57-742: [REDACTED] Look up panther in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Panther (Latin: Panthera ) is a genus of big cats native to equatorial regions. Large cats [ edit ] See also: Big cat Pantherinae , the cat subfamily that contains the genera Panthera and Neofelis Panthera , the cat genus that contains tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards Jaguar ( Panthera onca ), found in South and Central America Leopard ( Panthera pardus ), found in Africa and Asia Black panther ,
114-668: A German ice hockey team in the DEL Embrun Panthers , an Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League team Florida Panthers , an American professional ice hockey team based in Sunrise, Florida, that competes in the NHL Nottingham Panthers , an ice hockey club in the EIHL Rugby [ edit ] Blackpool Panthers , an English rugby league team Penrith Panthers , a rugby league team in
171-489: A German women's basketball team Helsinki Panthers , a basketball club from Helsinki, Finland Indian Panthers , Indian basketball team in New Zealand NBL Les Panthères , nickname for Gabon's national basketball team Soweto Panthers , a South African basketball team Ice hockey [ edit ] Augsburger Panther , a DEL ice hockey team ERC Ingolstadt aka The Panthers ,
228-658: A book to mark the 35th anniversary of the Polynesian Panther movement. On 12 September 2009 the Polynesian Panthers held a special evening in Auckland to honour American Black Panther revolutionary artist Emory Douglas during his International Artist in Residency at Auckland University 's Elam School of Fine Arts . In 2010 a documentary film made by Nevak 'Ilolahia (niece of Will 'Ilolahia),
285-606: A classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008. Based on genetic research , it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo . Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa ; southeastern Ethiopia
342-1494: A former professional American football team based in Detroit, Michigan, that competed in the now-defunct United States Football League Other sports [ edit ] South Adelaide Football Club (Panthers), an Australian Rules football team in the SANFL The Panthers , nickname for Panionios , a sports club in Athens Red Panthers , nickname for Belgium women's national field hockey team Panther Racing , an open wheel racing team College and university sports [ edit ] Eastern Illinois Panthers , Eastern Illinois University Florida Tech Panthers , Florida Institute of Technology FIU Golden Panthers , Florida International University Georgia State Panthers , Georgia State University Hanover Panthers , Hanover College Middlebury Panthers , Middlebury College Milwaukee Panthers , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Northern Iowa Panthers , University of Northern Iowa Panamerican University Panthers, Universidad Panamericana (Mexico City, Mexico) Penn State Nittany Lions , Pennsylvania State University Pittsburgh Panthers , University of Pittsburgh USPF Panthers , University of Southern Philippines Foundation (Cebu City, Philippines) High school sports [ edit ] Permian Panthers ,
399-528: A fusion of ex-gang members, university students, revolutionaries & radicals with most aged in their 20s. At the time many Pacific Island youth were supporters of Māori political initiatives such as the Bastion Point occupation and Waitangi Day protests, gaining skills in political lobbying and processes which they used to raise the profile of Pacific people in New Zealand. Within a few years
456-679: A group of young Polynesians on 16 June 1971, the Panthers worked to aid in community betterment through activism and protest. Besides peaceful protests, they helped provide education, legal aid, and other social resources, such as ESOL classes and youth community programs. The group was explicitly influenced by the American Black Panther Party , particularly Huey Newton ’s policy of black unity through his global call-to-action, as well as his ideology of intercommunalism . The movement galvanised widespread support during
513-553: A halfway-house accommodation for those released from prison. According to Will 'Ilolahia, the movement's social outreach, especially involving youth, is what led to their increase in female members. By advocating for equity of the sexes, the Panthers were able to promote egalitarianism through multiple sectors for the Polynesian community as a whole. Scholars note that the women in the group challenged systemic racism and sexism by taking on very functional roles in working for
570-645: A jury took 1 hour and 10 minutes to find 'Ilolahia not guilty. As he was leaving the courthouse, 'Ilolahia states that police threatened him with violence, resulting in him returning to Tonga for his safety. As most of the Panther's duties at the time were organised by 'Ilolahia, his departure from New Zealand effectively resulted in the end of the organisation. Amid controversial tours, the Gleneagles Agreement of 1977 gave international support against apartheid in sport. In 2006 Panther members released
627-470: A legendary creature featured in heraldry See also [ edit ] The Panther (disambiguation) Panther Creek (disambiguation) Panther Mountain (disambiguation) Black panther (disambiguation) Black Panthers (disambiguation) The Pink Panther (disambiguation) Pantera (disambiguation) Panthera (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
