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64-481: A characteristic of the PostFinance Arena is that it has the world's largest general admission grandstand within an arena, with a capacity of 10,422 bench seats. The main roof comprises glulam arches, tied by steel tension members at their springing points. The maximum span of these arches is 85 metres. The PostFinance Arena was the main arena for the 2009 IIHF World Championships , and had already hosted

128-767: A "third alternative" between "unrestrained capitalism" and socialism, which was becoming increasingly popular in Europe. Hoover sought to foster a balance among labor, capital, and the government, and for this he has been variously labeled a " corporatist " or an associationalist . Hoover demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics to air travel. In some instances he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well; some began referring to him as

192-675: A businessman, accepted the position. In sharp contrast to the Interior Department, there were no scandals at Commerce. Hoover envisioned the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability. His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices, investing in infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. Contemporaries described Hoover's approach as

256-614: A design life of "at least 100 years". The cause of the failure was not immediately apparent, although during the 2016 inspection (see above) , one joint was found to have dowels that were too short. United States Department of Commerce The United States Department of Commerce ( DOC ) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government concerned with promoting the conditions for economic growth and opportunity. Among its tasks are gathering economic and demographic data for business and government decision making and helping to set industrial standards. Its main purpose

320-532: A large surface area for gluing. Automatic finger-jointing machines cut the pointed joints, connect and glue them together under pressure, allowing for a strong, durable joint, capable of carrying high loads comparable to natural wood with the same cross-section. Computer numerical control (CNC) allows to cut glued laminated timber into unusual shapes with a high degree of precision. CNC machine tools can utilize up to five axes, which enables undercutting and hollowing-out processes. The cost-effective CNC machines carve

384-612: Is Keystone Wye in the Black Hills of South Dakota, constructed in 1967. The da Vinci Bridge in Norway, completed in 2001, is almost completely constructed with glulam. The Kingsway Pedestrian Bridge in Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada, is constructed of cast-in-place concrete for the support piers, structural steel and glulam for the arch, a post tensioned precast concrete walking deck, and stainless steel support rods connecting

448-653: Is a sustainable building material, often sourced from sustainably managed forests. Its use in wedding chapels aligns with the growing trend toward environmentally conscious construction practices. In 2019, the world's tallest structure employing the use of glulam was Mjøstårnet , an 18-story mixed-use building in Brumunddal , Norway. In 2022, the Ascent MKE building in Milwaukee , Wisconsin, surpassed it with 26 stories, measuring over 86 meters tall. The roof of

512-399: Is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock . The principles of glulam construction are believed to date back to

576-475: Is one notable application of glulam is in the construction of wedding chapels. The use of glulam in these structures provides several advantages: Aesthetic Appeal : Glulam offers a warm, natural look that enhances the romantic and serene atmosphere of a wedding chapel. The exposed wooden beams can be crafted into elegant arches or intricate patterns, adding to the visual interest of the space. Structural Strength : Glulam's high strength-to-weight ratio allows for

640-745: Is to promote job and economic growth , encourage economic development and block harmful trade practices of other nations. It is headed by the Secretary of Commerce , who reports directly to the President of the United States , and is a member of the President's Cabinet . The Department of Commerce is headquartered in the Herbert C. Hoover Building in Washington, D.C. The department

704-693: The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in France is composed of sixteen kilometers of glued laminated timber intersecting to form hexagonal units. With a surface area of 8,000 m , the irregular geometry of the roof, featuring various curves and counter-curves, resembles a Chinese hat . In 2005, researchers at Lund University , Sweden, found a number of failures of glulam structures in Scandinavian countries. They concluded that construction faults or design errors were responsible. In January 2002

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768-694: The Department of Education and Department of Energy . Perry's campaign cited the frequency with which agencies had historically been moved into and out of the department and its lack of a coherent focus, and advocated moving its vital programs into other departments such as the Department of the Interior , Department of Labor , and Department of the Treasury . The Economic Development Administration would be completely eliminated. On January 13, 2012, President Barack Obama announced his intentions to ask

