61-541: Traditional Pancharatra ( IAST : Pāñcarātra ) was a religious movement in Hinduism that originated in late 3rd-century BCE around the ideas of Narayana and the various avatar and forms of Vishnu as their central deities. The movement later merged with the ancient Bhagavata tradition and contributed to the development of Vaishnavism . The Pancharatra movement created numerous literary treatises in Sanskrit called
122-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
183-409: A call to "listen to a speech", any form of communication that is aggregate of sounds (news, report, rumour, noise, hearsay). The word is also found in ancient geometry texts of India, where it means "the diagonal of a tetragon or hypotenuse of a triangle", and is a synonym of karna . The word śruti is also found in ancient Indian music literature, where it means "a particular division of the octave,
244-487: A cross check on the other. Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat summarizes this as follows: These extraordinary retention techniques guaranteed an accurate Śruti, fixed across the generations, not just in terms of unaltered word order but also in terms of sound. That these methods have been effective, is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the Ṛgveda ( c. 1500 BCE). This part of
305-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
366-482: A quarter tone or interval" out of twenty-two enumerated major tones, minor tones, and semitones. In music, it refers the smallest measure of sound a human being can detect, and the set of twenty-two śruti and forty four half Shruti , stretching from about 250 Hz to 500 Hz, is called the Shruti octave . In scholarly works on Hinduism, śruti refers to ancient Vedic texts from India. Monier-Williams traces
427-543: A religious movement around the ideas of a sage Narayana, who much later becomes identified as an avatar of Vishnu . The earliest use of the word Pancharatra is found in section 7.1.10 of the Taittiriya Samhita , a Vedic text. The section describes a person going through a Pancharatra ritual to become a master of rhetorics. The section 13.6 of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa mentions Nārāyaṇa as the primordial divinity who performs this offering. The Narayaniya section of
488-472: A revelation through anubhava (direct experience), or of primordial origins realized by ancient Rishis . In Hindu tradition, they have been referred to as apauruṣeya (not created by humans). The Śruti texts themselves assert that they were skillfully created by Rishis (sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot. All six schools of Hinduism accept the authority of śruti , but many scholars in these schools have denied that
549-568: Is Vedic, it originates in the Sruti " and that the "Pancharatra precepts and practices should be observed by anyone who has allegiance to the Vedas". The 11th-century Ramanuja , the influential Sri Vaishnavism scholar, was born in Pancharatra tradition, disagreed with Shankara, and developed a qualified monism doctrine which integrated ideas of Pancharatra movement and those of monistic ideas in
610-632: Is a list of Saṃhitās based on the list of published and unpublished, complete and incomplete Saṃhitās from the catalogue prepared by Sadhu Parampurushdas and Sadhu Shrutiprakashdas: Many more Samhitas, of which only the name is known and are non-extant, are listed in the work as well. In the Ranganathaswamy Temple of Srirangam, the Paramesvara Samhita, a variant of the Paushkara Samhita, is in adherence. In
671-426: Is a source of the primary and secondary avatar -related doctrines in traditions of Hinduism , particularly Sri Vaishnavism . According to Barbara Holdrege, a professor and comparative historian of religions, the Pancharatra doctrines influenced both Sri Vaishnavism and Gaudiya Vaishnavism , albeit a bit different. In Sri Vaishnavism, Vishnu-Narayana is supreme, while Vāsudeva , Samkarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are
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#1732764992623732-653: Is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
793-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
854-673: Is heard" and refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient religious texts comprising the central canon of Hinduism . Manusmriti states: Śrutistu vedo vijñeyaḥ ( Devanagari : श्रुतिस्तु वेदो विज्ञेयः) meaning, "Know that Vedas are Śruti". Thus, it includes the four Vedas including its four types of embedded texts—the Samhitas , the Upanishads , the Brahmanas and the Aranyakas . Śruti s has been variously described as
