the Basque Muslim realm of the Banu Qasi around Tudela . In 806, Pamplona, still under Cordovan rule, was attacked by

545-551: A commercial link between those very different natural parts of Navarre. The historical centre of the city is on the left bank of the Arga River , a tributary of the Ebro. The city has developed on both sides of the river. The climate of Pamplona is classified as an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) with influences of a Mediterranean climate ( Csb ). Due to global warming and stronger summer heat waves in

654-415: A complete renewal of the fortified system. Starting in 1569, King Philip II built the fortifications at Pamplona, to designs by Giovan Giacomo Paleari and Vespasiano Gonzaga . The citadel in the south of the town is a pentagonal star fort . Phillip had the city bounded by walls that made it almost a regular pentagon. The modernization of the walls was intended mainly to keep locals in check and strengthen

763-610: A few decades from a little administrative and even rural town to a medium-size city of industry and services. The industry sector is diversified although the most important activity is related to automobile industry . Volkswagen manufactures Polo model in its factory of Landaben and there are many auxiliary industries that work for Volkswagen and other companies. Other remarkable industries are building materials , metalworking and food processing . Renewable energy technologies are also an increasing economic sector ( wind turbine manufacturing and generation ) and neighboring Sarriguren

872-613: A gigantic Frankish expedition led by the duke Arnebert and nine other dukes launched an attack against the Basques, forcing them to retreat to the mountains, while Arnebert's column was defeated in Subola , maybe near Tardets . However, the Basques' relish was short-lived since they were brought to heel by Dagobert (Clichy, 636). By 626, it is certain that the duchy extended up to the Pyrenees and that Vasconia had replaced Novempopulania as

981-614: A launching point and centre of assembly for their expeditions into Gascony . In 740, the Wali (governor) Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj imposed direct central Cordovan discipline on the city. In 755, though, the last governor of Al-Andalus , Yusuf al Fihri , sent an expedition north to quash Basque unrest near Pamplona, resulting in the defeat of the Arab army. From 755 until 781, Pamplona remained autonomous, probably relying on regional alliances. Although sources are not clear, it seems apparent that in 778,

1090-715: A part of the Angevin Empire in the 12th century. The ducal title was reemployed by Edward Longshanks and it formed a base of support for the English during the Hundred Years' War . Margaret Wade Labarge called it England's first foreign colony. England lost Gascony as a result of its defeat in the Hundred Years' War , and the region thence became a permanent part of France. Under the Basque line of dukes that began in 864, Gascony became effectively independent of

1199-716: A preferred name for the geographical area between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. In 643, there was another rebellion to the north of the Pyrenees and in 642 and 654 they battled against the Visigoths to the south, in Saragossa . From 589 to 684, the Bishop of Pamplona was absent from the Visigothic Councils of Toledo , which is interpreted by some as a result of this city being under Basque or Frankish control. In

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1308-592: A priest. The most remarkable twentieth century religious buildings are probably the new diocesan seminary (1931) and the classical-revival style memorial church (1942) to the Navarrese dead in the Nationalist side of the Civil War and that is used today as temporary exhibitions room. From the prominent military past of Pamplona remain three of the four sides of the city walls and, with little modifications,

1417-518: A region between the Ebro and the southwestern Pyrenees during the Roman period, but by the end of the 6th century the Vascones defined a confederacy of native tribes with similar language and traditions on both sides of the Pyrenees who had not been culturally Romanized. The name 'Vascone' is the etymological origin of 'Gascon' and 'Basque'. Whether the Vascones spread significantly north of the Pyrenees

1526-538: A short form of the first two frank names), Aginard to Aznar, Belasgytta or Wallagotha to Velasquita, Belasgutho to Velasco, Arnoald to Arnau, Theuda to Toda, Theudahilda to Dadildis or Dedadils. While some of them may be so, many of them—Andregoto, Amunna, Aznar(i), Velasco, Garcia, Ximen(o), Enneco—have well explained forms according to consistent linguistic rules and etymologies, as described by linguist Koldo Mitxelena . The oldest Basque medieval names reflected totemic (animal) references, and family links. In

1635-407: A similar aggressive economic development during the sixties and seventies. The urbanization of Pamplona, being from anterior designs, is not constrained by the grid plan. The apartment buildings are taller: never less than five floors and many taller than ten. Industry, which previously coexisted with housing, was moved to industrial parks (the oldest and the only one within municipal limits of Pamplona

1744-672: A stalemate as the Franks had taken Basque women and children hostage. Northern Basques, organized in the Duchy of Vasconia, collaborated with Franks during campaigns such as the capture of Barcelona in 799 but after the death of Charlemagne in 814, uprisings started anew. The revolt in Pamplona crossed the Pyrenees north and in 816 Louis the Pious deposed the Basque Duke Seguin of Bordeaux for failing to suppress or sympathising with

