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67-752: The patriotes movement was a political movement that existed in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec ) from the turn of the 19th century to the Patriote Rebellion of 1837 and 1838 and the subsequent Act of Union of 1840 . The partisan embodiment of the movement was the Parti patriote , which held many seats in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (the elected lower house of the Lower Canadian parliament ). The movement

134-2129: A "mute scream" followed by cheers and applause. Smaller cities, such as Granada, decided to start before midnight to avoid disturbing the neighbors. These protests occurred even though protests on the day before elections are banned. Around 28,000 people (according to the police) crowded Puerta del Sol and the neighboring streets despite the prohibition. Other cities also gathered large numbers of people: 15,000 in Malaga, 10,000 in Valencia, 8,000 in Barcelona, 6,000 in Zaragoza, 4,000 in Seville, 3,000 in Bilbao, 3,000 in Palma, 2,000 in Gijón, 2,000 in Oviedo, 1,500 in Granada, 1,000 in Vigo, 800 in Almeria, around 800 in Avilés, 600 in Cadiz, 200 in Huelva, and around 100 in Jaen. Demonstrations also occurred in other European cities, with 300 protesters participating in London, 500 in Amsterdam, 600 in Brussels and 200 in Lisbon. Minor demonstrations occurred in Athens, Milan, Budapest, Tangiers, Paris, Berlin, Vienna and Rome. Just after 2:00 p.m. on election day,

201-699: A Future (Spanish: Juventud Sin Futuro ). Spanish media related the movement to the 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis , the Arab Spring , as well as demonstrations in North Africa , Iran , Greece , Portugal , and Iceland . The movement was also compared to Stéphane Hessel 's political manifesto Time for Outrage! , which was seen to empower Spanish youth who were not in education, employment, or training (NEET) . Protestors rallied against high unemployment rates , welfare cuts, politicians, and

268-485: A banner saying "WELCOME DIGNITY," received with cheers and applause. The march culminated in a wrap up and after-action review assembly, at which participants shared the social, political and economic problems of the towns visited along the way, as well as the proposals made by the townspeople. The protesters created The Book of the People to collect these experiences and redacted it into an official document to be deposited in

335-544: A broken arm. The protesters who had been vacated returned to the square by early afternoon. Similar incidents also occurred in Lleida and Sabadell , where Mossos d'Esquadra officers dismantled the protesters' encampments. According to police figures, more than 12,000 people gathered in Barcelona through the course of the day, angry about the earlier actions of the police and painting their hands white and carrying flowers as symbols of protest. They demanded, among other things,

402-545: A campout started as of 19 May), and other provincial capitals and cities in Spain. Protesters created support groups for each campout on Twitter and other national and international networks. Google Docs and other servers began to receive download requests for documents needed to legally request permission for new protests. In the morning, the Federación de Asociaciones de Vecinos de Barcelona (FAVB) announced its support of

469-427: A certain ideology. Parties also participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on the issues and concerns which are the focus of the movement. Some political movements have turned into or launched political parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the creation of the populist party Podemos and

536-498: A mass response at 8 p.m. in several Spanish squares. Large groups of demonstrators returned to protest in various cities, standing apart from the group in Madrid. The police allowed protesters to camp out in a few cities, like A Coruña , where more than 1,000 people gathered. In Madrid more than 12,000 people gathered and about 200 protesters organized into an assembly , during which they decided to organize themselves for spending

603-720: A political movement there lies a strategic mobilization of individuals. Political movements are different from political parties since movements are usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals. In a political party, a political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through conventional methods, usually by nominating their candidates and seating candidates in politics and governmental offices. However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one way or another and both are often related to

670-556: A response to the police violence, demonstrators called for a protest in the city later that day, which gathered around 2,000 people. Support demonstrations were held in Barcelona and Madrid, the latter ending up in front of the Parliament for a second night. Barcelona's protest finished in front of the Popular Party's office. Thousands of indignados from the whole country concentrated at the gates of major city halls during

