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54-675: The Portuguese way is the second most popular route after the French Way and the Portuguese coastal way is the seventh most popular route in Galicia, with 19.9% and 4.41%, respectively. The Portuguese way is 260 km long starting in Porto or 610 km long starting in Lisbon. The way from Porto was historically used by the local populations and by those who arrived in the local ports. In

108-463: A cadaver, which people believed was Saint Peter of Rates. The cadaver was transferred to Braga Cathedral in 1552. Rates is also the location of the first modern pilgrim hostel ( Albergue ) in the Portuguese way, before others opened up in the region. After leaving the monastery, the crossing of Cávado River was made using barges landing in Barca do Lago, which literally means "Lake's barge". The river

162-730: A cardinal of the general scandal that would result if the widely venerated San Rocco were impugned as an impostor. Sixtus did not pursue the matter but left it to later popes to proceed with the canonization process. His successor, Pope Gregory XIV (1590–1591), added Roch of Montpellier, who had already been memorialized in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass for two centuries, to the Catholic Church Martyrology , thereby fixing August 16 as his universal feast day. Numerous brotherhoods have been instituted in his honour. He

216-454: A ceiling canvas (1564). It is known for certain that the body of Roch was carried from Voghera, instead of Montpellier as previously thought, to Venice in 1485. Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) built a church and a hospital in his honour. Pope Paul III (1534–1549) instituted a confraternity of St. Roch. This was raised to an archconfraternity in 1556 by Pope Paul IV ; it still thrives today. Roch had not been officially recognized as yet as

270-410: A form of martyrdom." Roch's status as a pilgrim who suffered the plague is paramount in his iconography. "The sight of Roch scarred by the plague yet alive and healthy must have been an emotionally-charged image of a promised cure. Here was literal proof that one could survive the plague, a saint who had triumphed over the disease in his own flesh." F. T. Prince published a long monologue from

324-460: A medieval priest who tends to plague victims is named Father Roche. Saint Roch's dog is sometimes conflated with the folk saint Saint Guinefort , the holy greyhound . Croatian celebrations around the saint are depicted in Miroslav Krleža 's 1932 novel The Return of Philip Latinowicz . A 2012 Philippine fantasy teleserye , Aso ni San Roque (literally Saint Roch's Dog ), depicts

378-435: A rich iconography of the plague, its victims and its protective saints was soon developed, in which the iconography of Roche finds its historical place: previously the topos did not exist. In contrast, however, St. Roch of Montpellier cannot be dismissed based on the dates of a specific plague event. In medieval times, the term "plague" was used to indicate a whole array of illnesses and epidemics. The first literary account

432-540: A road connection between the towns of Porto, Vila do Conde and Póvoa de Varzim. This road is now mostly known as Estrada Velha (Old road). The older street was Karraria Antiqua (the Central Way) or a probable Roman beachfront way ( per Loca Maritima ) linking pre-Roman settlements, Roman fish factories and villas that are known to exist. The Estrada Velha merges with the EN13 highway only before reaching Vila do Conde in

486-522: A saint, however. In 1590 the Venetian ambassador at Rome reported back to the Serenissima that he had been repeatedly urged to present the witnesses and documentation of the life and miracles of San Rocco, already deeply entrenched in the Venetian life, because Pope Sixtus V "is strong in his opinion either to canonize him or else to remove him from the ranks of the saints;" the ambassador had warned

540-681: A trend which started with Hape Kerkeling 's book I'm Off Then: Losing and Finding Myself on the Camino De Santiago . Rates is considered a central site of the Portuguese Way and where pilgrims were most numerous. The way has been used since the Middle Ages and the ancient monastery of Rates (rebuilt in 1100) gained importance due to the legend of Saint Peter of Rates . On the way to the Rates Monastery there

594-743: Is a patron saint of dogs, invalids, falsely accused people, bachelors , and several other things. He is the patron saint of Dolo (near Venice ) and Parma , as well as Casamassima , Cisterna di Latina and Palagiano (Italy). He is also the patron saint of the towns of Arboleas and Albanchez , in Almeria , southern Spain, and Deba , in the Basque Country . Saint Roch is known as " São Roque " in Portuguese, as " Sant Roc " in Catalan, as " San Roque " in Spanish (including in former colonies of

