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44-593: The department, named after former president José Manuel Pando (1899–1905), is divided into five provinces. Although Pando is rich in natural resources, the poverty level of its inhabitants is high, due largely to the lack of roads effectively linking the province to the rest of the country. In addition, residents suffer from debilitating effects of tropical diseases, typical of life in the Amazonian rain forest. The main economic activities are agriculture, timber, and cattle. At an altitude of 280 metres above sea level in

88-615: A dominant religious presence in Bolivia. While a vast majority of Bolivians are Catholic Christians, a much smaller portion of the population participates actively. In the decades following the Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the Church tried to make religion a more active force in social life. A 2008 survey for Americas Barometer, with 3,003 respondents and an error (+/- 1,8%) returned these results: Other reviews of

132-648: A result, Bolivians do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance to Bolivia. Aside from the indigenous populations, Bolivians trace their ancestry to the Old World , primarily Europe and Africa , ever since the Spanish conquest of South America and founding of first Spanish settlements in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . Modern Bolivian population, estimated at 11 million

176-644: A ski. It was originally a Spanish peasant skirt that the colonial authorities forced indigenous women to wear. Now it is a symbol of pride in being indigenous and is considered a status symbol. Another fashion is the bowler hat , which was adopted from the British. The position of the hat can indicate a woman's marital status and aspirations. Bolivian cuisine stems mainly from the combination of Spanish cuisine with traditional indigenous Bolivian ingredients, with later influences from Argentines , Germans , Italians , Basques , Croats , Russians , and Poles , due to

220-537: Is an important oriental ethnic population, composed by the Chiquitano , Guaraní and Moxos , among others, and that inhabit the departments of Santa Cruz , Beni , Tarija and Pando . According to the most recent census, the indigenous people compose 20% of the Bolivian population, but in reality, this number is closer to 62%. Modern estimates determine that White or European Bolivians now represent only 5% of

264-481: Is formally broken down into Amerindians (primarily Quechua and Aymara , Guaraní peoples), Mestizos , Europeans and Afro-Bolivians . The group's sole common language is Spanish ( Bolivian Spanish ), although the Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages are also widely spoken in their communities and to some degree by others, and all three, as well as 34 other indigenous languages , are official languages of

308-420: Is in Bolivia a mix of cultures, which joins together Hispanic and Amerindian cultures. Mestizos are people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. They are distributed throughout the entire country and compose about 68% of the Bolivian population. Most people assume their mestizo identity while at the same time identifying themselves with one or more Indigenous cultures. Genetic research indicates that

352-615: The Acre War (1899-1903) began, in which Bolivia clashed with Brazil . Pando was born in the town of Luribay on December 27, 1848. His parents were Manuel Pando and Petrona Solares. He studied at the Colegio Seminario de La Paz and continued his studies at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) where he studied medicine, but only reached the sixth year before he abandoned it for a career in politics. At

396-594: The Amazon Rainforest . He entered as a member of the Liberal Party in 1884, a party of which he started leading after replacing General Eliodoro Camacho in 1894. He was head of the Liberal Party of Bolivia until the end of his presidency. Over the years, Pando became one of the greatest landowners of Bolivia, benefiting from the laws of 1874 and 1880. As head of the Liberal Party, Pando

440-652: The Amazon River and from there on to the Atlantic Ocean. The department had a rubber boom in the late 19th century and early 20th century, along with the northern part of the nearby Beni department. The local industry collapsed under competition with rubber cultivated in Southeast Asia, as well as the discovery and manufacture of synthetic rubber . Culturally, the Pandinos are considered part of

484-534: The MTS was elected on 11 April 2021 after winning the second round of the regional election . Under the 2009 Constitution, a Departmental Legislative Assembly was instituted for each Bolivian department. The first elections hereunto were held on 4 April 2010. The legislature has 21 members. Its current composition, per the last regional election , is 13 seats for the MAS-IPSP , 3 for indigenous representatives, 2 for

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528-734: The War of the Pacific called him back to arms. During the War of the Pacific, Pando contributed to the Bolivian Army when, in the midst of the war, he took steps to bring artillery pieces from the United States , a task that General Daza had entrusted to him. Pando fought in the Battle of Alto de la Alianza on May 26, 1880, where he was seriously wounded in the left arm and taken prisoner by