832-717: The National Institute of Standards and Technology ; a statistical division including the United States Census Bureau and other data-collection agencies currently in the Commerce Department, and also the Bureau of Labor Statistics which would be transferred from the Department of Labor; a trade and investment policy office; and a small business development office. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) would be transferred from

896-581: The Radio Act of 1927 , which allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed "non-useful" to the public. Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners. Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by indirect government subsidies. He encouraged

960-611: The Richmond Olympic Oval , built for speed skating events at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia , features one of the world's largest clearspan wooden structures. The roof includes 2,400 cubic metres of Douglas fir lamstock lumber in glulam beams. A total of 34 yellow cedar glulam posts support the overhangs where the roof extends beyond the walls. Anaheim Ice rink in Anaheim, California

1024-555: The Small Business Administration , which are all currently independent agencies . The Obama administration projected that the reorganization would save $ 3 billion and would help the administration's goal of doubling U.S. exports in five years. The new agency would be organized around four "pillars": a technology and innovation office including the United States Patent and Trademark Office and

1088-742: The Thompson Brothers Boat Manufacturing Company took on the project. The Wisconsin Industrial Commission, however, rejected the arches as they had no previous experience working with glulam. A compromise was reached in which the arches could be used if they were used in conjunction with bolts, lags, metal strapping, and angles to reinforce the structure. Though the reinforcements were unnecessary, ground finally broke in late 1934 featuring four spans of three-hinged arches with clear spans of 20 metres (64 ft). The partnership for this project lead to

1152-427: The estate tax . When Hoover joined the department, almost no families had radios; when he became president in 1929, 10 million owned one, and most of the rest listened in a nearby home, store or restaurant. Hoover's department set the policies that shaped the entire new industry. Hoover's radio conferences played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of radio broadcasting. Hoover also helped pass

1216-489: The inaugural Victoria Cup the previous year. Likewise, in May 2016, the 2016 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held at the arena. PostFinance Arena holds a Europe-wide attendance record, having a 16,203 spectator average in the 2008/2009 season. Due to its age and with an eye towards the 2009 IIHF World Championships, the arena was renovated. The holder invested about CHF 100 million (~$ 100 million) into

1280-497: The "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments". In response to the Depression of 1920–21 , he convinced Harding to assemble a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending. He endorsed much of Mellon's tax reduction program, but favored a more progressive tax system and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate

1344-731: The 1860s, in the assembly room of King Edward VI College , a school in Southampton , England. The first patent however emerged in 1901 when Otto Karl Freidrich Hetzer, a carpenter from Weimar , Germany, patented this method of construction. Approved in Switzerland, Hetzer's patent explored creating a straight beam out of several laminations glued together. In 1906 he received a patent in Germany for curved sections of glulam. Other countries in Europe soon began approving patents and by 1922, glulam had been used in 14 countries. The technology

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1408-516: The Commerce Department a clearinghouse of information. He recruited numerous academics from various fields and tasked them with publishing reports on different aspects of the economy, including steel production and films. To eliminate waste, he encouraged the standardization of products like automobile tires and baby bottle nipples. Other efforts at eliminating waste included reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing

1472-437: The Department of Commerce into the Department of the Interior. Later that year, shortly before the 2012 presidential election, Obama invoked the idea of a "secretary of business" in reference to the plan. The reorganization was part of a larger proposal which would grant the president the authority to propose mergers of federal agencies, which would then be subject to an up-or-down Congressional vote. This ability had existed from

1536-873: The Great Depression until the Reagan presidency, when Congress rescinded the authority. The Obama administration plan faced criticism for some of its elements. Some Congress members expressed concern that the Office of the United States Trade Representative would lose focus if it were included in a larger bureaucracy, especially given its status as an "honest broker" between other agencies, which tend to advocate for specific points of view. The overall plan has also been criticized as an attempt to create an agency similar to Japan's powerful Ministry of International Trade and Industry , which

1600-680: The Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the savings and loan industry to promote the new long-term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction. Other accomplishments included winning the agreement of U.S. Steel to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of the Colorado River Compact , a water rights compact among Southwestern states. The department has always been involved in promoting international non-financial business. It stations commercial attachés at embassies around

