Misplaced Pages

#857142

36-554: Portuguese monarchs had always called intermittent "king's courts" ( Curia Regis ), consultative assemblies of feudal nobles and landed clerics (bishops, abbots and the masters of the Military Orders ) to advise on major matters. This practice probably originated in the protofeudalism of the 6th-century Visigothic Kingdom . But, during the 13th century, with the growing power of municipalities , and kings increasingly reliant on urban militias , incorporated towns gained

72-470: A competing legitimate bloodline with a claim to the throne of Portugal died out. John I of Portugal was then able to rule in peace and concentrate on the economic development and territorial expansion of his realm. The most significant military actions were the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta by Portugal in 1415, and the successful defence of Ceuta from a Moroccan counterattack in 1419. These measure were intended to help seize control of navigation off

108-514: A critical role in the 1640 Restoration , and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of John IV (r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. It is essential, at this point, to remember the fact that there were only four occasions when the Cortes were of immense importance for the History of Portugal: with the coronation of D. João I , in

144-426: A male heir, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for Beatrice , Ferdinand's only daughter and heir presumptive . Beatrice had married King John I of Castile , but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have been virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country. On 6 April 1385,

180-489: A man of wit who was very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time possessed a benevolent and kind demeanor. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed on to his sons, who are often referred to collectively by Portuguese historians as the " illustrious generation " ( Ínclita Geração ): Edward ,

216-702: A monarch is disputed. The House of Aviz , known as the Joanine Dynasty , succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz . When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja . When King Sebastian of Portugal died,

252-595: Is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal , in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution . Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions . Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V , claimed

288-609: The Afonsine Dynasty , was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal , of the Kingdom of Galicia . When Afonso Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. During the Reconquista , the Afonsine Dynasty expanded

324-944: The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , though this view is not widely held. 15 November 1477 – 28 August 1481 2nd: (3 years 9 months 13 days), full: 42 years 11 months 11 days 28 August 1481 – 25 October 1495 2°nd: (14 years 1 month 27 days), full: 14 years 2 months 1 day 26 May 1834 – 15 November 1853 2nd: (19 years 5 months 20 days), full: 21 years 7 months 10 days John I of Portugal John I ( Portuguese : João [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃] ; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called John of Aviz ,

360-527: The Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by their monarchist groups. The monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal , but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, though all having Portuguese royal lineage. These houses are: The Portuguese House of Burgundy , known as

396-685: The Papal bull Sane charissimus of 4 April 1418, which confirmed to the king all of the lands he might win from the Moors. Under the auspices of Prince Henry the Navigator , voyages were organized to explore the African coast. These led to the discovery of the uninhabited islands of Madeira in 1417 and the Azores in 1427; all were claimed by the Portuguese crown. Contemporaneous writers describe John as

SECTION 10

#1732765687858

432-486: The crown of Castile and waged wars in order to enforce their respective claims. Ferdinand I managed to be recognized as King of Galiza in 1369, although his dominance of the region was short-lived. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain , Naples , and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown some honorary, such as

468-539: The 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when the usurping John I of Portugal relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis , the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the Portuguese empire overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently. John II (r.1481-1495) used them to break

504-512: The 1820 assembly of the Cortes Gerais e Extraordinárias da Nação Portuguesa to draft a new constitution. The other exception was during the 1828–1834 reign of Miguel of Portugal , when the constitution was suspended. An old-style Cortes was assembled by Miguel in Lisbon in 1828 to recognize Miguel as the sole legitimate heir to John VI. List of Portuguese monarchs This

540-574: The African coast and trade routes from the interior of Africa. The raids and attacks of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula created captives on both sides who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this practice to North Africa. After the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of the military action as a Crusade . Such a ruling would have enabled those captured to be legitimately sold as slaves. In response to John's request, Pope Martin V issued

576-459: The Castilian side. As a result, the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured. On 2 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster , daughter of John of Gaunt , who had proved to be a worthy ally. The marriage consolidated an Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day. John I of Castile died in 1390 without issue from his wife Beatrice, which meant that

612-456: The Cortes the aspect of a legislature . These petitions were originally referred to as aggravamentos (grievances) then artigos (articles) and eventually capitulos (chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by

648-618: The Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the burgher delegates at the Cortes. Delegates ( procuradores ) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on Jews, pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving

684-661: The Council of the Kingdom (the Portuguese Cortes ) met in Coimbra and declared John, then Master of Aviz, to be king of Portugal. This was followed by the liberation of almost all of the Minho in the course of two months as part of a war against Castile in opposition to its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from

720-482: The Courts of Coimbra in 1385; with the appointment of D. Pedro, Duque de Coimbra, as regent of D. Afonso V, in the Cortes of Torres Novas of 1438; with the coronation of Filipe I, in Cortes de Tomar, 1581; and, finally, with the acclamation of D. João IV, in the Cortes de Lisboa of 1645-1646. All of these occasions, finally confirming the essentially legitimating role of the reigning power. The last Cortes met in 1698, for