737-513: The 15-M Movement ( Spanish : Movimiento 15-M ), and the Indignados Movement , was a series of protests, demonstrations, and occupations against austerity policies in Spain that began around the local and regional elections of 2011 and 2012. Beginning on 15 May 2011, many of the subsequent demonstrations spread through various social networks such as Real Democracy NOW (Spanish: Democracia Real YA ) and Youth Without

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804-643: The Congreso de los Diputados , with a police barrier preventing them from entering the building. Demonstrations in front of the Parliament are banned in Madrid, but the protest finished without incident. In Valencia, dozens of people decided to stay in front of the regional Parliament. In Barcelona, around 50 people protested outside the Catalan Parliament against Felip Puig. In the morning, police clashed with protesters in Valencia , injuring 18. As

871-573: The Congress of Deputies ' register. A provisional camp was established in Paseo del Prado to host the thousands of newly arrived walkers. During the day's rally, protesters sprayed red hand graffiti on buildings and posted bills saying "GUILTY" on bank offices and ministries, referencing the widely held belief that the crisis was caused by banks, the Government, and cuts in social services. Due to

938-545: The Gran Vía avenue and staged a peaceful sit-in in Callao street, to which police responded by beating protesters with truncheons . As a result of the clashes and the following riots, several shop windows were destroyed and trash containers burned. Police officers arrested 24 people, and five police officers were injured. On 17 May, ¡Democracia Real YA! condemned the "brutal police repression" and rejected any association with

1005-567: The Indignant People's March began walking towards Madrid from throughout the country, planning to arrive in the capital on 23 July. The March's goal was to expand the proposals of the Movement while visiting rural areas, collecting their demands, and starting people's assemblies. The March was organized in eight columns, consisting of dozens of activists from 16 cities: Dozens of people protested outside Barcelona's town hall during

1072-545: The Lower Canada Rebellion , which was put down by the British army and its volunteer militia . Political movement An organization in a political movement that is led by a communist party is termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors. Some of the theories behind social movements have also been applied to the emergence of political movements in specific, like

1139-699: The Mossos d'Esquadra and roughly 100 more from the Guàrdia Urbana to temporarily vacate Plaça de Catalunya so that it could be cleaned ahead of the Champions League final on 28 May, in which FC Barcelona were playing against Manchester United. The resulting violent clash ended in 121 light injuries and provoked new calls to protest in all squares still occupied across Spain. The majority of those injured suffered bruises and open wounds caused by police officers' truncheons; one protester left with

1206-500: The indignados (outraged) that had gathered at Puerta del Sol announced that they had voted to stay at least another week, until noon on 29 May. Early analysis of the local and regional elections , won by the People's Party , suggested the protest movement could have contributed to losses for the ruling PSOE , and to increased numbers of spoilt or blank votes, which reached record levels. In Murcia about 80 people gained access to

1273-519: The two-party system in Spain, as well as the political system , capitalism , banks , and public corruption . Many called for basic rights, of home, work, culture, health, and education. The movement transferred to Europe the model of the protest camp which had been formed in the Arab Spring, adapting it to a more countercultural framework. This would later expand until influencing the creation of Occupy Wall Street . According to RTVE ,

1340-677: The Empire. In 1834, Louis-Joseph Papineau drafted the Ninety-Two Resolutions to United Kingdom to obtain these and other aims. The Resolutions were in great part denied by the Russell Resolutions, which resulted in a radicalization of the Patriotes and their moving closer to demands of outright independence and a Lower Canada republic. Many of its followers ended up taking part in an armed insurrection known as

1407-581: The Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski). Anti-austerity movement in Spain The anti-austerity movement in Spain , also referred to as

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1474-538: The Fraternity of the Virgin of Rosario, whose procession overlapped with the end of the protest after the latter continued longer than expected. In Santiago de Compostela, a group of eight hooded people smashed several banks and local businesses. It was estimated by Deconomia that about 130,000 people throughout Spain followed the protesters that day. At the end of the demonstrations in Madrid, protesters blocked