572-570: The department of La Paz and in the provinces of Nor Yungas and Sud Yungas . 23,330 people self-identified as Afro-Bolivian in the 2012 census. The Indigenous peoples of Bolivia are divided into two ethnic groups: the Andeans, who are in the Andean Altiplano and the valley region, and the ethnic culture of the oriental Llanos region, who inhabit the warm regions of eastern Bolivia ( Gran Chaco ). The Roman Catholic church has

616-660: The "Fearsome Willka". Turning several officers to his cause, including Octavio La Faye and Carlos Manuel de Villegas , Pando had large following in the army. Thus, the Bolivian Civil War of 1898-1899 began. After four months of fighting, he triumphed over the conservative forces of President Fernández in the Battle of the Segundo Crucero. A Federal Government Board was created, made up of Pando, Serapio Reyes Ortiz and Macario Pinilla Vargas , which installed

660-578: The 20th century from what was left of the Acre Territory, lost to Brazil as a result of the so-called Acre War (1903). Its capital city of Cobija (the smallest of all the Bolivian departmental capitals) was named after the much-lamented Bolivian port of the same name on the Pacific Ocean, part of an area lost to Chile following the War of the Pacific . Although remote, Pando is densely forested and close to navigable waterways leading to

704-589: The Chileans. He would be taken prisoner to Santiago in Chile. Upon his return to Bolivia, Pando led an artillery regiment until 1884. Pando was one of the great explorers of Bolivia during the 19th century. Pando's explorations provided a large deal of knowledge and helped in the integration of Northern Bolivia, then known as the National Territory of Colonies (then a largely unknown and obscure part of

748-537: The Democratic Integration Community and one each for MTS , Movimiento Democrático Autonomista and We Are All Pando. The current executive committee was determined per vote on 2 May 2022, selecting Olga Feliciano Ampuero as president, Almir Flores Muzumbite as vice-president, Josué Olmos Quetehuari as secretary and Keila Tirina Peralta and Georgina Ribero Chao as first and second committee member, respectively. The predominant language in

792-474: The age of twenty-three, Pando fought alongside the people of La Paz to overthrow the government of Mariano Melgarejo on January 15, 1871, after which he was incorporated into the Bolivian Army . After overthrowing Melgarejo, Bolivian President Agustín Morales appointed Pando as his personal aide-de-camp in 1871. Pando and Morales had an excellent relationship which allowed for the former's career in

836-581: The ancestry of Bolivian mestizos is predominantly indigenous. Indigenous , also called "originarios" ("native" or "original") and, less frequently, Amerindians . This ethnic group is composed by the descendants of the Pre-Hispanic cultures . They can be Andean , as the Aymaras and Quechuas (which formed the ancient Inca Empire ), which concentrate in the western departments of La Paz , Potosí , Oruro , Cochabamba and Chuquisaca . There also

880-457: The army to be propelled to new heights. However, on November 27, 1872, when Morales was assassinated by his nephew and also aide-de-camp, Federico Lafaye, a heartbroken Pando resigned from the position of assistant to the President of Bolivia. In 1876, after Hilarión Daza's deposition of President Tomas Frías , Pando retired to private life in his Luribay hacienda. However, the outbreak of

924-522: The arrest in September 2008 of Prefect Leopoldo Fernández, stemming from the massacre at El Porvenir of anti-autonomy backers of President Evo Morales . The chief executive office of Bolivia departments (since May 2010) is the governor; until then, the office was called the prefect, and until 2006 the prefect was appointed by the President of Bolivia . The current governor, Regis Germán Richter of

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968-429: The colonial period was recovered in recent years and has been performed internationally to wide acclaim since 1994. Bolivian artists of stature in the 20th century include, among others, Guzman de Rojas , Arturo Borda , María Luisa Pacheco , Master William Vega , Alfredo Da Silva , and Marina Núñez del Prado . Many dances and songs contain elements from both the native and European cultures. Caporales seems to be