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#1732765176305684-486: A lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia . Panthera species can prusten , which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species. The geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia . Panthera blytheae , possibly
741-400: A name for the phenotypic genetic variant that forms the black leopard or jaguar Cougar , a big cat that is not in the subfamily Pantherinae, but is commonly referred to as a panther Florida panther , a population of cougar Art, media, and entertainment [ edit ] Video games [ edit ] Panther (1975 video game) , a battle tank-driving game developed for
798-630: Is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations. Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar. The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of
855-437: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Panthera Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae , and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae . It contains the largest living members of the cat family. There are five living species: the jaguar , leopard , lion , snow leopard and tiger , as well as a number of extinct species, including
912-562: The American lion ( P. atrox ) is a sister lineage to Panthera spelaea (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about 0.34 million years ago , and that both P. atrox and P. spelaea are most closely related to lions among living Panthera species. The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger. Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest
969-1047: The Cat Specialist Group : [REDACTED] P. l. melanochaita ( Smith , 1842) including: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Indian leopard P. p. fusca ( Meyer , 1794) Javan leopard P. p. melas ( G. Cuvier , 1809) Arabian leopard P. p. nimr ( Hemprich and Ehrenberg ), 1833 P. p. tulliana ( Valenciennes , 1856), syn. P. p. ciscaucasica ( Satunin , 1914), P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 Amur leopard P. p. orientalis ( Schlegel , 1857), syn. P. p. japonensis ( Gray , 1862) Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1956 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaica Temminck, 1844) including [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa, which
1026-525: The Chevrolet Camaro De Tomaso Pantera , an Italian sports car Ford Panther platform , a sedan automobile platform Isuzu Panther , a multi-purpose vehicle Leyland Panther , a 1960s British single-deck bus Plaxton Panther , a coach body Panther Westwinds , a car manufacturer Rosenbauer Panther , an airport crash tender Military [ edit ] Iveco LMV , a small armoured vehicle supplied to
1083-509: The Dawn Raids of the 1970s, and greatly helped contribute to the modern pan-Polynesian ethnic identity in New Zealand called Pasifika . The Polynesian Panthers operated to bring awareness and combat exploitative social relations of Pasifika people, including redlining , racial profiling , disproportionate incarceration, and segregation in sport. The PPP effectively ceased when founding member and main organiser, Will 'Ilolahia, fled
1140-456: The bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus . The convexly rounded chin is sloping. All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone and a specially adapted larynx with large vocal folds covered in a fibro-elastic pad; these characteristics enable them to roar . Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide
1197-430: The cave lion and American lion . The word panther derives from classical Latin panthēra , itself from the ancient Greek pánthēr ( πάνθηρ ). In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal inter orbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basic cranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of
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#17327651763051254-869: The 1800s Anne Panther (birth 1982), German FIBA basketball official Clinton Panther (birth 1991), South African field hockey player Jim Panther (birth 1945), American major league baseball player Manny Panther (birth 1984), Scottish former footballer Political groups [ edit ] Black Panther Party , Black nationalist organization Black Panthers (Israel) , Israeli protest movement Dalit Panthers , revolutionary anti-caste organization founded by dalits in Maharashtra, India Gray Panthers , American organization promoting senior citizens' rights Polynesian Panthers , political group in New Zealand White Panther Party , political collective founded to support
1311-674: The Black Panthers Science and technology [ edit ] For vehicles, see § Transportation . PANTHER (Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships), a biological database of gene/protein families DR DOS "Panther" , the code-name of Novell's Novell DOS 7 Mac OS X Panther , an operating system Sports [ edit ] Professional and amateur sports [ edit ] Basketball [ edit ] GiroLive Panthers Osnabrück ,
1368-746: The British Army branded as the BAE Panther Panther tank , a medium tank used by Germany in World War II RG-33 , Medium Mine Protected Vehicle, supplied to the US Army as the BAE Panther K2 Black Panther , main battle tank for Korean forces Panther KF51 , prototype fourth generation main battle tank. Ships [ edit ] HMS Panther , the name of at least five ships of