1853-565: A treaty was brokered between the inhabitants and the Arab military commanders. The position was then garrisoned by Berbers, who were stationed on the outside of the actual fortress, and established the cemetery unearthed not long ago at the Castle Square ( Plaza del Castillo ). During the following years, the Basques south of the Pyrenees do not seem to have shown much resistance to the Moorish thrust, and Pamplona may even have flourished as

1962-592: A way of better handling their relations with the Basques. At the same time, the Visigoths created the Duchy of Cantabria as a buffer against the Basques inhabiting west of current Navarre . The boundary area of Vasconia (or Wasconia) was created with the purpose of controlling the Basques in Novempopulania , but it extended at this stage to the lands south and around the axis provided by the river Garonne between Bordeaux and Toulouse. Around this period Duke Francio

2071-748: Is Joseba Asiron ( EH Bildu ), also supported by the Socialist Party of Navarre , Geroa Bai , and Contigo Zurekin . Pamplona is linked by motorways with neighbouring Zaragoza (1978), San Sebastián , Vitoria (1995) and Logroño (2006). Since 2007 buses use a new bus station in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934). The airport (1972), operated by Aena and located in Noain , schedules several flights daily to Madrid and Barcelona . There are railway (1861) links with Madrid , Zaragoza and northern Spain, operated by Renfe . High speed train link with Zaragoza, Madrid, and Barcelona

2180-457: Is Landaben). In recent years, single-family house -predominant neighborhoods have grown in the metropolitan area: Zizur Mayor , Cizur Menor , Mutilva Alta , Mutilva Baja , Olaz , Esquíroz , Artica , Alzuza , Artiberri and Sarriguren. And new districts emerged like Buztintxuri, Lezkairu and Ripagaina, the latter two being still under construction. These new suburbs have more room for green areas and recreative parks. Pamplona has shifted in

2289-533: Is coming mainly from abroad . Pamplona is listed as a city with one of the highest standards of living and quality of life in Spain. Its industry rate is higher than the national average, although it is threatened by delocalization. Crime statistics are lower than the national average but cost of living , especially housing, is considerably higher. Thanks to its small size and an acceptable public transport service, there are no major transport problems. Pamplona

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2398-624: Is disputed, but the ruling Goths and Franks referred to the area between the Garonne and the Atlantic as Vasconia. Around 580, the Kingdom of the Franks launched major campaigns against the Vascones. In 587, Vascones are cited as raiding the plains of Aquitaine, maybe to the west of Toulouse . Chilperic I sent his duke Bladastes , who was stationed in Toulouse, to deal with the raids, but he

2507-538: Is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the Basin of Pamplona , that links the mountainous north with the Ebro valley. It is 92 km (57 mi) from the city of San Sebastián, 117 km (73 mi) from Bilbao, 735 km (457 mi) from Paris, and 407 km (253 mi) from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is a transition between those two main Navarrese geographical regions. Its central position at crossroads has served as

2616-776: Is reflected in the declining use of authentically Basque names by the last dukes. In written documents, their names were usually recorded in Latin, which was the favored written language at the time. Today, their names are also frequently found in their French version, and also sometimes in their Spanish version. One example: the Basque name Otsoa (meaning "wolf") was literally translated Lop in Gascon, Lupus in Latin, Loup in French, and Lobo in Spanish. Thus, Duke Otsoa II of Gascony can be known by any of these names, which confuses people not used to

2725-566: Is reported to have vowed allegiance to the Franks in Cantabria , an area inhabited by the Basques, but c. 612, the Gothic king Sisebut seems to have conquered the territory. By the year 602, the Duchy of Vasconia, under Frankish overlordship, was consolidated in the areas around the Garonne but may have extended up to Cantabria, in the Frankish domain at the time of and before the creation of

2834-458: Is significantly lower than in Bilbao and especially San Sebastián , as well as the climate is harsher than in the northern coastal areas (colder winter lows, warmer summer highs) because of the altitude of 450 metres (1,480 ft) and its inland location. Like many other European cities, it is very easy to distinguish what is so called the "old city" and the new neighborhoods. The oldest part of

2943-558: Is the seat of the Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy , National Centre for Renewable Energies (CENER) and of Acciona Energía . Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the University of Navarre and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide. The city is home to two universities:

3052-478: The 1512 conquest and annexation of Navarre to Spain, Pamplona remained as capital of the semiautonomous kingdom of Navarre , which preserved its own (reformed) institutions and laws. Pamplona became a Castilian-Spanish outpost at the foot of the western Pyrenees. After the Castilian conquest, king Ferdinand V ordered in 1513 the demolition and removal of the medieval castle and the city's monasteries, as well as

3161-558: The Ab Asturica Burdigalam , the road from Burdigala (modern Bordeaux ) to Asturica (modern Astorga ); it was a civitas stipendiaria in the jurisdiction of the conventus of Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza ). During the Germanic invasions of 409 and later as a result of Rechiar 's ravaging, Pamplona went through much disruption and destruction, starting a cycle of general decline along with other towns across

