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30-709: The people are one of the Sahaptin -speaking groups of Native Americans living on the Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington , northeastern Oregon , and North Central Idaho : these included the Nez Percé , Cayuse , Walla Walla , Umatilla and the Yakama . The Palouse (Palus) territory extends from the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers in the east to the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers in

60-842: Is an important work for people of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, the Yakama Nation, and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs and adds to the growing linguistic work being done by tribes and scholars on endangered languages. Rigsby and Rude use a technical alphabet based upon the Americanist phonetic notation to transcribe Umatilla, though other practical orthographies also exist. All long vowels are written as clusters of identical short vowels. Vowels of different quality never appear in clusters. Allowed diphthongs are

90-568: Is distinctive and is indicated by an acute accent. It occurs on one syllable of a word. Stress contrast can be seen in the following examples: ámapa husband. OBJ     amápa island. LOC ámapa {} amápa husband. OBJ {} island.LOC páqʼinušana he saw him     paqʼínušana they saw (him) páqʼinušana {} paqʼínušana {he saw him} {} {they saw (him)} Nondistinctive secondary and lesser stresses occur phonetically and are conditioned by phonetic and syntactic environments. Alternation in

120-832: Is one of the two-language Sahaptian branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the Columbia River and its tributaries in southern Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, in the United States ; the other language is Nez Perce ( Niimi'ipuutímt ). Sahaptin is spoken by various tribes of the Washington Reservations; Yakama, Warm Springs, Umatilla; and also spoken in many smaller communities such as Celilo , Oregon. The Yakama Nation tribal cultural resources program has been promoting

150-563: Is probably a derivation of the term "A Palouse horse." They bred the horses for their distinct markings. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the United States Army captured and slaughtered hundreds of tribal horses to cripple the tribe during the Indian Wars . In October 1805, Lewis and Clark met with the tribe, although most were away from the area for fall food-gathering and hunting. Lewis and Clark presented one of

180-434: Is synthetic to mildly polysynthetic. The processes used are clisis, reduplication, ablaut, compounding, suppletion, order and the most common one is affixation (suffixation in particular). Nouns, adjectives and pronouns inflect for number and case. There are three number categories: singular, dual and plural. The singular is not marked. The dual is marked by the suffix -in (with allomorphs -win , -yn or -n depending on

210-539: Is taught at the Nixyaawii Community School. "There are six full-time language instructors in CTUIR ( Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation ). Nixyaawii Community School has offered Umatilla, Walla Walla and Nez Perce language classes for the last decade and a Cay-Uma-Wa Head Start program is being developed to reach children while they’re young. There are also online video resources and

240-472: Is used for Umatilla Sahaptin. Other works use the Yakima practical alphabet . There are published grammars, a recent dictionary, and a corpus of published texts. Sahaptin has a split ergative syntax, with direct-inverse voicing and several applicative constructions. The ergative case inflects third-person nominals only when the direct object is first- or second-person (the examples below are from

270-716: The Cajouses ". In 1844, Horatio Hale wrote of the "Sahaptin or Nez-Perces" language and the "Walawala" language. At the same time, the Snake River was also sometimes called the Sahaptin River, because it led from the Columbia River to the country of the Nez Perce. In the 1960s, the name "Sahaptin" was used by linguists, but it was rare for Sahaptin speakers to even be aware of the term. Most speakers used

300-524: The Columbia-Moses name for the Nez Perce , sħáptənəxʷ . Cognates appear in other Interior Salishan languages, such as Okanagan sʕaptnx 'Nez Perce' or Spokane saʕáptni 'Nez Perce', indictating the ancient age of the ethnonym. The name Sahaptin has also been spelled "Shahaptin", "Sahapten", "Shahaptian", and "Shawpatin". The first usage of the word "Sahaptin" dates to 1811, in

330-530: The Columbia River and is therefore also called Columbia River Sahaptin. It is currently spoken as a first language by a few dozen elders and some adults in the Umatilla Reservation in Oregon. Some sources say that Umatilla is derived from imatilám-hlama : hlama means 'those living at' or 'people of' and there is an ongoing debate about the meaning of imatilám , but it is said to be an island in