1541-601: The Spanish ones were organised in Dublin , Lisbon , Amsterdam , Istanbul , Bologna , London and Paris . Before the demonstrations, ¡Democracia Real YA! staged several symbolic events, such as the occupation of a bank in Murcia on 13 May. The first event was called under the motto "we are not goods in the hands of politicians and bankers" and was focused on opposition to what the demonstrators called "antisocial means in

1608-459: The Spanish public broadcasting company, between 6.5 and 8 million Spaniards participated in these events. Since the 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis began, Spain has had one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe, reaching a eurozone record of 21.3%. The number of unemployed people in Spain stood at 4,910,200 at the end of March 2011, up about 214,000 from the previous quarter, while

1675-750: The US are the Black Lives Matter Movement , and the Me Too Movement . While political movements that have happened in recent years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring . While in some cases these political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into revolutions and changed the state of government. Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political movement in 17th century England, which

1742-601: The appeal on the formality that the appellant had not appealed first to the Supreme Court. At 10:47 p.m. United Left announced it would appeal the Supreme Court's decision before the Tribunal Constitucional. They had until midnight. At around 11:00 p.m., some 16,000 (according to the police) to 19,000 (according to RTVE ) people were gathered at and around Puerta del Sol. In Madrid, Barcelona, Malaga and other cities, 21 May started with

1809-678: The country on the night of 19–20 May. At 10:00 a.m. United Left appealed the Electoral Board's decision to ban the protests before Spain's Supreme Court. Hours later, the State Prosecution presented its arguments to the court. Spain's public broadcaster, RTVE , reported that the State Prosecutor upheld the decision taken by the Central Electoral Board to ban the rallies. Meanwhile,

1876-767: The creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy. The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text

1943-517: The crowds. That day the tag #spanishrevolution, as well as other ones related to the protests, became trending topics on Twitter . In the early hours of 17 May, police cleared the Puerta del Sol square and removed the 150 people who had camped out. Two protesters were arrested and one injured. In response to the eviction and police violence, protesters (independent of the ¡Democracia Real YA! organization ) used SMS , Facebook and Twitter to call for

2010-525: The dawn of 18 May. The camp can be considered a form of prefigurative politics and can be understood as a small symbolic city within the city. According to El País , many protesters wore carnations , imitating protesters during the Portuguese Carnation Revolution . In addition, protesters organized a food stand, which provided food donated by local businesses, and set up a webcam to provide news from Puerta del Sol through

2077-718: The demonstrations and the 2008–09 protests against the Bologna Process . The anti-austerity movement in Portugal also inspired the demonstrations undertaken in Spain. According to Peter Gelderloos, the movement led to the creation of hundreds of police-free zones across the country, hospitals were occupied and saved from privatisation , neighbourhood assemblies sprang up, unused land and homes were occupied and squatted , worker cooperatives were founded and urban community gardens were established. In January 2011, users on Spanish social media networks and forums created

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2144-1053: The digital platform ¡Democracia Real YA!. Using Twitter and Facebook , it called "the unemployed, poorly paid, the subcontractors , the precarious , young people..." to take to the streets on 15 May in the following places: A Coruña , Albacete , Algeciras , Alicante , Almería , Arcos de la Frontera , Badajoz , Barcelona , Bilbao , Burgos , Cáceres , Cadiz , Cartagena , Castellón , Ciudad Real , Córdoba , Cuenca , Ferrol , Figueres , Fuengirola , Gijón , Granada , Guadalajara , Huelva , Jaén , Lanzarote , La Palma , León , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Lleida , Logroño , Lugo , Madrid , Málaga , Menorca , Mérida , Monforte de Lemos , Murcia , Ourense , Oviedo , Palma , Pamplona , Plasencia , Ponferrada , Puertollano , Salamanca , San Sebastián , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Santander , Santiago de Compostela , Seville , Soria , Tarragona , Toledo , Torrevieja , Ubrique , Valencia , Valladolid , Vigo , Vitoria and Zaragoza . That same day, small demonstrations in support of