1425-567: The European jaguar) Jaguar [REDACTED] Leopard [REDACTED] Lion [REDACTED] † Panthera spelaea (cave lion or steppe lion) [REDACTED] † American lion ( Panthera atrox ) Polynesian Panthers The Polynesian Panther Party (PPP) was a revolutionary social justice movement formed to target racial inequalities carried out against indigenous Māori and Pacific Islanders in Auckland , New Zealand. Founded by
1482-644: The NRL Wests Panthers , an Australian rugby league team Western Panthers Rugby Club, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe American football [ edit ] Carolina Panthers , an American professional football team based in Charlotte, North Carolina, that competes in the NFL and is in the NFC South division Düsseldorf Panther , an American football club from Düsseldorf, Germany Michigan Panthers ,
1539-444: The New Zealand government for an official apology for the dawn raids that took place in the mid‑1970s. On 15 August 2021, the public broadcaster TVNZ released a television series about the Polynesian Panthers called The Panthers on TVNZ 1 and TVNZ On Demand . The series starred Dimitrius Schuster-Koloamatangi as Polynesian Panthers leader Will Ilolahia, and was written by Tom Hern and Halaifonua Finau. The series became
1596-517: The PIG Patrol monitored police convoys by listening to police frequencies, phoning in their locations, following police vans, warning bar attendees of a potential visit and providing Legal Aid pamphlets. Despite the formations of anti-racist groups ( Halt All Racist Tours , 1969), much of the Rugby Union seemed to turn a blind-eye to the racial discrimination within the league. As one of
1653-1213: The PLATO system Panther (1986 video game) , a flight game developed for the Commodore 64 and Atari 800XL/130XE Atari Panther , a cancelled video game console, expected to be released in the early 1990s Panther, the codename for Ann Takamaki , a character from Persona 5 Other media [ edit ] Panther (film) , 1995 British film Panther (owarai) , Japanese comedy trio Panthers (band) , American hardcore punk band The Panthers (miniseries) , 2021 New Zealand miniseries Brands and enterprises [ edit ] Panther (company) , German maker of professional camera cranes and dollies Panther (publisher) , publishing house specialising in paperback fiction Panther Software , Japanese video game company Panther Westwinds , defunct British car manufacturer People [ edit ] Yoshikazu Yahiro , Japanese metal guitarist, known as Panther and formerly as Circuit.V.Panther The Panther (Sam Brushell) , Indian who lived in Otsego County, New York in
1710-488: The PPP were also intended to inspire community initiative and discourage gang integration. Through their dedication to Polynesian legal aid, the Panthers were advocating for those forcibly evicted in poor communities by private security firms and those who became unemployed, lost their visas due to their tenant conflicts or were under threat of deportation under new policy. Because of the working-class background of its members
1767-921: The Panthers In response to the New Zealand police task-force and the Muldoon government's continuation of aggressive policies against Pasifikas, the Panthers initiated their own detail known as the Police Investigation Group Patrol, or PIG Patrol, to monitor and protect the community. Policies of the police at the time included profiling and frequently approaching Pacific Islanders and insisting they provide their passport. Anyone who did not have their passport on their person could be detained immediately and taken to prison. Convoys of police vehicles would routinely approach bars frequented by Pacific Islanders, often looking to provoke any reaction that could result in an arrest. In response,
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1824-448: The Panthers began their protest. During this time, the PPP continued to provide legal aid to detainees. "If you were brown, you were stopped by the police. If you were brown and had no ID, you went straight to the cell ... I [told a police officer] 'Look, I was born in New Zealand, I don't usually carry my passport around in my back pocket because I'm not travelling anywhere'." Reverend Wayne Toleafoa, former Information Minister for
1881-717: The Royal Navy SMS ; Panther , a German gunboat, which sparked the Agadir Crisis in 1911 SMS Panther (1885) , an Austro-Hungarian torpedo cruiser SS Panther , an Italian ferry in service 1962–1968 USS Panther , two vessels of the United States Navy German torpedo boat Panther (1940) , a German torpedo boat of World War II Other uses [ edit ] Panther, Daviess County, Kentucky , an unincorporated community Panther (legendary creature) ,
1938-527: The US Navy in the Korean War PANTHER, the callsign for Falcon Air Express Rotec Panther , American ultralight aircraft Armstrong Siddeley Panther , British aero-engine Land transportation [ edit ] Panther (amphibious vehicle) , American amphibious car Panther (motorcycle) , British brand Chevrolet Panther, codename for the 1960s car that would eventually become
1995-435: The cause that were generally different from female roles in Polynesian society. Panther member, Miriama Rauhihi Ness (Ama Ness), was hired as a full-time social-worker after she led a Pasifika women's strike for pay and work conditions; she also began organizing gender equality workshops for other Panthers and men in the community to target cultural bias and violence against women . New Zealand's economy had declined in