3270-515: The Civil War , three new zones of Pamplona began to grow: Rochapea, Milagrosa, and Chantrea. Only the last one was a planned neighborhood, the other two being disorderly growths. In 1957, the municipality designed the first general ordination plan for the city, which established the guidelines for further urban development. According to this, during the 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of new neighborhoods like San Juan, Iturrama, San Jorge, Etxabakoitz, and Orvina. The urban expansion of Pamplona exceeded

3379-458: The Duchy of Aquitaine to the later period as a dependency of the Plantagenet kings of England . In the Hundred Years' War , Charles V of France conquered most of Gascony by 1380, and under Charles VII of France it was incorporated into the Kingdom of France in its entirety in 1453. The corresponding portion within the Iberian Peninsula became the Kingdom of Navarre . Gascony

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3488-565: The Loire , and so does the Chronicle of Fredegar , suggesting that it lies south of the Loire. but the nature of this naming is subject to debate. At any rate, Basques on either side of the Garonne are cited in the last independent years of the Duchy up to 768, but this year, its northern boundary was pinpointed on the river Garonne. Several authors have put down this large geographical extent of

3597-578: The Pyrenees . In the 12th century, the city enlarged with two new separate burgos (independent boroughs): San Cernín (Saint Saturnin) and San Nicolás ; the population of local Navarrese mainly confined to the original urban nucleus, the Navarrería, was swelled by Occitan merchants and artisans. The boroughs showed very distinct features both socially and culturally, and were almost always engaged in quarrels among themselves. The most dramatic episode

3706-567: The Roman general Pompey in the war against Sertorius . He is considered to be the founder of Pompaelo , "as if Pompeiopolis " in Strabo's words, which became Pamplona, in modern Spanish . However, in later times, it has been discovered to be the chief town of the Vascones . They called it Iruña, translating to 'the city'. Roman Pompaelo was located in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis , on

3815-469: The cartulary of Saint-Seurin at Bordeaux in 1009, "the custom is that no count [of Gascony] can legitimately govern in this city of Bordeaux if he has not received the charge of the consulate, eyes lowered, from the most holy saint bishop Seurin and if he does not make an annual tribute." A later notice from between 1160 and 1180, says specifically that the would-be count must lay his sword on Saint Seurin 's altar and then only take it up again after receiving

3924-420: The citadel or star fort. All the mediaeval structures were replaced and improved during 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in order to resist artillery sieges . Completely obsolete for modern warfare , they are used today as parks. The oldest civil building today existing is a fourteenth-century house that was used as Cámara de Comptos (the court of auditors of the early modern autonomous kingdom of Navarre) from

4033-517: The running of the bulls during the San Fermín festival , which is held annually from 6 July to 14 July. This festival was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway 's novel The Sun Also Rises . It is also home to Osasuna , the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in the Spanish top division . In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for

4142-432: The unification of the boroughs in a single city in 1423. The feuds between boroughs had been partly ignited by disputes over the use of the gulf dividing the three boroughs, so after Charles III's unification, the gulf was filled and on its site a common space laid out on the present-day city hall. The walls dividing the boroughs were demolished. During the late 15th century, Pamplona bore witness to power struggles between

4251-699: The 10th century, important gaps are found in bishop succession, which is recorded unbroken only after 1005. At the time of the Umayyad invasion in 711, the Visigothic king Roderic was fighting the Basques in Pamplona and had to turn his attention to the new enemy coming from the south. By 714–16, the Umayyad troops had reached the Basque-held Pamplona, with the town submitting apparently after

4360-529: The 19th century, this fortress-city played a key role in several wars in which Spain was involved. During the Peninsular War of the Napoleonic Wars , French troops occupied the city - by launching a coup de main (surprise attack) and seized the city in 1808, and remained in it until the French forces were compelled to surrender on 31 October 1813 due to starvation, having been blockaded in

4469-620: The 21st century, it is also on the boundary with a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Precipitation patterns do not vary much over the course of the year, as is typical of marine climates, but both classifications are possible due to the Mediterranean patterns of somewhat drier summer months. Sunshine hours are typical for a location in Northern Spain , thus more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish Mediterranean areas are, but rainfall

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4578-531: The 7th-8th centuries to an expansion of the Basques from their assumed original habitations around the Pyrenees. Unlike neighbouring regions, counts did not play a role in Vasconia's power share. Moreover, they were absent, and dukes are mentioned as the main figures of the Basques, immediately followed on the hierarchy by tribal chiefs and families, at least until the rise of the Carolingian dynasty. As for

4687-403: The Banu Qasi of Tudela, strengthened its independence from the weakened Frankish empire and Cordoban emirate . During this period, Pamplona was not properly a town, but just a kind of fortress. In 924, Cordovan sources describe Pamplona as "not being especially gifted by nature", with its inhabitants being poor, not eating enough, and dedicated to banditry. They are reported to speak Basque for

4796-532: The Basque territory, but managing to keep some sort of urban life. During the Visigothic period (fifth to eighth centuries), Pamplona alternated between self-rule, Visigoth domination or Frankish suzerainty in the Duchy of Vasconia (Councils of Toledo unattended by several Pamplonese bishops between 589 and 684). In 466 to 472, Pamplona was conquered by the Visigoth count Gauteric, but they seemed to abandon