2211-402: The driving force for political movements to be established. The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances . This theory postulates that movements rely on resources and contact to the establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at the beginning and core of

2278-593: The first general strike in a decade, on 29 September 2010. For the rest of the year, the government proceeded with economic reforms. In January 2011, the government reached an agreement with the main trade unions to increase the retirement age from 65 to 67. Anarcho-syndicalist and other related unions rejected the plan and called for a strike on 27 January in Galicia , Catalonia and the Basque Country . Other demonstrations in Madrid ended up in altercations with

2345-458: The hands of bankers." The motto referred partly to the changes made in 2010 to contain the ongoing European sovereign debt crisis through bailout of the banks, which the Spanish society saw as responsible for the crisis. At the same time, the government continued to announce social program cutbacks. Protesters demanded spiritual philanthropy. According to ¡Democracia Real YA! , 50,000 people gathered in Madrid alone. The National Police placed

2412-510: The headquarters of the television channel 7 Región de Murcia , avoiding security staff, in order to read a manifesto denouncing media manipulation . Approximately 30 people gained unobstructed entry to the Tarragona office of the Ministry of Economy and Finance and shouted slogans against the political and economic systems, before moving to several financial sites in the city centre to do

2479-401: The importance of the effects of what has been called " The Facebook Generation " on the protests. The Portuguese paper Jornal de Notícias reported on the protests in Madrid as soon as it was known that they had been prohibited. The New York Times cited El País and noted the strong organization of the protesters, particularly the 200 people who had been placed in charge of security, and

2546-520: The incident to check if police action was disproportionate and violated citizens' rights. At least 40 people gathered in Montcada i Reixac , Barcelona. They prevented court officials from serving a family with the order to leave their home immediately and protested against banks repossessing people's homes. Representatives from 53 assemblies around Spain gathered in a mass assembly in Puerta del Sol. In Madrid, hundreds of people gathered in front of

2613-440: The incidents. After the incidents, a group of 100 people headed to Puerta del Sol and started camping in the middle of the square, which would result in the following day's protests. During the day, several people gathered in Puerta del Sol and decided to stay in the square until the elections on 22 May. Meanwhile, 200 people started a similar action in Barcelona's Plaça Catalunya , although police initially attempted to disperse

2680-660: The labor movements in Brazil helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party . These types of movement parties serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement in government, since the established parties may have neglected this issue in the past. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are

2747-612: The law; the PSOE, PP and Convergence and Union affirmed these criticisms. An anonymous campaign with the # nolesvotes appeared online, calling on citizens to vote against any of the parties that passed the law. Prior to 15 May, other demonstrations served as precursors to the main protests in Madrid. These demonstrations include the 7 April protest in Madrid by the student group Youth without Future ( Juventud Sin Futuro ), which gathered 5,000 people. Spanish media drew comparisons between

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2814-791: The mayors' swearing-ins after the elections. Protesters broke in on the act in Granada , while two activists were arrested in Burgos and three in Palma . In Castellón , the police dissolved the demonstration violently. On Sunday, 12 June, four weeks after the protests had begun, protesters in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid began to leave, dismantling the camp site; packing up tents, libraries, and shops; and removing protest signs from surrounding sites. Thousands of people assembled in front of Barcelona's Parc de la Ciutadella and organized themselves to spend

2881-569: The newspapers the Montreal Vindicator , Le Canadien , and La Minerve . The movement demanded democratic reforms, such as an elected Legislative Council, as opposed to the contemporary council whose members were appointed for life by the British Crown. The Parti patriote also sought to place control of the colony's budget in the hands of the elected assembly, thus supporting Lower Canada's position as semi-autonomous within