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648-458: Is an undated Acta that is labelled, by comparison with the longer, elaborated accounts that were to follow, Acta Breviora , which relies almost entirely on standardized hagiographic topoi to celebrate and promote the cult of Roch. The story that when the Council of Constance was threatened with plague in 1414, public processions and prayers for the intercession of Roch were ordered, and

702-526: Is said to have effected many miraculous cures by prayer and the sign of the cross and the touch of his hand . At Rome, according to the Golden Legend, he preserved the "cardinal of Angleria in Lombardy" by making the mark of the cross on his forehead, which miraculously remained. Ministering at Piacenza at the hospital of Nostra Signora di Betlemme , he himself finally fell ill. He withdrew into

756-502: Is the medieval Dom Zameiro Bridge. It was (re)built in 1185 for an easy cross of the Ave river by medieval pilgrims. It is part of Roman Via Veteris and known in the Middle Ages as Karraria Antiqua (the old way); as such the bridge has Roman origin. The legend holds that Saint James ordained Peter as the first bishop of Braga in the year AD 44. Peter died as a martyr while attempting to convert local pagans to Christianity. The temple held

810-541: Is to wit, that who that calleth meekly to S. Rocke he shall not be hurt with any hurt of pestilence The townspeople recognized him as well by his birthmark ; he was soon canonized in the popular mind, and a great church erected in veneration. The date (1327) asserted by Francesco Diedo for Roch's death would precede the traumatic advent of the Black Death in Europe (1347–49) after long centuries of absence, for which

864-605: Is usually represented in the garb of a pilgrim, often lifting his tunic to demonstrate the plague sore, or bubo , in his thigh, and accompanied by a dog carrying a loaf in its mouth. The Third Order of Saint Francis , by tradition, claims him as a member and includes his feast on its own calendar of saints , observing it on August 17. The Catholic Church in Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia and Montenegro venerates him as sveti Roko . Eponymous churches are numerous (cf. Crkva sv. Roka  [ hr ] ) including

918-559: The Alcobaça Monastery (1252), which was an albergue (hostel) for medieval pilgrims who could only stay there for a single night. Using Roman roads, pilgrims headed to Coimbra and had to reach Porto before night fell, as the gates of the city closed. The most notable of the bridges in Porto is Dom Luís I Bridge (1888) replacing the Ponte das Barcas (1842), the barges bridge. Porto is the typical starting point. The ruins from

972-541: The Portugal-Spain border at the Minho river through Valença , where international bridges exist, heading for a 108 km walk to Santiago, passing through Tui . In the coastal way, the way from Viana do Castelo leads to Caminha , reaching the town's Gothic keep of former Caminha fortifications and since the 17th century the town's clock tower. The contemporary crossing of the Minho on the coastal way makes use of

1026-779: The Spanish colonial empire such as the Philippines ), as " San Rocco " in Italian and as " Sveti Rok " in Slovenian and Croatian. The chronology of the Saint's life is uncertain and full of legendary elements. According to his Acta and his vita in the Golden Legend , he was born at Montpellier , at that time "upon the border of France," as the Golden Legend has it, the son of the noble governor of that city. His birth

1080-573: The 14th century city walls still exist including the Postigo do Carvão , the charcoal wicket gate . This wicket provided a link between Fonte Taurina Street to the wharf, where boats anchored in the Douro. Once in Porto, pilgrims headed to Church of São Martinho de Cedofeita (c. 1087). Porto is a medieval city, showing hints of Romanesque and Gothic, as seen in the Cathedral, São Francisco Church and

1134-462: The Black Death into perspective of God's secure and benevolent plan for humankind." The plague votives functioned both to request intercessory aid from plague saints and to provide catharsis for a population that had just witnessed the profound bodily destruction of the plague. Showing plague saints such as Roch and Sebastian invoked the memory of the human suffering experienced by Christ during

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1188-501: The Black Death, especially the Italian plague epidemic of 1477–79, new images of Christian martyrs and saints appeared and Roch gained new fame and popularity. The religious art of the time emphasized the importance of the saint to plague-ridden Christians. The new plague-related images of Roch were drawn from a variety of sources. Plague texts dating from ancient and classical times, as well as Christian, scientific and folk beliefs, all contributed to this emerging visual tradition. Some of