4905-472: The Beaumont and Agramont confederacies and external military interventions. Several times, the stronghold was taken over by different factions and foreign forces, like the ones sent by Ferdinand II of Aragon . Queen Catherine I was a minor and often absent from Pamplona, but eventually she married John III in 1494, an event celebrated with joy in the city. However, Navarre continued divided. Historically,

5014-409: The Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine more or less independently, about the same as before, until his death c. 735. Odo's realm passed to his son Hunald , who, desiring the former independence which had been his father's, attacked Martel's successors, starting a war which lasted for two generations. In 743, the situation was further complicated by the arrival of Asturian forces attacking Vasconia from

5123-625: The Frankish Kingdom. The dukes had to face Viking inroads and unrest for over a century, an instability that brought about the destruction of existing monasteries in Gascony and a decayed urban life. The dukes of Gascony faced up against the Norsemen (Vikings), and a king of Navarre is cited as providing assistance against them near Bayonne. The Gascon ducal family became tied to the rising Kingdom of Navarre by matrimonial alliances at

5232-637: The Frankish defeat at Roncevaux (778), Pamplona switched again to Cordovan rule , after Abd-al-Rahman's expedition captured the stronghold in 781. A wali or governor was imposed, Mutarrif ibn-Musa (a Banu-Qasi) up to the 799 rebellion. In that year, the Pamplonese—possibly led by a certain Velasko—stirred against their governor, but later the inhabitants provided some support for the Banu Qasi Fortun ibn-Musa's uprising. This regional revolt

5341-447: The Frankish kings. In 1004, Abbo of Fleury , when visiting the monastery of La Réole , claimed to be more powerful there than the king, since nobody recognised his power. Charters of La Réole are dated by the reign of the duke of Gascony and not that of the king of France. Nonetheless, charters from elsewhere in Gascony continued to be dated by the reigns of the Frankish kings down to the acquisition of Gascony by Aquitaine. According to

5450-516: The Franks, and the Pamplonese, led by a certain Velasco , pledged allegiance to Charlemagne again, but his tenure proved short-lived. In about 814, an anti-Frankish faction led by Enecco, allied with the Banu Qasi, seems to have taken over again. A Frankish army was sent to quash the revolt, to little effect. Furthermore, on their way north through Roncevaux an ambush was attempted, but resulted in

5559-706: The Loire, although the actual geographical extent indicated by this name is contested; it further divides the territory into Guasconia (north of the Garonne) and Spanoguasconia (south of the Garonne). Independent dukes Lupus , Odo the Great , Hunald and Waifer succeeded Felix in sequence, with the last three belonging to the same lineage. Their ethnicities and even their names are not certain, however, since historical records are not conclusive. The Umayyad invasion of Iberia in 711 effected drastic shifts in political and cultural trends throughout southwestern Europe. Hitherto

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5668-468: The Pious received the submission of rebel Basque lords in Dax, but things were far from settled. In 824, the second Battle of Roncevaux took place, when counts Eblo and Aznar Galindo (identified as Aznar Sánchez too), Frankish vassals and the latter appointed Duke of Gascony, were captured by the joint Pamplonese and Banu Qasi forces, strengthening the independence of Pamplona . In the early 9th century,

5777-440: The Pyrenees. From the 11th century, reviving economic development allowed Pamplona to recover its urban life. The bishops of Pamplona recovered their ecclesiastical leading role; during the previous centuries, isolated monasteries , especially Leyre , had actually held the religious authority. The pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela contributed to the revival of the commercial and cultural exchanges with Christian Europe beyond

5886-590: The Vascones to leave the Ebro's rich farmland. In this period (585), Galactorius , Count of Bordeaux, is described as fighting the Vascones, who are portrayed as hiding out in the mountains, as well as the Cantabrians. In 602, the Merovingians created a frontier duchy to their southwest during the tripartite wars between Franks, Visigoths, and Basques. A certain Genial was then appointed dux wasconum as

5995-643: The above-mentioned University of Navarre , a corporate work of Opus Dei founded in 1952, which is ranked as the best private university in Spain, and the Public University of Navarre , established by the Government of Navarre in 1987. There is also a local branch of the UNED ( Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia ). The two most important museums in Pamplona are the Museo de Navarra , devoted to

6104-430: The administrative limits of the city and involved municipalities like Barañáin , Burlada , Villava , Ansoain , Berriozar , Noain or Huarte in a larger metropolitan area. During the 1980s and 1990s, new neighborhoods were born: Azpilagaña, Mendebaldea, and Mendillorri. Rochapea was profoundly renewed. The urban development of those new neighborhoods is very similar to other Spanish provincial capitals that experienced

6213-447: The archaeological and artistic heritage of Navarre, and the Museo Diocesano of religious art, located in the cathedral. Pamplona is the first Spanish city in the French way of the Way of Saint James . Pamplona has hosted the Sarasate Violin International Competition biennially since 1991, and the annual Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival , the most important Spanish documentary film festival, since 2004. One of