1664-525: The National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were

1728-578: The Perkolo bridge in Sjoa , Norway, in 2016 was caused by a design miscalculation of stresses at joints. Following this incident thirteen road bridges of glulam construction were checked, with only minor faults found. On 15 August 2022 Tretten Bridge in Gudbrandsdalen , Norway, collapsed as two vehicles were crossing. It was made with glulam and steel construction and had been erected in 2012, with

1792-871: The United States Congress for the power to close the department and replace it with a new cabinet-level agency focused on trade and exports. The new agency would include the Office of the United States Trade Representative , currently part of the Executive Office of the President , as well as the Export-Import Bank of the United States , the Overseas Private Investment Corporation , the United States Trade and Development Agency , and

1856-403: The United States and into Canada and has been used for other structures, such as bridges, as well. It is currently standardized under ANSI Standard A190.1. The manufacturing of glulam is typically broken down into four steps: drying and grading the lumber, joining the lumber to form longer laminations, gluing the layers, and finishing and fabrication. The lumber used to produce glulam may come to

1920-505: The administration of President Donald Trump , the policy has been to restrict high-technology flows to China. From 1949 to 1994, the department worked with the 17-nation Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls, which restricted technological flows to the Soviet Union and other communist nations. Since 1980, the Commerce Department works to neutralize the dumping of exports or the subsidies of overseas production. Along with

1984-600: The amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping. He promoted international trade by opening overseas offices to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Hollywood films overseas. His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration to promote ownership of single-family dwellings, with groups such as the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and

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2048-774: The arch to the walking deck. Glulam is used for the construction of multi-use facilities such as churches, school buildings, and libraries. The Cathedral of Christ the Light in Oakland, California , is one such example and uses glulam to enhance the ecological and aesthetic effect. It was built as the replacement of the Cathedral of Saint Francis de Sales , which became unusable after the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989. The 2,010-square-metre (21,600 sq ft), 34-metre-high (110 ft) vesica piscis -shaped building formed

2112-455: The best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets. With the goal of encouraging wise business investments, Hoover made

2176-656: The creation of Unit Structures Inc., a construction firm for glulam owned by both the Hanisch and Thompson families. In 1936, Unit Structures patented both the forming equipment used to produce glulam arches and the glulam arches themselves. A second project, this time for the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), gave Unit Structures the opportunity to prove the strength and stiffness of glulam members to architects and engineers. Full-scale load tests conducted by placing 14.3 tonnes (31,500 lb) of sandbags on

2240-557: The creation of large, open spaces free of columns or other supports that could obstruct views. This is especially important in wedding chapels, where an unobstructed view of the ceremony is desirable. Versatility in Design : Glulam can be shaped into various forms, including curves and angles that traditional solid wood might not easily achieve. This versatility allows architects to design unique and iconic wedding chapels that stand out for their architectural beauty. Sustainability : Glulam

2304-485: The desired appearance. Corners are often rounded as well. Specifications for appearance may require additional finishing such as filling knot holes with putty, finer sanding, and applying sealers, finishes, or primers. When glued laminated timber was introduced as a building material in the early twentieth century, casein glues (which are waterproof but have lower shear strength ) were widely used. Joints with casein glues had detachment failures due to inherent stresses in

2368-434: The development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for crop dusting . He also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later Federal Aviation Administration . As Commerce Secretary, Hoover hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as

2432-496: The export controls, this work continues to generate friction with other nations. On July 20, 2020, the commerce department announced adding eleven Chinese firms to an export blacklist for committing human rights abuse against Uyghur Muslims and other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang by conducting genetic analysis on them. Two of the firms sanctioned were subsidiaries of BGI Group, a Chinese genetic sequencing, and biomedical firm. In

2496-621: The extension and restoration of the building. The modification was finished by April 24, 2009, when the World Championships started. The interior of the arena is mostly unchanged, especially the steep standing room stand, which is very popular with the fans. However the VIP-zone was entirely rebuilt and the capacity there was extended by about 500. The total capacity is now 17,031 spectators. Glued laminated timber Glued laminated timber , commonly referred to as glulam ,