1242-834: The Church of St. Roch in Petrovaradin in Serbia . In India, there is a Church in Kerala in the name of Saint Roch under the Thrissur Archdiocese called St. Rocky's Church Pootharakkal . There is a huge statue of the saint about 24 feet in height (the first and only one in Asia). There is a special holy mass and Novena every Thursday. Roch received renewed attention and veneration during the COVID-19 pandemic . Following

1296-492: The Coastal Way, pushed by German pilgrims, goes through Northern Portugal continuously along the sea, using beach walkways. This version of the Coastal Way is gaining importance, as the traditional route is increasingly urbanized and the new version is considered by some pilgrims to be more pleasant. As a form of respect for pilgrims on foot and local use, the use of bicycles is not allowed in some of these walkways. It follows

1350-1336: The French Way according to statistics gathered by the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago. In 1993, the French Way, along with the Spanish route of the Camino de Santiago was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its historical importance in Christianity as a major pilgrimage route and its testimony to the exchange of ideas and cultures across its length. Though there is no set itinerary for this route, daily stages from major town to major town could be walked as follows: 43°09′44″N 1°14′14″W  /  43.16222°N 1.23722°W  / 43.16222; -1.23722 Saint Roch Patron of: bachelors, diseased cattle, dogs, falsely accused people, invalids, Istanbul, surgeons, tile-makers, grave-diggers, second-hand dealers, pilgrims, apothecaries Roch (lived c. 1348 – 15/16 August 1376/79; traditionally c. 1295 – 16 August 1327), also called Rock in English,

1404-711: The Neiva was a Castro culture hillfort and early medieval castle that already existed when Afonso I of Portugal became king. It was located after crossing the Neiva river, known in antiquity as the Nebis , named after the pagan river goddess Nabia . Today, in the area, there's the Albergue de São Miguel in the locality of Marinhas in Esposende , prior to the crossing and the Monastery of São Romão de Neiva (1022), located after

1458-724: The Old Hospital ( Hospital Velho ) of Viana do Castelo, an ancient hostel for pilgrims from early 15th century. In Classical antiquity , the Lima was said to have properties of memory loss due to events in an ancient battle there between the Turduli and the Celts . Also known in antiquity as Oblivion , Strabo compared it to the mythological Lethe , the river of unmindfulness. Two ancient canoes found in Lanheses ( Viana do Castelo ) and

1512-465: The Passion. In the art of Roch after 1477, the saint displayed the wounds of his martyrdom without evidence of pain or suffering. Roch actively lifted his clothing to display the plague bubo on his thigh. This display of his plague bubo showed that "he welcomed his disease as a divinely sent opportunity to imitate the sufferings of Christ... [his] patient endurance [of the physical suffering of plague was]

1566-529: The Saint James veneration grew stronger due to a 15th-century icon of Saint James found at the nearby beach and kept in there. The way follows west of the chapel to the beach by Rua da Junqueira , heading to Esposende , Viana do Castelo and Caminha before reaching the Spanish border. From Póvoa, a new route to the central way uses a rail trail leading directly to the Rates Monastery and passing churches dedicated to Saint James. A contemporary version of

1620-640: The ancient pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Galicia , Spain . It runs from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on the French side of the Pyrenees to Roncesvalles on the Spanish side and then another 780 km on to Santiago de Compostela through the major cities of Pamplona , Logroño , Burgos and León . A typical walk on the Camino francés takes at least four weeks, allowing for one or two rest days on

1674-607: The central way is made through Ponte de Fão, built in 1892. A pilgrims' barge in Barco do Lago was reinstituted for recreational pilgrimages, with a replica of the "Barca de Carga" (Cargo's Barge) being launched in 2017. For pilgrims preferring the inland route, the crossing is made at the Medieval Bridge of Barcelos , constructed between 1325 and 1328. From Barca do Lago pilgrims head to the Neiva Castle . Currently lost,

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1728-421: The city walls, and strong Baroque and neoclassical influences which shape most of its old town skyline, including the iconic Clérigos Tower (1754–1763), Carmo church (1768) and Palácio da Bolsa (mid-19th century). There are two traditional routes from Porto, one inland (the Central Way) and the Coastal Way ( Caminho da Costa ). The Coastal Way gained prominence in the 15th century due to the growing importance of