6322-409: The building of a new castle in a very close place. In 1530, with Navarre under Spanish military occupation, the Castilian viceroy was still expecting a "French invasion", and in fear of a possible revolt of the city dwellers, he requested an additional 1,000-strong force from what he called "healthy land", i.e. Castile, besides the 1,000 stationed already in Navarre. The progress of artillery demanded

6431-477: The cause of the Plantagenets. Frankish Wasconia comprised the former Roman province of Novempopulania and, at least in some periods, also the lands south of the Pyrenees centred on Pamplona . It follows that the Duchy of Vasconia comprised Basque areas north and south of the Pyrenees at least until the definite detachment of Pamplona from the Duchy in 824. In 628, the Frankish king Dagobert I made arrangements for his brother Charibert II to rule over

6540-464: The closest area to the walls was banned to avoid any advantage for a besieger; thus the city could only grow by increasing its housing density. Higher and narrower houses were built and courtyards gradually disappeared. During the 19th century, road transportation improved, and the railway came in 1860. Nevertheless, industry in Pamplona and Navarre as a whole was weak during the century of the Industrial Revolution . Basically, no industrial development

6649-412: The country and captured Bordeaux. Only by Odo submitting to the authority of his Frankish archrival, the mayor Charles Martel , could the Christians of Western Europe achieve the military unity necessary to decisively defeat the Umayyad invaders, which they finally accomplished at the Battle of Tours . Aquitaine and its attendant marches were then nominally united with Francia, but Odo probably kept ruling

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6758-469: The duchy as appanages for their sons — the power of decision was gradually transferred in the 9th and 10th centuries to Gascony's smaller constituent counties, such as Béarn , Armagnac , Bigorre , Comminges , Nébouzan , Labourd , etc. The Duchy of Vasconia between the Adour and the Garonne, gradually became the Duchy of Gascony, moving away from the history of the Basque Country as Gascon (a Romance language) took hold in 'greater Gascony', stripping

6867-429: The duchy. In the years 610 and 612 respectively, the Gothic kings Gundemar and Sisebut launched attacks against the Basques. After a Basque attack in the Ebro valley in the year 621, Swinthila defeated them and founded the fortress of Olite . In 626, the Basques rebelled against the Franks, with the Bishop of Eauze being exiled on the accusation of supporting or sympathising with the Basque rebels, while in 635

6976-432: The duke Odo the Great had been independent, refusing to recognise the authority of either the Merovingian king or his mayor of the palace . In 714, Pamplona was captured by the Umayyads. In 721, Odo defeated the Arabian-African forces at the Battle of Toulouse . However, in 732 he was utterly routed at the Battle of the River Garonne near Bordeaux , after which Muslim troops under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi plundered

7085-405: The dukes are recorded under a bewildering number of variants, which makes identification very difficult. These dukes and counts were leaders of the Basque clans that dominated Gascony and so their native names were Basque. However, as the Gascon language gradually replaced Basque, their names are also recorded in Gascon. Indeed, eventually the dukes of Gascony probably themselves adopted Gascon, which

7194-458: The end of the 10th century, eventually bringing Gascony suzerain to King Sancho III of Navarre ("the Great") for a short period up to 1035. While the gradual decay of the Carolingian dynasty would have been expected to pave the way for a reassertion of its regional identity, new borders, a more rigid structure derived from feudalization, and internal Basque divergences of culture, interest and language stopped that process. Dukes parcelled out

7303-414: The given name of their father (for example, Duke Sans I Lop, which means this is Duke Sans I, son of Lop). This custom later generated the Spanish family names, with the adding of suffix - ez meaning "son of". "Juan Sánchez" literally means "John, son of Sancho". For a few dukes of Gascony, the second name is not the given name of their father, but it is a nickname that they gained over time and that replaced

7412-411: The given name of their father, such as the famous duke Sans III Mitarra, where Mitarra is not the name of his father, but a nickname referring to his origin, probably "Menditarra", with a typical Basque -tarra suffix to express origin. There is one duke of Gascony subject to a historiographical discussion, and that is Duke Seguin I (Segiwin, Sihimin,...). It has been contended that it actually hides

7521-439: The historic-artistic heritage of Pamplona. The most important religious building is the fourteenth century Gothic Cathedral , with an outstanding cloister and a Neoclassical façade . There are another two main Gothic churches in the old city: Saint Sernin and Saint Nicholas , both built during the thirteenth century. Two other Gothic churches were built during the sixteenth century: Saint Dominic and Saint Augustine. During

7630-428: The judicial system, neither the Visigoth law nor Roman law seem to have been in use in the Duchy of Vasconia, and a native order may have prevailed at least until the Carolingian takeover in 768-769. As of 778, Charlemagne started appointing counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Fezensac) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the grip on power of the dukes of Vasconia. The names of