2560-405: The frame with a glued-laminated timber beam and steel-rod skeleton covered with a glass skin. Considering the conventional mode of construction with steel or reinforced concrete moment-frame, this glulam-and-steel combination case is regarded as an advanced way to realize the economy and aesthetic in the construction. As an alternative to new-felled oak trees, glued laminated timber was proposed as

2624-517: The large members at an early stage in the design. The PostFinance Arena is an example of a wide-span sports stadium roof using glulam arches reaching up to 85 metres. The structure was built in Bern in 1967, and has subsequently been refurbished and extended. Eastern Kentucky University 's Alumni Coliseum was built in 1963 with the world's largest glued laminated arches, which span 93.967 metres (308 ft 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in). The roof of

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2688-448: The layers together. For curved beams, the lumber is instead stacked in a curved form. These beams are cured at room temperature for 5 to 16 hours before the pressure is released. Combining pressure with RF curing can reduce the time needed for curing. The wide-side faces faces of the beams are sanded or planed to remove resin that was squeezed out between the boards. The narrow top and bottom faces may also be sanded if necessary to achieve

2752-435: The lumber is cut to length and planed on each side to ensure smooth surfaces for gluing. Once planed, a glue extruder spreads the resin onto the lumber. This resin is most often phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde , but PF resin or melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin can also be used. For straight beams, the resinated lumber is stacked in a specific lay-up pattern in a clamping bed where a mechanical or hydraulic system presses

2816-399: The lumber must be end-jointed. The most common joint for this is a finger joint , 1.1 in (2.8 cm) in length that is cut on either end with special cutter heads. A structural resin, typically RF curing melamine formaldehyde (MF) or PF resin, is applied to the joint between successive boards and cured under end pressure using a continuous RF curing system. After the resins have cured,

2880-473: The manufacturers pre-dried. A hand-held or on the line moisture meter is used to check the moisture level. Each piece of lumber going into the manufacturing process should have a moisture content between 8% and 14% in accordance with the adhesive used. Lumber above this threshold is redried. Knots on the ends of the dried lumber are trimmed. Lumber is then grouped based on the grade. To create lengths of glulam longer than those typically available for sawn lumber,

2944-407: The material using mechanical tools, like a router. Advantages to using glulam in construction: Large stadium roofs are a common application for wide-span glulam beams. Advantages are the light weight of the material and the ability to furnish long lengths and large cross-sections. Prefabrication is invariably employed and the structural engineer needs to specify methods for delivery and erection of

3008-523: The midst of World War II, glulam construction became more widespread as steel was needed for the war effort. In 1952, leading fabricators of engineered and solid wood joined forces to create the American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) to help standardize the industry and promote its use. The first U.S. manufacturing standard for glulam was published by the Department of Commerce in 1963. Since then, glulam manufacturing has spread within

3072-432: The most active secretary in the history of the department until the end of his position in 1928. After his election as president in 1920, Warren G. Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce . Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities, but Hoover, emphasizing his identity as

3136-401: The roof exceeded the design specs by 50%. The noted deflections were also in favor of the system. While the results took some time to get published, the test enabled Unit Structures to continue building with glulam. At this time, I-sections featuring plywood webs and glulam flanges became popular in Europe while rectangular sections became the norm in America. The I-sections saved on lumber, which

3200-578: The roof of the Siemens velodrome arena in Copenhagen collapsed when a joint between glulam trusses failed at the point of its dowel fastenings. In February 2003 the roof of a newly built exhibition hall in Jyväskylä , Finland, collapsed. It was found that during construction the specified number of dowels at joints between glulam timbers were missing or had been wrongly placed. The collapse of

3264-612: The same year October, the BGI Group firm was again named in the alleged exploitation of medical samples of patients testing for Covid-19 in Nevada using the 200,000 rapid testing kits donated by the United Arab Emirates under its AI and cloud computing firm, Group 42 . The Emirati firm, also known as G42, has previously been named in the mass surveillance of people via an instant messaging application called ToTok, which