915-413: Is it believes that an understanding of the process by which Vishnu-Narayana emerged into empirical reality and human beings, can lead one to reverse the process. Through practicing the reversal and moving from the empirical to ever more abstract, according to Pancaratra, human beings can access immanent Vāsudeva-Krishna and thereby achieve salvific liberation ( moksha ). The Vaishnava temples and arts since
976-619: Is remembered" or textual material. These works span much of the history of Hinduism, beginning with the earliest known texts and ending in the early historical period with the later Upanishads. Of the śruti s, the Upanishads alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishadic śruti s are at the spiritual core of Hindus. The Sanskrit word " श्रुति " ( IAST : Śruti , IPA: [ɕruti] ) has multiple meanings depending on context. It means "hearing, listening",
1037-676: The Brahma Samhita and the Naradiya Samhita. The Sreevallabha Temple of Kerala follows the Durvasa Samhita and the Ahirbudhnya Samhita. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during
1098-575: The Gupta Empire , states Doris Srinivasan, attempted to present the Pancaratra ideas. In this system, states Srinivasan, " Vāsudeva , literally, "the indwelling deity," is the first emanation and the fountainhead of the successive emanations, which may be represented either anthropomorphically or theriomorphically in Hindu art". As one circumambulates the ancient and medieval Vaishnava cave temples,
1159-574: The Mahabharata (XII, 335–351) refers to seven rishis who say the Pancharatra ritual was made consistent with the Vedas. Though the five day ritual is mentioned along with many other sacrifices in the Vedic text, the origins of Pancaratra devotees and their tradition is unclear. The movement merged with the ancient Bhagavata tradition also around Krishna-Vāsudeva , and contributed to the development of Vaishnavism . According to J. A. B. van Buitenen ,
1220-498: The Pancharatra Samhitas , and these have been influential Agamic texts within the theistic Vaishnava movements. Literally meaning five nights ( pañca : five, rātra : nights), the term Pancharatra has been variously interpreted. The term has been attributed to a sage Narayana who performed a sacrifice for five nights and became a transcendent being and one with all beings. The Pancharatra Agamas constitute some of
1281-903: The Varadaraja Perumal Temple of Kanchipuram, the Jayakhya Samhita is followed. In the Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple of Melukote, the Ishvara Samhita is followed. In the Pundarikaksha Swamy Temple of Tiruvellarai, the Padma Samhita is followed. In Tirukkudantai of Kumbakonam, Aravamudhan Sarangapani, a form of Vishnu, is worshipped with the Sriprasna Samhita. Gaudiya Vaishnavas follow
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#17327649926231342-507: The śruti s are divine. A popular quote on supreme authority is Śruti can be found in Manusmriti (Adhyaya 1, Mantra 132) that Dharmaṃ jijñāsamānānāṃ pramāṇaṃ paramaṃ śrutiḥ ( Devanagari : धर्मं जिज्ञासमानानां प्रमाणं परमं श्रुतिः, lit. means "To those who seek the knowledge of the sacred law, the supreme authority is the revelation Śruti ." Shruti ( Śruti ) differs from other sources of Hindu philosophy , particularly smṛti "which
1403-863: The 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST
1464-510: The Pancharatra doctrine along with other theistic approaches stating Pancaratra doctrine was against monistic spiritual pursuits and non-Vedic. The 11th-century Ramanuja , the influential Vaishnavism scholar, developed a qualified monism doctrine which bridged ideas of Pancharatra movement and those of monistic ideas in the Vedas. The Pancharatra theology is a source of the primary and secondary avatar -related doctrines in traditions of Hinduism . Pancharatra has likely roots in 3rd-century BCE, as
1525-543: The Pancharatra philosophy in its Narayaniya section. Author Vishnulok Bihari Srivastava says, "Pancharatra has been discussed in the Narayanopakhyana section of Mahabharata . It has been mentioned that Narada had imbibed the essence of this tantra from Sage Narayana . It has been accepted as part of Veda named Ekayana. As many as 215 Pancharatra Samhitas have been mentioned in Kapinjala Samhita". Given
1586-400: The Pancharatra system of Vaisnavism for his followers. His philosophy of worship of Narayana was based on the pancaratric teachings. Ramanuja taught that the deity absolute, Parabrahman , manifests in five possible aspects: Para, Vyuha , Vibhava, Antaryamin , and Archa. Living beings can interact with the divine through one or another of these five: The Vyuha-related Pancharatra theology