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360-640: The Columbia River. B. Rigsby and N. Rude mention the village of ímatalam that was situated at the mouth of the Umatilla River and where the language was spoken. The Umatillas pronounce the word ímatalam . A Umatilla person is called imatalamłá (with orthographic ł representing IPA /ɬ/ ) and the Umatilla people are called imatalamłáma . The Nez Perce refer to the Umatilla people as hiyówatalampoo . See Aoki (1994:171). As of 2013, there are about 50 first language speakers of Umatilla. The language

390-751: The Elder), Tilcoax (chief of the Lower Palouse), Hinmahtutekekaikt alias "James" (one among the first to be Christianized, friend to Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman , often associated to the Nimiipu band of Hollolsotetote), were the leaders until the Isaac I. Stevens Treaty in 1855, when the Palouse refused to take part but sent, as observers, Kahlotus (already a good friend to Marcus Whitman), Tilcoax (a war chief) and Slyotze; "Old" Hathalekin and Tilcoax led

420-640: The Palouse warriors against the U.S. troops during the Cayuse's uprising in 1847–1848, defeating col. Cornelius Gilliam and his "Oregon Volunteers" on the Tucannon Creek (March 14–15, 1848). In 1858 Tilcoax led again the Palouse warriors in the "Skitswish (Coeur d'Alene) War": in May 1858 the Palouses succeeded in taking possession of a herd of Army's horses, but, on September 8, 1858, their own herd of 800 horses

450-587: The Tamaluut immersion school, a new language immersion program for three- to five-year-olds." The Wíyat'ish Naknúwit "For the Future" Language Project, has trained speakers using a Master-Apprentice program. A Flash Story Camp has been held by First Nations Development in collaboration with Tamastslikt's Language Enhancement Program and Education Department, and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. In 2015, Umatilla instruction will be given at

480-505: The Umatilla dialect): i- 3 . NOM - q̓ínu see -šana - ASP yáka bear paanáy 3SG . ACC i- q̓ínu -šana yáka paanáy 3.NOM- see -ASP bear 3SG.ACC 'the bear saw him' i- 3 . NOM - q̓ínu see -šana - ASP =aš = 1SG yáka bear -nɨm - ERG i- q̓ínu -šana =aš yáka -nɨm 3.NOM- see -ASP =1SG bear -ERG 'the bear saw me' The direct-inverse contrast can be elicited with examples such as

510-536: The accumulated scholarship of linguists and anthropologists as well as with elders on the Umatilla Reservation, tribal linguist Noel Rude has painstakingly recorded words, pronunciations, phrases, and other elements of the Umatilla language. The dictionary includes a grammar and comparative information that places the Umatilla language in its linguistic and historical context and compiles all of its known words, phrases, and constructions. Umatilla Dictionary

540-685: The expedition's silver peace medals to paramount Chief Kepowhan. The Diaries of the Corps of Discovery describe the people as a separate and distinct group from the Nez Percé. After Kepowhan, during the decades 1830', 1840', 1850, Wattaiwattaihowlis (Kepowhan's son and probably principal chief), Kahlotus (known also as Quelaptip and Talatuche, chief of the Upper Palouse), Soei (chief of the Middle Palouse), Nehtalekin (called also Hahtalekin

570-423: The final). There are two main ways to mark the plural: with the suffix -ma ( tílaaki-ma 'women") and by full or partial reduplication ( pšwá 'stone', pšwápšwa 'stones'). These two markers can sometimes co-exist in the same word. Several nouns feature irregular plural marks that might have been more widely used in the past, such as the prefix a- and the suffix -tu . Verbs have the most complex morphology of all

600-458: The following. In the inverse, the transitive direct object is coreferential with the subject in the preceding clause. wínš man i- 3 . NOM - q̓ínu see Umatilla language Umatilla (Tamalúut or Imatalamłaamí Sɨ́nwit) is a variety of Southern Sahaptin , part of the Sahaptian subfamily of the Plateau Penutian group. It was spoken during late aboriginal times along

630-838: The following: /ay aay aw aaw iw iiw uy uuy/. Consonant clusters are common and show few restrictions. All words begin with a consonant, even though according to orthographic conventions, an initial glottal stop before a vowel is not written and initial unstressed /ʼɨ/ is not written before /m n l/ plus a consonant. Initial clusters of up to three consonants are allowed ( pccák 'pepper'), medials of up to five consonants and finals of up to four consonants ( látx̣tx̣ 'ashes'). Clusters of identical consonants also occur: qqápni 'silly', ččù 'quiet'. The laryngeals /h ʼ/ usually occur in initial position and sometimes in intervocalic position. As yet, no detailed description of syllable structure in Umatilla Sahaptin has been written. Primary stress