756-544: The acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar . Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union . The House of Braganza , also known as the Brigantine Dynasty , came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza , claimed to be

SECTION 20

#1732765687858

792-516: The attribution of the title of Rex Fidelissimus (His Most Faithful Majesty), and royal titles, such as King of Brazil and then de jure Emperor of Brazil . After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portugal almost restored its monarchy in a revolution known as the Monarchy of the North , though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death,

828-404: The country southwards until the definitive conquest of Algarve with Sancho II and the establishment of the Kingdom of Algarve , in 1249 , under Afonso III . When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife . Her legitimacy as

864-721: The epithet of Fond Memory ( de Boa Memória ); he was also referred to as "the Good" ( o Bom ), sometimes "the Great" ( o Grande ), and more rarely, especially in Spain , as "the Bastard" ( Bastardo ). John was born in Lisbon as the natural son of King Peter I of Portugal by a woman named Teresa, who, according to the royal chronicler Fernão Lopes in the Chronicle of the King D. Pedro I ,

900-428: The full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns were necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening

936-455: The future king, was a poet and a writer; Peter , the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, Isabella , married Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she

972-403: The high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise. Manuel I (r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of Sebastian (r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance. Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new Habsburg monarch. The Cortes played

1008-427: The king in its entirety) before becoming law. Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often circumvented or ignored in practice. The Cortes probably had their heyday in

1044-500: The mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future John V ) as the successor of Peter II of Portugal . Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs . No Cortes were assembled for over a century. This state of affairs came to an end with the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper parliament , that however inherited

1080-1432: The name of Cortes Gerais . Afonso I (1139–1185) Sancho I (1185–1211) Afonso II (1211–1223) Sancho II (1223–1248) Afonso III (1248–1279) Denis (1279–1325) Afonso IV (1325–1357) Peter I (1357–1367) Ferdinand I (1367–1383) John I (1385–1433) Edward (1433–1438) Queen Eleanor of Aragon , ( regent for Afonso V ), (1438–1439) Duke Peter of Coimbra ( regent for Afonso V ) (1439–1448) Afonso V (in his own right) (1448–1481) John II (1481–1495) Manuel I (1495–1521) John III (1521–1557) Catherine of Austria ( regent for Sebastian ) (1557–1562) Sebastian (in his own right) (1562–1578) Henry (1578–1580) Philip I (II of Spain) (1581–1598) Philip II (III of Spain) (1598–1621) Philip III (IV of Spain) (1621–1640) John IV (1640–1656) Luisa of Guzman ( regent for Afonso VI ) (1656–1662) Afonso VI (in his own right) (1662–1668) Prince Peter (regent for Afonso VI ) (1668–1683) Peter II (in his own right) (1683–1706) Absolute monarchy thereafter: No Cortes assembled in reigns of John V (1706–1750), Joseph I (1750–1777), Maria I (1777–1816). Thereafter there were only two exceptional Cortes: John VI (1816–1826) called

1116-530: The right to participate in the king's court. The Cortes assembled at Leiria in 1254 by Afonso III of Portugal was the first known Portuguese Cortes to explicitly include representatives of the municipalities. In this, Portugal was accompanying the pattern in neighboring Iberian kingdoms (e.g. the Kings of León admitted town representatives to their Cortes in 1188). Medieval Kings of Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned

Portuguese Cortes - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-561: The rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great-great-grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in 1640 during the Portuguese Restoration War . The Habsburgs continued to claim the throne of Portugal until the end of the war in the Treaty of Lisbon (1668) . The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of

1188-519: The throne passed to his Grand-uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal , father of Alphonso I of Portugal , was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato , was proclaimed António of Portugal. The House of Habsburg , known as the Philippine dynasty , was the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with

1224-502: The throne. John I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John of Aviz (see Hundred Years' War ). John and Nuno Álvares Pereira , his constable and talented supporter, repelled the attack in the decisive Battle of Aljubarrota on 14 August 1385. John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém , Torres Vedras and Torres Novas , and many other towns were delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from

1260-557: Was King of Portugal from 1385 until his death in 1433. He is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in a succession war with Castile , preserving his country's independence and establishing the Aviz (or Joanine) dynasty on the Portuguese throne. His long reign of 48 years, the most extensive of all Portuguese monarchs, saw the beginning of Portugal's overseas expansion. John's well-remembered reign in his country earned him

1296-507: Was a noble Galician . In the 18th century, António Caetano de Sousa found a 16th-century document in the archives of the Torre do Tombo in which she was named as Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ , he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz . Whrn John's half-brother Ferdinand I died in October 1383 without

#857142