1647-536: The Pancharatra system, the soul is one with the Supreme, but is also an individual. Even in a state of salvation it retains the individuality, to realize the bliss of union with the Supreme. Nanditha Krishna The Pancharatra theology developed over time. It presents a dualistic theory on how creation manifested from a godhead, as the Purusha-Prakriti and as the masculine-feminine manifestations of
1708-659: The Sruti are asserted to be of divine origin in the mythologies of the Puranas . For the people living during the composition of the Vedas the names of the authors were well known. Ancient and medieval Hindu philosophers also did not think that śruti were divine, authored by God. That Vedas were heard was a notion that was developed by the school or darsana of Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā . The Mīmāṃsā tradition, famous in Hindu tradition for its Sruti exegetical contributions, radically critiqued
1769-666: The Vedas [Śruti]. Consequently every rule of dharma must find its foundation in the Veda. Strictly speaking, the Samhitas do not even include a single precept which could be used directly as a rule of conduct. One can find there only references to usage which falls within the scope of dharma . By contrast, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads contain numerous precepts which propound rules governing behavior. Bilimoria states
1830-703: The Vedas. Ramanuja stated that the Vishnu of Pancharatra is identical to Vedanta's Brahman , where Purusha reflects the eternal soul that is Vishnu, and Prakriti the impermanent ever changing body of Vishnu. Vishnu worshipers of today, represented in a wide spectrum of traditions, generally follow the system of Pancharatra worship. The concept of Naḍa and Naḍa-Brahman appear already in Sāttvata Samhita or Sāttvata Tantra and in Jayākhya Samhita, two texts considered most canonical of Pancharatra texts. Ānanda Tīrtha
1891-783: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Sruti Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas Śruti or shruti ( Sanskrit : श्रुति , IAST : Śruti , IPA: [ɕruti] ) in Sanskrit means "that which
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1952-613: The authority in Hinduism. Smṛtis, including the Manusmṛti , the Nāradasmṛti and the Parāśarasmṛti , are considered less authoritative than śrutis. वेदोऽखिलो धर्ममूलं स्मृतिशीले च तद्विदाम् आचारश्चैव साधूनामात्मनस्तुष्टिरेव च Translation 1: The whole Veda is the (first) source of the sacred law, next the tradition and the virtuous conduct of those who know the (Veda further), also
2013-430: The central ideas of them are the spiritual foundation of Hinduism. Patrick Olivelle writes, Even though theoretically the whole of Vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [śruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism. Shrutis have been considered
2074-470: The classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a tape-recording .... Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. Ancient Indians developed techniques for listening, memorization and recitation of śrutis. Many forms of recitation or pathas were designed to aid accuracy in recitation and
2135-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
2196-621: The contextual history of this meaning of śruti as, "which has been heard or communicated from the beginning, sacred knowledge that was only heard and verbally transmitted from generation to generation, the Veda, from earliest Rishis (sages) in Vedic tradition. In scholarly literature, Śruti is also spelled as Shruti. Smriti , literally meaning "that which is remembered," refers to a body of Hindu texts usually attributed to an author. Traditionally written down but constantly revised, Smriti in contrast to Śrutis (the Vedic literature) considered authorless, which were transmitted verbally across
2257-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
2318-469: The customs of holy men, and (finally) self-satisfaction ( Atmanastushti ). Translation 2: The root of the religion is the entire Veda, and (then) the tradition and customs of those who know (the Veda), and the conduct of virtuous people, and what is satisfactory to oneself. वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद् धर्मस्य लक्षणम् Translation 1: The Veda, the sacred tradition,