1782-704: The coastal towns in the advent of the Age of Discovery . Next to Porto, there's the Monastery of Leça do Balio (1180) in Matosinhos , known by the assistance of pilgrims. After leaving Porto, the route splits from the central way in the countryside of Vila do Conde . The rising importance of Póvoa de Varzim imposed this new direction. The coastal way uses the Estrada Nova (the New road), known to exist already in 1568 as

1836-402: The confidence in which renaissance worshipers sought to access supernatural aid in overcoming the ravages of the plague. The very abundance of means by which people invoked the aid of the celestial court is essential in understanding Renaissance responses to the disease. Rather than depression or resignation, people "possessed a confidence that put even an apocalyptic disaster of the magnitude of

1890-483: The contemporary period, most pilgrims are foreigners, and of the total number reaching Galicia between January 1 and October 6, 2017, only 4.27% were Portuguese. Roughly 30,000 pilgrims per year walk this path. It is growing in popularity, and 81,000 walked the Portuguese way in 2018. From Lisbon, the starting point is Lisbon Cathedral , passing the Thermal Hospital of Caldas da Rainha (1485) and heading to

1944-662: The crossing. The crossing of the Lima River is made over the Eiffel bridge (1878) in the Coastal way, and previously by barge. The bridge and the town of Viana do Castelo are signed by the sighting of the Monument-Temple of Santa Luzia (1904) over a hilltop. The Lantern tower of the sanctuary is where the pilgrim can see most of one's route in one of the most iconic views of Northern Portugal. Pilgrims were treated in

1998-519: The death of his parents in his twentieth year he distributed all his worldly goods among the poor, entered the Franciscan Third Order , and set out as a mendicant pilgrim for Rome, although his father on his deathbed had designated him governor of Montpellier. Coming into Italy during an epidemic of plague , he was very diligent in tending the sick in the public hospitals at Acquapendente , Cesena , Rimini , Novara , and Rome, and

2052-563: The ferryboat in Caminha. The ferryboat heads to A Guarda , just across the river, in Galicia . From there pilgrims reach the seaside Monastery of Santa María de Oya (1185), located in Oia . The way reaches Redondela , where the coastal way merges with the central way, leading to the medieval city of Pontevedra and, after crossing the Ulla river, there is the town of Padrón. This is 25 km from

2106-561: The final destination, Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (1122), the legendary burial place of Saint James the Great , one of the apostles of Jesus Christ . French Way The French Way ( Galician : Camiño francés , Spanish : Camino francés , Basque : Frantses bidea ) follows the GR 65 and is the most popular of the routes of the Way of St. James ( Spanish : Camino de Santiago ),

2160-475: The forest, where he made himself a hut of boughs and leaves, which was miraculously supplied with water by a spring that arose in the place; he would have perished had not a dog belonging to a nobleman named Gothard Palastrelli supplied him with bread and licked his wounds, healing them. Count Gottardo Pallastrelli, following his hunting dog that carried the bread, discovered Roch and brought him home to recover. On his way back to return incognito to Montpellier, he

2214-661: The itinerary of the Loca Maritima Roman way suggest that to be the site where the Roman soldiers were fearful of the crossing during the conquest of the region in 136 BC. For the inland route, Ponte de Lima 's bridge is used. The later bridge possibly dates to the 1st century and was rebuilt in 1125. One of the most tiring parts of the Portuguese inland Way is in the Labruja hills in Ponte de Lima, which are hard to cross. The Camino winds its way inland until it reaches

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2268-555: The most popular symbols of plague were swords, darts, and most especially arrows. There was also a prevalence of memento mori themes, dark clouds, and astrological signs (signa magna) such as comets, which were often referenced by physicians and writers of plague tracts as causes of plague. The physical symptoms of plague – a raised arm, a tilted head, or a collapsed body – began to symbolize plague in post-Black Death paintings. Plague saints offered hope and healing before, during, and after times of plague. A specific style of painting,

2322-730: The novelties they saw in Asia. After crossing the Gothic church of Vila do Conde, in Rua da Igreja, the Estrada Velha is renamed Rua dos Benguiados, Rua das Violetas and Rua dos Ferreiros, reaching Póvoa de Varzim's 18th century fishermen's quarter and heading to the small Saint James Chapel (1582) in Praça da República (traditionally named Saint James Square, Largo de Santiago ). The chapel was built by Discovery Age seafarers, honoring Saint Roch , but