7739-526: The king. By the year 853, Sans Sancion , the Basque leader, was recognised as duke by Charles the Bald. During that same year, Muza of Tudela, relative of the Basque princes, invaded Vasconia and made Sans prisoner. In 855, Sans died and was succeeded by Arnold , who died fighting against the Norse in 864. Sancho III Mitarra (or Menditarra , cited in 864) appears to be the founder of a lineage of autochthonous independent dukes ruling Gascony up to Sancho VI William (died in 1032), with loose ties, if any, to

7848-572: The lands around the Adour river were segregated from the Duchy under the name of County of Vasconia. Count Aznar's successor, Sans Sancion , fought against Charles the Bald , as Charles didn't recognize him as legitimate. In 844, Vikings invaded Bordeaux and killed Duke Seguin II . His heir William was killed trying to retake Bordeaux in 848, though some sources say he was only captured and later deposed by

7957-535: The late Bronze to early Iron Age , even if the traditional inception date refers to the foundation of Pompaelo by Pompey during the Sertorian Wars circa 75 BC. During Visigothic rule Pamplona became an episcopal see, serving as a staging ground for the Christianization of the area. It later became one of the capitals of the Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre . The city is famous worldwide for

8066-407: The list below, the dukes and counts of Gascony are listed according to their Gascon names (based on the current spelling of Gascon, not the medieval spelling, which was fluctuating). In 852, Sans II, from the rebel county, eventually reunited Gascony and regained the ducal title. After 1053, the title of duke of Gascony was held by the dukes of Aquitaine . After 1204, the title of Duke of Gascony

8175-400: The local linguistic situation. Furthermore, even within a set language, there exist many different written variants, as for the Basque name Santso (from Latin sanctus , meaning "holy"), which can be found in Basque documents written Antso, Sanzio, Santio, Sanxo, Sancio, and so on. Usually, the dukes and counts of Gascony had two names, the first one being their given name, the second one being

8284-462: The more popular cultural expressions include the " Gigantes ", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Following the 2023 municipal election , the mayor of the city

8393-497: The most part, which "makes them incomprehensible". On the 24 July, after Christian troops and citizens fled, troops from Cordova sacked Pamplona, destroying houses and buildings including its celebrated church. The town only regained its urban and human shape after the end of raids by Vikings and Andalusians on the province. Especially after 1083, traffic on the Way of St James brought prosperity and new cultures via travelers from north of

8502-431: The name of its former ethnic connotations and lending it a political one. By the 11th-12th centuries, the Basque language is believed to have extended on the north-east up to the upper reaches of the Adour river, far short of its extension 300 years before. After Sancho the Great 's reign, Gascony distanced itself again from Pamplona. By 1053, Gascony was inherited and conquered by the Duchy of Aquitania . It thus became

8611-399: The old city is Navarrería, which corresponds with the Roman city. During the 12th century, the boroughs of Saint Sernin (San Saturnino or San Cernin) and Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás) were established. Charles III decreed the unification of the three places under a single municipality in 1423. The city did not expand until the late 19th century. In 1888, a modest modification of the star fort

8720-418: The other three remained as they did not hinder urban growth. The star fort continued to serve as a military facility until 1964, but just as a garrison. Pamplona has in recent years taken great care to integrate and preserve its fortifications for modern use. In October 2014, working with the city of Bayonne, Pamplona hosts an international conference 'Fortified Heritage: Management and Sustainable Development',

8829-430: The outpost Pamplona had become on the border with independent Navarre , a close ally of France. The walls that exist today date from the late 16th to 18th centuries. During the 18th century, Pamplona was considerably beautified and its urban services improved. A continuous water supply was established and the streets were paved, among many other enhancements. Rich aristocrats and businessmen also built their mansions. In

8938-528: The rebellion. This started a widespread revolt, led by García Jiménez (according to late traditions, a near-kinsman of Íñigo Arista , to be the first monarch of Pamplona) and newly appointed duke Lupus Centullo (c. 820). Meanwhile, in Aragon the pro-Frankish Count Aznar Galindo was overthrown by Enecco's allied Count Gartzia Malo, with Aznar Galindo in turn seeking refuge in Frankish-held territory. Louis

9047-460: The restless position soon, struggling as the Visigoth kingdom was to survive and rearrange its lands after their defeats in Gaul. During the beginning of the sixth century, Pamplona probably stuck to an unstable self-rule, but in 541, Pamplona, along with other northern Iberian cities, was raided by the Franks. Around 581, the Visigoth king Liuvigild overcame the Basques, seized Pamplona, and founded in

9156-465: The saint's standard. These practices parallel the practice of the French kings of receiving their kingdom from Saint Denis and carrying his banner, the Oriflamme . It is possible, however, that the notices in the cartulary of Saint-Seurin, which both elevate that religious house and at the same time distance the dukes of Gascony from any French vassalage, were forged in the late 12th century to advance