1012-487: The country of Bolivia . This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Bolivians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Bolivian. Bolivia is, as its neighboring countries, a multiethnic and multilingual society, home to people of various ethnic , religious , and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of indigenous and Old World immigrants and their descendants. As

1056-684: The country). Today, this territory is composed of the departments of La Paz , Beni and Pando , the latter bears his last name in honor of his expeditions there. Several of his expeditions to the region took place around the Madidi , Madre de Dios , and Mamoré rivers, collective studies were made on the subject and published by the University of La Plata , in Argentina . Furthermore, Pando's exploration greatly contributed to Bolivia's cartography, providing crucial knowledge about uncharted lands in

1100-509: The country. The mutual influence and interaction of cultures of Bolivia have resulted in modern Bolivian society becoming one of prime examples of a melting pot according to some anthropologists. The ethnic composition of Bolivia includes a great diversity of cultures. Most of the indigenous peoples have assimilated a mestizo culture, diversifying and expanding their indigenous heritage; as such, many people of exclusively Amerindian ancestry may simply identify as "Mestizo". Consequently, there

1144-456: The department is Spanish. The following table shows the number of those belonging to the recognized group of speakers. 11°11′S 67°11′W  /  11.183°S 67.183°W  / -11.183; -67.183 Jos%C3%A9 Manuel Pando José Manuel Inocencio Pando Solares (27 December 1849 – 17 June 1917) was a Bolivian soldier and explorer who served as the 25th President of Bolivia from 1899 to 1904. During his government,

1188-405: The departments, with a lessening in central government power. Prefect Leopoldo Fernández strongly backed autonomy for the department, in alliance with other governors of the eastern media luna (half-moon, so known for their combined geographic shape). Nationwide referendums on autonomy held on July 2, 2006, were approved in all four departments. A second referendum to approve a statute of autonomy

1232-641: The end of his term, Pando handed over power to Ismael Montes , who succeeded him as leader of the Liberal Party. Pando was delegate in the territories of the North and Commissioner of Limits with Brazil. He was appointed Brigadier General in the Army of Peru in 1911. Having left the Liberal party, he broke with Ismael Montes and, in 1915, he became the founder of the Republican Party . Retired, Pando

1276-432: The hands of local indigenous and mestizo builders and artisans, developed into a rich and distinctive style of architecture, literature, and sculpture known as "Mestizo Baroque." The colonial period produced the paintings of Perez de Holguin, Flores, Bitti, and others, and also the works of skilled but unknown stonecutters , woodcarvers, goldsmiths , and silversmiths . An important body of native baroque religious music of

1320-623: The head of an army. This motivated the intervention of Brazil, which considered the area in dispute to be theirs and decided to send its army in support of the Acreans. This disparate situation forced the Bolivians to enter negotiations. Pando signed the Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil by which Bolivia ceded territory in the north in exchange for significant financial compensation of two million pounds sterling. Shortly after returning to La Paz, at

1364-551: The largest cities — La Paz , Santa Cruz de la Sierra , Cochabamba and Tarija (being the department where the eurodescendants predominate by density but not by quantity). In the Santa Cruz Department there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking Mennonites . Afro-Bolivians are descendants of African slaves , who arrived in the times of the Spanish Empire . They inhabit

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1408-532: The most popular Bolivian dance of present times — in a few decades it has developed into an enormously popular dance, not only in the Highlands where it originated, but also in the Lowlands and in Bolivian communities outside the country. In the Highlands, other traditional and still very popular dances are: In the Lowlands, there are: It is fashionable among Bolivian Andean women of indigenous descent to wear

1452-519: The northwestern jungle region, Pando is located in the rainiest part of Bolivia. Pando has a hot climate, with temperatures commonly above 26 degrees Celsius (80 Fahrenheit). Pando is the least populous department in Bolivia, the most tropical (lying closest to the Equator in the Amazonian Basin), and the most isolated, due to an absence of effective roads. It was organized at the beginning of