2376-413: The outbreak ceased, is provided by Francesco Diedo, the Venetian governor of Brescia , in his Vita Sancti Rochi , 1478. The cult of Roch gained momentum during the bubonic plague that passed through northern Italy in 1477–79. His popularity, originally in central and northern Italy and at Montpellier, spread through Spain, France, Lebanon , the Low Countries , Argentina, Brazil, and Germany, where he

2430-407: The parish of Azurara and splits again just after crossing the Ave river. In that road junction, the late Gothic Azurara Church was rebuilt in 1502 by the people of the village to commemorate the pilgrimage of Manuel I of Portugal . Just across the river, the town of Vila do Conde is still today crowned by the Monastery of Santa Clara (1318). The monastery's Neo-Palladian building (1777) dominates

2484-437: The perspective of Saint Roch's dog entitled 'His Dog and Pilgrim' in his 1983 collection Later On . The breaking of a statue of Saint Roch is a crucial incident in the 1934 novel Clochemerle by Gabriel Chevallier . In Albert Camus ' 1947 novel The Plague , worshippers in the cathedral of Oran are seen gathered around the statue of Saint Roch. In the 1992 science fiction novel Doomsday Book by Connie Willis ,

2538-506: The plague votive, was considered a talisman for warding off the plague. It portrayed a particular saint as an intercessor between God and the person or persons who commissioned the painting – usually a town, government, lay confraternity, or religious order to atone for the "collective guilt" of the community. Rather than a society depressed and resigned to repeated epidemics, these votives represent people taking positive steps to regain control over their environment. Paintings of Roch represent

2592-417: The town's skyline and is one of the pilgrim's first sights. The town of Vila do Conde is noted for the austere Gothic and lavish Late Gothic architecture, with the Matriz Church of Vila do Conde being built by king Manuel I during that pilgrimage. Vila do Conde riverside was a relevant Discovery Age port. As legacy, it keeps a carrack replica and Socorro Chapel (1559), built by the seafarers and inspired by

2646-591: The way. Some travel the Camino on bicycle or on horseback. Paths from the cities of Tours , Vézelay , and Le Puy-en-Velay meet at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. A fourth French route originates in Arles , in Provence , and crosses the French–Spanish frontier at a different point, between the Pyrenees towns of Somport and Canfranc . This fourth route follows the Aragonese Way and joins the French Way at Puente la Reina , south of Pamplona , in Navarre , about 700 kilometres from Santiago de Compostela. In 2017 roughly 60% of pilgrims travelled to Santiago de Compostela via

2700-401: Was a Majorcan Catholic confessor whose death is commemorated on 16 August and 9 September in Italy; he was especially invoked against the plague . He has the designation of Rollox in Glasgow , Scotland , said to be a corruption of Roch's Loch, which referred to a small loch once near a chapel dedicated to Roch in 1506. It is also the name of a football club, St Roch's in Glasgow. He

2754-450: Was accounted a miracle, for his noble mother had been barren until she prayed to the Virgin Mary . Miraculously marked from birth with a red cross on his breast that grew as he did, he early began to manifest strict asceticism and great devoutness; on days when his "devout mother fasted twice in the week, and the blessed child Rocke abstained him twice also when his mother fasted in the week and would suck his mother but once that day." On

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2808-443: Was arrested at Voghera as a spy (by orders of his own uncle) and thrown into prison, where he languished five years and died on 16 August 1327, without revealing his name. After his death, according to the Golden Legend ; anon an angel brought from heaven a table divinely written with letters of gold into the prison, which he laid under the head of S. Rocke. And in that table was written that God had granted to him his prayer, that

2862-420: Was known in antiquity as Celadus . The Brotherhood of Barca do Lago stated in 1635: "This passage is very popular and it is for more than 400 years in our peaceful possession". The Portuguese King Sancho II made the crossing there during a pilgrimage in 1244 and centuries later King Manuel I did the same in 1502. Currently, the crossing which replaces the barges in both the Coastal and the Coastal derivation of

2916-482: Was often interpolated into the roster of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , whose veneration spread in the wake of the Black Death . The 16th-century Scuola Grande di San Rocco and the adjacent church of San Rocco were dedicated to him by a confraternity at Venice , where his body was said to have been surreptitiously translated and was triumphantly inaugurated in 1485; the Scuola Grande is famous for its sequence of paintings by Tintoretto , who painted Roch in glory in

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