2948-506: The night in the square, creating cleaning, communication, extension, materials and legal committees. Previously, small businesses had provided a great deal of assistance with supplies, including food. Dozens of people also gathered in front of the courthouse in Madrid, where the people arrested during the 15 May demonstration were being held. All detainees were released. Protests and nighttime camp-outs took place in 30 cities around Spain, including Barcelona and Valencia. The protests gained

3015-484: The night, in order to start a blockade of the Catalan Parliament (which is inside the park) on the following day and prevent deputies from entering the building, where the debate on the 2011 budget, which would result in cuts in education and health, was to take place. Clashes between protesters and Mossos d'Esquadra occurred in the early hours of the morning when hundreds of protesters gathered in front of

3082-569: The number at 20,000. The march started in Plaza de Cibeles and ended in Puerta del Sol , where several manifestos were read. Also according to the organizers, 15,000 gathered in the demonstration in Barcelona, which ended in front of the Parliament of Catalonia . In other cities such as Granada, up to 5,000 protesters attended. These protests took place mostly without incident, except for an exchange of insults between some protesters and members of

3149-483: The organiser of the event, and ¡Democracia Real YA! rejected the use of violence but denounced the criminalization of the movement by the media. On Twitter and other social networks, many users suggested the possibility that secret police, infiltrated to cause the violence, started most of the clashes. A massive demonstration was carried out in almost 80 Spanish cities and towns. It is believed that more than three million people rallied that day. The first columns of

3216-512: The parliament, including the president of Catalonia, Artur Mas . Although lawmakers managed to enter the Catalan Parliament, the scheduled session started with a 15-minute delay. The protest was criticized by politicians across the country. During a press conference, Mas warned of a possible "legitimate use of force" in case demonstrators stayed outside the Parliament, and he called on the public to be understanding. Some politicians went so far as to denounce an attempted "coup d'etat." Acampadabcn,

3283-715: The peaceful nature of the protests in Puerta del Sol. In the evening, the President of the Regional Electoral Committee of Madrid issued a statement declaring the protests illegal because "calls for a responsible vote can change the results of the elections." Police units stationed at Plaza del Sol, however, received orders from the Government Delegation not to take out any further action. According to Britain's The Guardian , "tens of thousands" had camped out in Madrid and throughout

3350-420: The police announced that they had been given instructions not to dissolve the crowd at Puerta del Sol provided that there was no disturbance of the peace. RTVE later reported that the country's Constitutional Court had been deliberating since 7:30 p.m. whether to review an appeal against the decision of the Central Electoral Board. At 10:08 p.m., RTVE reported that the Constitutional Court had rejected

3417-452: The police cordon, while officers fired plastic bullets in order to disperse a group of protesters who had set up barricades using rubbish containers. Hours later, scuffles broke out as Mossos de Esquadra pushed protesters back so the deputies who arrived on foot could pass through. Some deputies, such as former Minister of Labour Celestino Corbacho , were jostled, heckled and sprayed on their way in, while others used police helicopters to get to

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3484-456: The police. The majority of Spaniards also rejected the higher retirement age. In February a wide-sweeping internet copyright infringement policy known as the Sinde law passed, adding another motivation for the protests. The law allowed an administrative commission to shut down any website that showed links or allowed irregular downloading of copyrighted content without judicial supervision. Users on Spanish forums and social networks criticized

3551-420: The political opportunity theory and the resource mobilization theory. The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources, connections or grievances in society. Political opportunities can be created by possible changes in the political system, structure or by other developments in the political sphere and they are

3618-459: The presence of women in the legislatures. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements. Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the anti-war movement , the ecology movement , alter-globalization and the anti-globalization movement . With globalization , global citizens movements may have also emerged. Many political movements have aimed to establish or broaden

3685-478: The protests in Barcelona. Protesters agreed to hold meetings between their organizing committees each day at 1 p.m. and assemblies at 8 p.m. The Washington Post covered the protests on 15 May; on 18 May, more media outlets began to publish news reports. Among them was Le Monde , the most widely circulated newspaper written in French, with an article that noted the rarity of such large-scale protests in Spain. The German newspaper Der Spiegel noted