2379-410: The customs of virtuous men, and one's own pleasure, they declare to be the fourfold means of defining the sacred law. Translation 2: The Veda, tradition, the conduct of good people, and what is pleasing to oneself – they say that is four fold mark of religion. Only three of the four types of texts in the Vedas have behavioral precepts: For the Hindu all belief takes its source and its justification in
2440-617: The details, symbolism and procedures of Vaishnava temples building and rituals. According to the Pancharatra tradition, there are 108 samhitas , but its texts list over 200 samhitas . Many Pancaratra texts have been lost. Some surviving Pancaratra texts, with their general focus, are: The Pancharatra texts are samhitas and tantras which both classify as Agama due to subject matter. The Agamas are predominantly divided into Saiva, Sakta and Vaishnava Agamas. The Vaishnava Agamas are Pancharatra Agama and Vaikhanasa Agama and they conclude Brahman as Narayana or Vishnu . The Mahabharata subscribes to
2501-461: The devotee walks past from the icon representing Vāsudeva (most abstract) and then the successive Vyuhas (literally, "orderly arrangement"). The Bhaktisūtras of Shandilya were one of the earliest systematic treatises on the Pancaratra doctrine. The Pancaratra literature constitutes the Āgama texts of Vaishnavism. Like the Shaivism counterpart, it not only presents the theology, but describes
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2562-475: The divine. It states that the creation emerged through vyuhas (arrangements). In the beginning, states Pancharatra doctrine, there was only Narayana as the highest changeless god and as explained by their concept of Caturvyuha , this supreme god-head transformed into four earthly emanations, the first of which was Vāsudeva - Krishna (Vāsudeva literally means "indwelling deity") Further arrangements or emanations followed, secondly into Saṅkarṣaṇa ( Balarama ) as
2623-539: The earliest known systematization of the Pancharatra doctrine. This doctrine was known and influential around then, as is attested by the 2nd-century CE inscriptions in South India. Evidence suggests that they co-existed with the Bhagavata tradition in ancient times. The Advaita Vedanta scholars, such as Adi Shankara , criticized elements of the Pancharatra doctrine along with other theistic approaches stating it
2684-612: The founder of Madhva line has written in his commentary on Mundaka Upanishad : "In Dvapara Yuga , Vishnu is exclusively worshiped according to the principles of the Pancharatra Scripture, but in this age of Kali Yuga , the Supreme Lord Hari is worshiped only by the chanting of his Holy Name." Jiva Gosvami had stated in his Paramātma Sandārbha , forming part of six principal Sandārbhas, or philosophical treatises of Gaudiya Vaishnavism , that, "Seeing that
2745-686: The four Vyuhas. In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the Vyuha theory is more complex, Krishna (Vāsudeva) is "Svayam Bhagavan" (the ultimate or Para Brahman) who manifests as Vyuhas, and he along with Samkarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are the Vyuhas and the Purusha-avataras of the material realm. The Pancharatra tradition taught the Panchakala or five observances practiced every day: The significance of divine manifestation theology in Pancaratra tradition
2806-507: The generations and fixed. Smriti is a derivative secondary work and is considered less authoritative than Śruti in Hinduism. While Śruti texts are fixed and their originals preserved better, each Smriti text exists in many versions, with many different readings. In ancient and medieval Hindu tradition, Smritis were considered fluid and freely rewritten by anyone. Both śrutis and smṛtis represent categories of texts of different traditions of Hindu philosophy . According to Gokul Narang,
2867-568: The imperfect scriptures in the modes of passion and ignorance bring only a host of troubles, and also seeing that the original Vedas are very difficult to follow properly, and thus being very dissatisfied with both of these, the all-knowing scripture authors affirm the superiority of the Pancharatras, which describe the pure absolute truth, Narayana , and the worship of the Lord, which is very easy to perform." The nature of Atman (soul) In
2928-429: The lord over all life, thirdly into Pradyumna creating mind, and lastly into Aniruddha as ego ( ahamkara ). Thereafter, Brahma emerged from Aniruddha who created the empirical universe. Thus, the divinity was and is everywhere in Pancaratra, but in different aspects, one form or phase emerging from the previous. During the 11th century CE Ramanuja , a founder of Sri Vaishnava traditions of Vaisnavism had established