9265-770: The seventeenth and eighteenth century were built the Baroque chapels of Saint Fermin, in the church of Saint Lawrence, and of the Virgin of the Road (Virgen del Camino), in the church of Saint Sernin, the convents of the Augustinian Recollect nuns and the Carmelite friars, and the Saint Ignatius basilica in the place where he was injured in the battle and during the subsequent convalescence he decided to be

9374-591: The sixteenth to the nineteenth century. There are also several medieval bridges on the Arga: Santa Engracia, Miluce, Magdalena, and San Pedro. The medieval palace of Saint Peter, which was alternatively used by Navarrese kings and Pamplonese bishops, was used during the early modern age as the Viceroy 's palace and later was the seat of the military governor of Navarre; from the time of the Civil War it

9483-1006: The so-called Palace of Navarre, during the nineteenth century. Cuenca de Pamplona The Cuenca de Pamplona ( Basque : Iruñerria ) is a comarca in Navarre , Spain . The Spanish word cuenca means ' basin ', referring to a 'territory surrounded of mountains or hills'. The metropolitan area of Pamplona has expanded at the expense of the cereal producing surrounding countryside. Ansoáin , Aranguren , Barañáin , Belascoáin , Beriáin , Berrioplano , Berriozar , Bidaurreta , Burlada , Ciriza , Cizur , Echarri , Egüés , Etxauri , Galar , Goñi , Huarte , Iza , Juslapeña , Noáin - Valle de Elorz , Ollo , Olza , Orcoyen , Pamplona , Tiebas-Muruarte de Reta , Villava – Atarrabia , Zabalza and Zizur Mayor/Zizur Nagusia . 42°47′N 1°43′W  /  42.783°N 1.717°W  / 42.783; -1.717 Duchy of Vasconia The Duchy of Gascony or Duchy of Vasconia

9592-400: The territories between the Loire and the Pyrenees ( limes Spaniae ) 'in the general area of Vasconia', including Saintes , Perigueux , Cahors , Agenais , etc. In the following years, the same king is reported to have subjugated the whole of Vasconia, meaning that it extended beyond the Pyrenees as well. The Ravenna Cosmographer refers to Vasconia as the whole territory stretching out to

9701-549: The town for four months by the Spanish army under Enrique José O'Donnell . During the Carlist Wars (1833–1839 and 1872–1876) Pamplona was each time controlled by the liberals, not just because the few liberals that lived in Navarre were mainly Pamplonese, but also because of the governmental control over the fortified city. Although Carlist rebels easily ruled the countryside, the government army had no problem in dominating

9810-414: The town might use the position against him. After Abd al-Rahman I 's conquest, Pamplona and its hinterland remained in a state of shaky balance between Franks, regional Andalusian lords and central Cordovan rule, all of whom proved unable to permanently secure dominance over the Basque region. To a considerable extent, that alternation reflected the internal struggles of the Basque warrior nobility. After

9919-537: The town of Victoriacum. Despite the legend citing Saint Fermin as the first bishop of Pamplona and his baptising of 40,000 pagan inhabitants in just three days, the first reliable accounts of a bishop date from 589, when bishop Liliolus attended the Third Council of Toledo . After 684 and 693, a bishop called Opilano is mentioned again in 829, followed by Wiliesind and a certain Jimenez from 880 to 890. Even in

10028-467: The town was in hands of a Basque local or a Muslim rebel faction loyal to the Franks at the moment of Charlemagne 's crossing of the Pyrenees to the south. However, on his way back from the failed expedition to Saragossa in August, the walls and probably the town were destroyed by Charlemagne (ahead of the Frankish defeat in the famous Battle of Roncevaux ), out of fear that the anti-Frankish party strong in

10137-449: The walled capital of Navarre. Nevertheless, during the last Carlist war, modern artillery operated by Carlists from surrounding mountains showed that the old walls would not be enough in the face of a stronger enemy. Thus, the government decided to build a fort on the top of mount San Cristóbal , just 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Pamplona. Due to its military role, the city could not grow outside its walled belt. Furthermore, building in

10246-434: The website is in English, French, and Spanish. Available on a growing website are two free e-books, with copious colour photographs, on Pamplona's fortifications. Published in 2011 is 'Five living centuries of an impregnable fortress' about the city citadel and 'A walk round the Pamplona fortifications'. Freed from its military function, Pamplona could lead the process of industrialization and modernization in which Navarre

10355-516: The west as the Asturians were immersed in continuous dynastic conflicts. The time of Charlemagne's reign was rife with conflicts between Pagan Basques, Christian Franks and Arab Muslims. Most famous is the Battle of Roncevaux in 778, during which Basques ambushed and slaughtered Charlemagne's rearguard after the Franks destroyed the walls of Pamplona. Heavily mythologised from the 11th century on as

10464-705: The west. In 744, Hunald abdicated to his son Waifer , who repeatedly challenged Frankish overlordship. After a campaign against the Umayyads in Septimania , the king Pepin the Short turned his attention to Aquitaine and Waifer, unleashing a devastating war on Aquitaine and Vasconia that was to have dire consequences on its population, towns and society. Waifer and his Basque troops confronted Pepin several times but were defeated thrice in 760, 762, and 766, after which Aquitaine and Vasconia pledged loyalty to Pepin. Waifer