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660-590: The high school level. There is interest in adapting a curriculum for Umatilla that has been used successfully for Okanagan Salish at the Salish School of Spokane. The Umatilla Dictionary was published in 2014 with the University of Washington Press. The Dictionary documents the language of the Umatilla people east of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington. Working for many years with

690-732: The journal of fur trader David Thompson , who wrote of the "Chief of all the Shawpatin Tribes", referring to the Nez Perce. At the time, "Sahaptin" (and variants) was used to refer to the Nez Perce, while "Walla Walla" was used to refer to the Sahaptin-speaking peoples. Alexander Ross visited a large camp on the Walla Walla River later that year, identifying "the Walla-Wallas , the Shaw Haptens, and

720-468: The phonetic shapes of morphemes is frequent and most often vocalic. Vocalic alternations result from processes ( ablaut , epenthesis and truncation) that can be morphologically or phonologically conditioned. Consonantal alternations arise from two processes: velar stops /k kʼ/ may palatalize to /c č/ and affricates /c č/ become /t/ before /s š/. For instance, /c/ + /š/ becomes /t/ + /š/. The morphological structure of Umatilla and other Sahaptin dialects

750-408: The seasons. The Palus people gathered with other native peoples for activities such as food-gathering, hunting, fishing, feasting, trading, and celebrations that included dancing, sports and gambling. They lived near other groups including the Nez Perce, Wanapum, Walla Walla, Umatilla and Yakama peoples. The present tribal designation probably derives from the proper designation of the most populous of

780-524: The terms Ichishkínk (Yakama) or Chishkín (Walla Walla and Umatilla), which mean literally "in this way/manner". In the Handbook of North American Indians , Sahaptin was split in the following dialects and dialect clusters: The charts of consonants and vowels below are used in the Yakima Sahaptin (Ichishkiin) language: Vowels can also be accented (e.g. /á/). This writing system

810-618: The three regional bands of the Palouse/Palus people - the ″Middle Palouse/Palus Band″ as Palúšpam - "people of Pa-luš-sa/Palus [one of their most important settlements]", the neighboring Nez Percé also called them Pa-loots-poo/Pelú`cpu/Peluutspu and the Yakama Palúuspam/Pelúuspem both meaning "people of Pa-luš-sa/Palus", their proper autonym was Naxiyamtama or Naha’ámpoo/Naha'u'umpu'u - “the river people”. The people were expert horsemen. The term Appaloosa

840-660: The use of their traditional name of the language, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit ('this language'), instead of the Salish-derived name Sahaptin. Sahaptin is typically known as Ichiskiin in its various dialects. In the Yakama dialect, it is called Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit , spelled variously Ichishkíin , Íchishkin , Íchishkink , or Chishkíin . In the Umatilla dialect, it is called Čiškíin or Ičiškíin . The words Sahaptin, Shahaptin, and Sahaptian are derived from

870-798: The west. It encompassed the Palouse River Valley up to Rock Lake in the north and stayed north of the Touchet River Valley in the south. To the north, their territory bordered the Sinkiuse-Columbia , Spokane , and Coeur d'Alene ; to the east, their territory bordered the Nez Perce; to the south, the Cayuse and Walla Walla; and to the west, they bordered the eastern boundary of the Yakama and Wanapum territories. The Palouse (Palus) lived in three main regional bands, composed of several village-based groups: The ancestral people were nomadic, following food sources through

900-693: Was slaughtered by col. George Wright 's soldiers, and they surrendered. Husishusis Kute, chief of the Wawawai Palouse, and "Young" Hathalekin (also known as Taktsoukt Jlppilp), war-chief, led a small Palouse band as allies of the last free Nimiipu of Heinmot Tooyalaket alias "Chief Joseph"; "Young" Hathalekin died fighting on August 9, 1877, at Big Hole; Husishusis Kute surrendered with Heinmot Tooyalaket on October 5, 1877. Palouse Chiefs Sahaptin language Sahaptin ( suh- HAP -tin ), also called Ichishkiin ( ih-chis- KEEN ; Umatilla : Čiškíin , Yakama : Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit ),

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