2989-709: The most important texts of many Vaishnava philosophies including the Madhva Sampradaya or Brahma Sampradaya of Madhvacharya and the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya of Ramanuja . The Pancharatra Agamas are composed of more than 200 texts; likely composed between 600 CE to 850 CE. The Shandilya Sutras (~100 CE) is the earliest known text that systematized the devotional Bhakti pancharatra doctrine and 2nd-century CE inscriptions in South India suggest Pancharatra doctrines were known there by then. The 8th-century Adi Shankara criticized elements of
3050-447: The next, for nearly two millenniums. Almost all printed editions available in the modern era are copied manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years. Michael Witzel explains this oral tradition as follows: The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to
3111-651: The notion and any relevance for concepts such as "author", the "sacred text" or divine origins of Śruti ; the Mimamsa school claimed that the relevant question is the meaning of the Sruti, values appropriate for human beings in it, and the commitment to it. Nāstika philosophical schools such as the Cārvākas of the first millennium BCE did not accept the authority of the śrutis and considered them to be human works suffering from incoherent rhapsodies, inconsistencies and tautologies. Smṛtis are to be human thoughts in response to
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#17327649926233172-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
3233-509: The principle that "the facts and circumstances of any particular case determine what is good or bad". The later Hindu texts include fourfold sources of dharma, states Levinson, which include atmanastushti (satisfaction of one's conscience), sadacara (local norms of virtuous individuals), smṛti and śruti. The śrutis, the oldest of which trace back to the second millennium BCE, had not been committed to writing in ancient times. These were developed and transmitted verbally, from one generation to
3294-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
3355-427: The role of śruti in Hinduism has been inspired by "the belief in a higher natural cosmic order ( Rta succeeded later by the concept Dharma ) that regulates the universe and provides the basis for its growth, flourishing and sustenance – be that of the gods, human beings, animals and eco-formations". Levinson states that the role of śruti and smṛti in Hindu law is as a source of guidance, and its tradition cultivates
3416-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
3477-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
3538-653: The transmission of the Vedas and other knowledge texts from one generation to the next. All hymns in each Veda were recited in this way; for example, all 1,028 hymns with 10,600 verses of the Rigveda was preserved in this way; as were all other Vedas including the Principal Upanishads , as well as the Vedangas. Each text was recited in a number of ways, to ensure that the different methods of recitation acted as
3599-505: The word "Pancharatra" is explained in Naradiya Samhita as referring to a tradition of "five knowledges". Similarly, Jan Gonda states that the term "nights" in "five nights" in the Pancharatra tradition may be a metaphor for inner darkness, and "came to mean – how, we do not know", though indeed there have been many interpretations such as "five systems", "five studies" and "five rituals". The 1st-century works by Shandilya are
3660-434: The śrutis. Traditionally, all smṛtis are regarded to ultimately be rooted in or inspired by śrutis. The śruti literature include the four Vedas: Each of these Vedas include the following texts, and these belong to the śruti canon: The literature of the shakhas , or schools, further amplified the material associated with each of the four core traditions. Of the above śrutis, the Upanishads are most widely known, and
3721-475: Was against monistic spiritual pursuits and non-Vedic. According to Suthren Hirst, Shankara supported the use of icons and temple worship if it focussed as a means to comprehend Brahman as the sole metaphysical reality. However, he opposed devotional theism as an end in itself and the goal of spiritual pursuits. The Pancharatra tradition has historically disagreed with claims of it being non-Vedic, states Gonda, and Pancharatra texts explicitly state that, "Pancharatra
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