2052-612: The cause. In an interview with Eddie Conway, current Polynesian Panthers were interviewed about the importance of the BPP in influencing their activism and to bring light to their current work for Pacific Islands Safety & Violence Prevention Program : anti-violence against women and girls. Miriama Rauhihi Ness was interviewed by Te Ao - Māori News in June 2020 where she spoke in support of Black Lives Matter protests. In April 2021, former Polynesian Panther members are among those petitioning
2109-597: The community interested in advocating for Pasifika rights. The Panthers' lead function was to raise consciousness and ensure community wellbeing in response to racial discrimination, prejudice and social inequality faced by indigenous Māori citizens and Pacific Islanders. Amidst racial tension and backlash, the Party sought to protect the Polynesian community from aggressive policies and policing. Soon after establishing headquarters in Ponsonby , their impacts extended to create
2166-505: The country in 1983 after being threatened by police, following his acquittal for helping organise protests of the 1981 Springbok Tour . The name has since been adopted by an activist group continuing to fight for human rights in New Zealand. The Polynesian Panther Movement was founded in inner-city Auckland on 16 June 1971 by six young Pacific Islanders: Fred Schmidt, Nooroa Teavae, Paul Dapp, Vaughan Sanft, Eddie Williams and Will 'Ilolahia . They extended their branch to men and women in
2223-597: The following relationships of living Panthera species: The extinct species Panthera gombaszoegensis , was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola , in Italy, and date to 1.6 million years ago . Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3.8 million years ago . Panthera
2280-2429: The high school football team featured in H.G. Bissinger's book Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream (1990) Barnsdall Panthers, Barnsdall High School , Barnsdall, Oklahoma Cedar Grove Panthers, Cedar Grove High School , Cedar Grove, New Jersey Chapman Panthers, Chapman High School (Inman, South Carolina) Colleyville Heritage Panthers, Colleyville Heritage High School (Colleyville, Texas) Cypress Lake Panthers, Cypress Lake High School (Fort Myers, Florida) Edgemont Panthers, Edgemont Junior - Senior High School , Scarsdale, New York Franklin Regional Panthers, Franklin Regional High School , Murrysville, Pennsylvania Glencoe Panthers, Glencoe High School (Oklahoma) Hillcrest Panthers, Hillcrest High School (Dallas) Jennings County Panthers, Jennings County High School (North Vernon, Indiana) Lake City Panthers, Lake City High School (Lake City, South Carolina) Lord Tweedsmuir Panthers, Lord Tweedsmuir Secondary School , Surrey, British Columbia Middle Township Panthers, Middle Township High School , Cape May Courthouse, New Jersey Midlothian Panthers, Midlothian High School (Texas) Morehead Panthers, John Motley Morehead High School , Eden, North Carolina Palmetto Panthers, Miami Palmetto High School , Pinecrest, Florida Parkdale Panthers, Parkdale High School , Riverdale Park, Maryland Pine View Panthers, Pine View High School , St. George, Utah Pitman Panthers, Pitman High School , Pitman, New Jersey Point Pleasant Boro Panthers, Point Pleasant Borough High School , Point Pleasant, New Jersey Redmond Panthers, Redmond High School (Oregon) Springboro Panthers, Springboro High School , Springboro, Ohio Spring Lake Park Panthers, Spring Lake Park High School Blaine, Fridley, and Spring Lake Park, Minnesota Sterlington Panthers, Sterlington High School , Sterlington, and Monroe, Louisiana The Panthers, Browning School , New York, NY Reitz High Panthers, FJ Reitz High School , Evansville, Indiana Modesto High Panthers, Modesto High School , Modesto, California Transportation [ edit ] Aircraft [ edit ] Eurocopter AS565 Panther , military helicopter Grumman F9F Panther , jet fighter used by
2337-455: The intensified promotion of police raids under his administration. The raids involved police storming the homes of those suspected of overstaying temporary working visas, typically at dawn. Though the majority of people overstaying such visas were from the UK, Australia and South Africa, the dawn raids disproportionately targeted over-stayers of Pacific Islander heritage. "A study carried out in 1985–86
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2394-583: The late 1960s due to their reliance on international developments, including wool prices, dairy products and oil. Many Pacific Islanders were encouraged to migrate in-land and fill the labour shortage for low-experience jobs. Norman Kirk assembled a police task force in 1973 to deal with overstayers in Auckland, which lead to a number of " Dawn Raids " and the racial profiling of Pacific Islanders. The Polynesian Panthers greatly increased in profile by continued protesting and advocacy for Polynesian rights during Robert Muldoon 's immigration scare campaign in 1975, and
2451-405: The lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them. Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations. Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia ) also belongs to the genus Panthera ( P. uncia ),
2508-435: The lists considerably. Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger ( P. tigris ), lion ( P. leo ), jaguar ( P. onca ), and leopard ( P. pardus ) on the basis of common features of their skulls . Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research , mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of