3752-557: The reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". They identify four types of movement parties: green / left-libertarian , far-right , eclectic , and centrist . For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics. For example, the political scientist S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than

3819-454: The resignation of the head of the Mossos d'Esquadra, Felip Puig . They also claimed that, following the incident, the encampment likely would not be taken down on Sunday, 29 May, as had previously been stated. The clearing of the Barcelona camp was broadcast live by two Spanish television channels, including Antena 3 , and was also widely dispersed through social networks such as Twitter. The Catalan ombudsman opened an investigation into

3886-884: The rights of subordinate groups, such as abolitionism , the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement , feminism , gay rights movement , the disability rights movement , the animal rights movement , or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the labour movement , socialism , and communism , while others have expressed national aspirations, including both anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin , as well as colonialist movements such as Manifest destiny . Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism , fascism , and Nazism . Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements that have recently emerged within

3953-443: The same. In Málaga , the Ministry of Defence decided to relocate various activities for Armed Forces Day , including the King's visit, planned for Friday 27. Protesters had already been occupying the Plaza de la Constitución, where the events were scheduled to take place, for eight days. At approximately 7 a.m. on 27 May, another incident occurred when the city council of Barcelona decided to send 350 police officers from

4020-424: The support of some people in the United Kingdom , who announced that they would sit outside of the Spanish embassy from 18 to 22 May. The protest in Plaza del Sol on the night of 17 May consisted of about 4,000 people, according to the authorities. As evening fell, the protesters put up a large tarp canopy beneath which they passed out signs with the intention of spending the night. Three hundred of them stayed until

4087-435: The swearing-in ceremony of Spanish Convergence and Union 's candidate Xavier Trias . After a month-long walk, the columns of the Indignant People's March joined in Puerta del Sol, where the movement first emerged. Thousands collapsed the main entrances of Madrid in an improvised demonstration, as sympathizers from Madrid and all over Spain joined the walkers. The eight columns reunited at 9 p.m. in Puerta del Sol under

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4154-404: The use of Twitter to ensure dissemination of their message. The Washington Post again reported on the protests in Puerta del Sol, giving them the name of a "revolution," estimating that 10,000 people attended Wednesday afternoon's protest, and comparing the protests with those in Cairo's Tahrir Square , which had recently ousted Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak . The BBC made reference to

4221-452: The website Ustream.tv . The protesters were advised not to drink alcohol or to organize into groups of more than 20 people, as these acts could provoke a legal police crackdown. The police ordered protesters to disperse in Valencia, Tenerife and Las Palmas. During the evacuation of the Plaza del Carmen in Granada, three people were arrested. Speeches continued throughout the afternoon. The protests grew to include León , Seville (where

4288-444: The youth unemployment rate stands at 43.5%, the highest in the European Union . In September 2010 the government approved a sweeping overhaul of the labour market designed to reduce unemployment and revive the economy. Large trade unions such as CCOO and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), among other minor ones, rejected the plan because it made it easier and cheaper for employers to hire and fire workers. Trade unions called for

4355-803: Was at once a liberal and republican reaction against colonial control of the government of Lower Canada, and a more general nationalistic reaction against British presence and domination over what had previously been an exclusively French settler colony. It was inspired by the American Revolution , the decolonization of the Americas , as well as the political philosophy of classical liberalism and republicanism . Among its leading figures were François Blanchet , Pierre-Stanislas Bédard , John Neilson , Jean-Thomas Taschereau , James Stuart , Louis Bourdages , Denis-Benjamin Viger , Daniel Tracey , Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan , Andrew Stuart , Wolfred Nelson , Robert Nelson , Thomas Storrow Brown , François Jalbert and Louis-Joseph Papineau . Its ideals were conveyed through

4422-477: Was named so as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is this term by which they are most known to history. A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism , fascism , and liberalism . Both communists and fascists typically support

4489-520: Was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by

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