10573-477: The year 660, Felix of Aquitaine , a patrician from Toulouse of Gallo-Roman stock, received the ducal titles of both Vasconia and Aquitaine (located between the Garonne and Loire rivers), effectively ruling independently over Vasconia and at least part of Aquitaine. Under Felix and his successors, Frankish overlordship over these lands became merely nominal, and Vasconia became a prominent regional power. The Ravenna Cosmography cites "Wasconia" as extending up to

10682-408: Was a duchy located in present-day southwestern France and northeastern Spain , an area encompassing the modern region of Gascony . The Duchy of Gascony, then known as Wasconia , was originally a Frankish march formed to hold sway over the Basques . However, the duchy went through different periods, from its early years with its distinctively Basque element to the merger in personal union with

10791-508: Was allowed, but it just permitted the building of six blocks. It was called the I Ensanche (literally, "first widening"). The southern walls were destroyed in 1915 and the II Ensanche ("second widening") was planned. Its plan followed the grid pattern model designed by Ildefons Cerdà for Barcelona . Its blocks were built between the 1920s and the 1950s. The prevailing housing model is apartment buildings of five to eight floors. After

10900-581: Was defeated. After taking the throne, Leovigild launched a series of military campaigns around the Iberian Peninsula, taking control from the Vascones (" partes Vasconiae ") in the upper reaches of the Ebro (present-day Álava , possibly up to the north of Castile), and founded a fortress called Victoriacum (dubiously Vitoria-Gasteiz , possibly Iruña-Veleia ). This military push from a stronger centralized authority in Toledo placed more pressure on

11009-506: Was eventually murdered by desperate followers, or possibly by someone bribed by Pepin. Beginning in 778, Charlemagne appointed counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Fezensac ) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the influence of the dukes of Vasconia. The Basques, however, found a pivotal ally in the south in the Basque Muslim realm of the Banu Qasi (early 9th century), and enjoyed some safety from

11118-518: Was feasible in such a constrained fortress-city. After a slight modification of the star fort allowed an expansion of just six blocks in 1888, the First World War demonstrated that the fortified system of Pamplona was already obsolete. In 1915, the Army allowed the destruction of the walls and abolished the building ban in the city's surroundings. The southern side of the walls was destroyed and

11227-615: Was in ruins but was recently rebuilt to be used as the General Archive of Navarre. The most outstanding Baroque civil architecture is from the eighteenth century: town hall, episcopal palace, Saint John the Baptist seminary, and the Rozalejo's, Ezpeleta's (today music school), Navarro-Tafalla's (today, the local office of PNV ), and Guenduláin's (today, a hotel) mansions. The provincial government built its own Neoclassical palace,

11336-413: Was involved during the 20th century, especially during its second half. The urban growth has been accompanied by the development of industry and services. Population growth has been the effect of an intense immigration process during the 1960s and 1970s: from the Navarrese countryside and from other less developed regions of Spain, mainly Castile and León and Andalusia . Since the 1990s the immigration

11445-482: Was not expected until 2014. A new railway station will be built in the southern part of the city. Within the city and surroundings there are also 23 daytime lines and 10 night lines of public buses, operated by TCC , the chartered company of the Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona . Several notable churches, most of its 16th- to 18th-century fortified system and other civil architecture buildings belong to

11554-474: Was shortly after suppressed by the Cordovan emir Hisham I , who re-established order, but failed to retain his grip on the town, since the Pamplonese returned to Frankish suzerainty in 806. A Muslim cemetery containing about 200 human remains mingled with Christian tombs was unearthed in 2003 at the Castle Square, bearing witness to an important Muslim presence in the city during this period, but further research

11663-492: Was stopped by the destruction of this and other historic evidence as decided by the city council, headed by mayor Yolanda Barcina . Following a failed expedition to the town led by Louis the Pious around 812, allegiance to the Franks collapsed after Enecco Arista rose to prominence. Moreover, he was crowned as king of Pamplona in 824, when the Banu Qasi and he gained momentum in the wake of their victorious second battle of Roncevaux . The new kingdom, inextricably linked to

11772-486: Was the burning of the borough San Nicolás in 1258 and the destruction of the Navarrería by the other two boroughs and the massacre of its population in 1276. The site was abandoned for nearly 50 years. With regards to the outer defence walls of the city, the southern side was the weakest flank of the city, and the Navarrese king Louis I built a castle in the early 14th century in the site known today as Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square). Eventually, King Charles III decreed

11881-560: Was the core territory of Roman Gallia Aquitania . By the 2nd century this province was extended to include much of western Roman Gaul as far north as the Loire . Thus, the name of the Aquitani came to be transferred to the territory of central-western France later known as the Duchy of Aquitaine . In 293, Diocletian re-created the original province of Caesar's Aquitania under the name of Novempopulania or Aquitania Tertia . The Vascones were an Iberian people originally inhabiting

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