2565-458: The most renowned activist events in rugby, the Panthers played a large role in protesting racial selection in the sport by joining rallies against the 1981 Springbok Tour . Because of South African apartheid, New Zealand sports teams were urged to exclude Māori players and select rosters according to racial segregation , said to be in the best interest and safety of the players. In 1970, All Blacks rugby toured its Māori and Islander players under
2622-598: The movement had expanded nationally with over 500 members and supporters, and 13 chapters including South Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin , as well as several chapters in prisons. The Polynesian Panthers began to organize activities, workshops and group initiatives in place of lacking social resources available to Polynesians at the time. Among these were homework centres and tutoring for Pacific children, running programs educating Māori and Pacific Islanders on their rights as New Zealand citizens, free meal programs and food banks for roughly 600 families. Youth programs by
2679-486: The movement heavily concerned itself with issues relating to unequal pay and unsatisfactory working and living conditions. The Panthers also provided many in the community with ‘people’s loans’ in times of need. With the help of David Lange , who served as their legal advisor from 1971 to 1976 before becoming the country's Prime Minister, they were able to release their Legal Aid book to ensure that Polynesian migrants and citizens were best equipped to defend themselves against
2736-526: The oldest known Panthera species, is similar in skull features to the snow leopard, though its taxonomic placement has been disputed by other researchers who suggest that the species likely belongs to a different genus. The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene . Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from
2793-435: The privileged status of ' honorary whites ', although many were not satisfied with this gesture of tolerance. Being the last major activism undertaken by the Panthers, this was also the most physically involved protest with police counter-charge and game spectator violence. Panther member Tigilau Ness was imprisoned for his role in the protests. Founding panther member Will 'Ilolahia was also arrested for helping organise
2850-406: The protests, and was facing 10 years in prison if convicted. Following a two-year trial, he was found not guilty, a verdict that was partially attributed to Desmond Tutu flying from South Africa specifically to act as a character witness for the Panthers. After describing the Panthers as liberators and defenders of human rights, and attributing their actions as playing a role in the end of apartheid,
2907-519: The subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago. The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera . The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8.66 million years ago . Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11.3 million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6.55 million years ago , snow leopard about 4.63 million years ago and leopard about 4.35 million years ago . Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that
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#17327651763052964-532: The system. As part of the efforts to restore prosperity to Pasifika communities, the Polynesian Panthers organized a prison-visit program, mimicking that of the Black Panther Party . This program gave families access to bus transport, and recognized the need for socialization for those behind bars. The Panthers frequently spoke with Polynesians who did not have other visitors organized sporting events and debate teams for inmates, and often offered
3021-451: The title Panther . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panther&oldid=1257992198 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Animal common name disambiguation pages Short description
3078-492: Was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils. In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats , their speciation and extinction rates . † Panthera palaeosinensis † Panthera blytheae Snow leopard [REDACTED] † Panthera zdanskyi Tiger [REDACTED] † Panthera gombaszoegensis (sometimes called
3135-537: Was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group. During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London , and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening
3192-502: Was released telling the story of the Polynesian Panthers. It was shown on Māori Television 's New Zealand documentary slot. In 2016, activists still operating under the name of The Polynesian Black Panther Party attended the (United States) Black Panther Party's 50th Anniversary Reunion in Oakland, California. This event was held to honour the ideologies brought forth by the Party, as well as commemorate those who are still organizing for
3249-494: Was revealing: it showed that whereas Pacific Island people comprised only a third of overstayers, they made up 86% of all prosecutions for overstaying."(Beaglehole, 2015) In protest, Polynesian Panther members would organise "counter raids" on the homes of several prominent cabinet members, including Bill Birch and Frank Gill , who were in favour of the policy, by surrounding them with light and chanting with megaphones. The government's dawn raids ended less than three weeks after
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