1496-476: The population and according to a 2014 survey by Ipsos , 3% of people questioned said they were white. In the 1900 census, White Bolivians composed 12.72% or 231,088 (115,139 men, 115,949 women) of the total population and the last official census that collected data of racial origin. Most people who identify as white are descendants of criollos and European immigrants, coming mostly from Spain , Croatia , Germany and Italy . They are usually concentrated in

1540-582: The population vary from these specific results. Some cultural development of what is now Bolivia is divided into three distinct periods: pre-Columbian, colonial, and republican. Important archaeological ruins, gold and silver ornaments, stone monuments, ceramics , and weavings remain from several important pre-Columbian cultures. Major ruins include Tiwanaku , Samaipata , Inkallaqta and Iskanwaya . The country abounds in other sites that are difficult to reach and hardly explored by archaeologists. The Spanish brought their own tradition of religious art which, in

1584-606: The rubber tappers rebelled and started a secessionist movement called the First Revolution of Acre, which the Bolivian government was able to crush. The second phase of this war, called the Second Acrean Revolution, occurred in 1902; this time, the Acreans asked to be annexed into Brazil . The Bolivians suffered setbacks at the hands of the Acrean revolutionaries, so Pando personally marched to Acre at

1628-613: The seat of government in La Paz . The Board carried out some institutional reforms and public works, such as the construction of the government palace of La Paz. The Board was dissolved at the National Convention of 1899, when Pando was elected president. Pando was fifty years old when he assumed the Presidency. During his administration, the first Bolivian census of the 20th century was carried out in 1900. Moreover, it

1672-407: The so-called Camba culture of the Bolivian lowlands, similar to the people of the country's other two tropical departments, Beni and Santa Cruz. Many of Pando's original settlers moved from nearby Beni. Far from the centers of power in Bolivian society, Pando has recently linked its fate with that of Santa Cruz and Beni, which (along with Tarija and Chuquisaca) are demanding increased autonomy for

1716-640: Was a candidate for the presidency of the republic in the 1896 general elections, being defeated by the Conservative Party and its leader, Severo Fernández Alonso . That same year, he assumed the position of senator for the Department of Chuquisaca . Pando would be the leader of the Federalists when they rose up against the government in 1898, obtaining the support of the Aymaras of the country and of Colonel Pablo Zárate Willca , known as

1760-414: Was discovered that there was a surplus in the trade balance, due to the rubber boom, ensuring stability of the economy for the following decades. Pando ordered the construction of roads going from the valleys to the plains, linking the distant settlements to the major urban centers of Bolivia in an attempt to connect the country and to improve infrastructure. Another crucial event during Pando's presidency

1804-538: Was due to natural causes, when he suffered a stroke while he was going from his farm in Catavi to the city of La Paz. According to this hypothesis, the members of the Jáuregui family, in whose hut Pando had stayed shortly before, upon discovering the body on the road, fearing being blamed for his death, threw the body into the ravine. Bolivians Bolivians ( Spanish : Bolivianos ) are people identified with

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1848-460: Was found dead in a ravine near El Kenko (now El Alto ) on June 17, 1917. Many believed it was a political crime, perpetrated at the instigation of the Liberal Party. The murder was attributed to Alfredo Jáuregui, Juan Jáuregui, Néstor Villegas and Simón Choque. In 1927, Alfredo Jáuregui, the youngest of the brothers, was shot as a result of his alleged involvement in the crime against Pando. Modern investigations, however, maintain that Pando's death

1892-585: Was held by each department in mid-2008, despite being declared illegal by the National Electoral Court in March. Left-wing and pro-Morales social movements boycotted the votes. Pando's referendum, held on June 1, 2008, won 82% approval among those who voted. But 46.5% of the registered electorate did not vote, the highest abstention rate in the four departments holding such referendums. Considerable social unrest took place in 2008, culminating with

1936-505: Was the arrival of the first car imported in Bolivia, brought to the country by adventurer Arthur Posnansky . Internationally, Pando fought the so-called Acre War with Brazil. The region of Acre , located in the north and adjacent to the border with Brazil, had been invaded by Brazilian settlers and rubber tappers in the midst of a rubber boom. The Bolivian government, attempting to assert its influence in that region, founded Puerto Alonso in 1899 and established taxes on rubber tappers. But

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