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3328-471: The structural material in the replacement spire of Notre-Dame de Paris , destroyed by fire in 2019 . Glulam is used extensively in public facilities due to its ability to span large spaces without the need for intermediate supports. This quality is particularly beneficial in creating open, airy interiors that are both functional and visually striking. The Lokameru Sunsetfalls in Salatiga , Indonesia ,

3392-430: The wood. Cold-curing synthetic resin glues were invented in 1928. "Kaurit" and other urea-formaldehyde resin glues are inexpensive, easy to use, waterproof and enable high adhesive strength. The development of resin glues contributed to the wide use of glued laminated timber construction. The use of finger joints with glulam allowed for production of glulam beams and columns on large scale. Glulam finger joints provide

3456-556: The world. Currently, the key sub-agencies are the International Trade Administration , and the Bureau of Industry and Security . The ITA provides technical expertise to numerous American companies, helping them adjust to foreign specifications. It provides guidance and marketing data as well. The Office of Export Enforcement administers export controls, especially regarding the spread of nuclear technology and highly advanced electronic technology. Under

3520-567: Was abolished in 2001 after some of its initiatives failed and it became seen as a hindrance to growth. NOAA's climate and terrestrial operations and fisheries and endangered species programs would be expected to integrate well with agencies already in the Interior Department, such as the United States Geological Survey and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . However, environmental groups such as

3584-430: Was actually a spy application snooping on user data. The Department of Commerce was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $ 14.6 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows: Proposals to reorganize the department go back many decades. The Department of Commerce was one of three departments that Texas governor Rick Perry advocated eliminating during his 2012 presidential campaign , along with

3648-738: Was added to the department after the Federal Works Agency was dismantled. In 1958, the independent Federal Aviation Agency was created and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was abolished. The United States Travel Service was established by the United States Secretary of Commerce on July 1, 1961, pursuant to the International Travel Act of 1961 (75 Stat. 129; 22 U.S.C. 2121 note) The Economic Development Administration

3712-504: Was beneficial to Europeans as they had high lumber costs but were more labor intensive, which was expensive in the States. The glulam system piqued the interest of those on the west coast and many firms began to engage with it. In 1942, the introduction of a fully water-resistant phenol-resorcinol adhesive enabled glulam to be used in exposed exterior environments without concern of glue line degradation, expanding its applicable market. During

3776-481: Was built in 1995 by Disney Development Company and architect Frank Gehry using large double-curved yellow pine glulam beams. Glulam has been used for pedestrian, forest, highway, and railway bridges. Pressure-treated glulam timbers or timbers manufactured from naturally durable wood species are well suited for creating bridges and waterfront structures. Wood is naturally resistant to corrosion by salt used for de-icing roadways. One North American glulam bridge

3840-495: Was created in 1965. In 1966, the Bureau of Public Roads was transferred to the newly created Department of Transportation. The Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) was created on March 5, 1969, originally established by President Richard M. Nixon as the Office of Minority Business Enterprise. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was created on October 3, 1970. The Cabinet Council on Commerce and Trade

3904-523: Was first brought to the United States by Max Hanisch Sr., who had been associated with the Hetzer firm in 1906 before emigrating to the United States in 1923. With no financial backing, it was not until 1934 that Hanisch was able to first use glulam in the United States. The project, a school and community gym in Peshtigo, Wisconsin , took time to get started, as manufacturers were hard to find, but eventually

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3968-547: Was one of multiple Cabinet Councils established in the United States on or about February 26, 1981 by the Reagan Administration. In 2020, the Department of Commerce suffered a data breach following a cyberattack likely conducted by a nation state adversary , possibly Russia. Herbert Hoover was appointed Secretary of Commerce in 1921 by then-President Warren G. Harding . Hoover was, by far,

4032-547: Was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, as the bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor . Since its creation, the Commerce Department has seen various agencies and administrative offices shift in and out of its organizational structure. The United States Patent and Trademark Office

4096-865: Was transferred from the Interior Department into the Commerce Department in 1925. The Federal Employment Stabilization Office existed within the department from 1931 to 1939. In 1940, the Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service ) was transferred from the Agriculture Department , and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was also merged into the Commerce Department. In 1949, the Public Roads Administration

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