30-499: 17 genera, 45 species The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes . The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , and eastern Australia . The family has 45 species in 17 genera . The members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage of the males of the species, the majority of which are sexually dimorphic . The males of these species tend to have very long, elaborate feathers extending from
60-399: A fruiting tree, they will not associate with them otherwise and will not stay with other species for long. Fruit is eaten while perched and not in the air, and birds-of-paradise are able to use their feet as tools to manipulate and hold their food, allowing them to extract certain capsular fruit. There is some niche differentiation in fruit choice by species and any one species will only consume
90-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
120-453: A limited number of fruit types compared to the large choice available. For example, the trumpet manucode and crinkle-collared manucode will eat mostly figs, whereas the Lawes's parotia focuses mostly on berries and the greater lophorina and raggiana bird-of-paradise take mostly capsular fruit. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of
150-706: A species outside New Guinea is Phonygammus , one representative of which is found in the extreme north of Queensland . The remaining species are restricted to New Guinea and some of the surrounding islands. Many species have very small ranges, particularly those with restricted habitat types such as mid-montane forest (like the black sicklebill ) or island endemics (like the Wilson's bird-of-paradise ). The majority of birds-of-paradise live in tropical forests, including rainforests , swamps, and moss forests , nearly all of them solitary tree dwellers. Several species have been recorded in coastal mangroves. The southernmost species,
180-488: Is monogamous . Widespread and common throughout its large habitat range, the trumpet manucode is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES . The trumpet manucode is approximately 31 cm (12 in) long. It has elongated horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers. The plumage is of an iridescent blackish glossed blue, green and purple. It has
210-554: Is a species of bird in the family Paradisaeidae . The trumpet manucode is named after its powerful and loud trumpeting calls. The specific name , keraudrenii , commemorates French Navy physician Pierre François Keraudren (1769-1858) . The trumpet manucode is widely distributed throughout lowland rainforests of New Guinea , northern Cape York Peninsula , the Aru Islands , and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands , though certain subspecies are geographically distinct. This species
240-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
270-574: Is the large island of New Guinea ; all but two genera are found in New Guinea. Those other two are the monotypic genera Lycocorax and Semioptera , both of which are endemic to the Maluku Islands , to the west of New Guinea. Of the riflebirds in the genus Ptiloris , two are endemic to the coastal forests of eastern Australia , one occurs in both Australia and New Guinea, and one is only found in New Guinea. The only other genus to have
300-538: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Phonygammus Manucodia keraudrenii Phonygama purpureoviolacea The trumpet manucode ( Phonygammus keraudrenii )
330-572: The Epimachus sicklebills, Paradigalla, and the astrapias. The final clade includes the Cicinnurus and the Paradisaea birds-of-paradise. The exact limits of the family have been the subject of revision as well. The three species of satinbird (the genera Cnemophilus and Loboparadisea ) were treated as a subfamily of the birds-of-paradise, Cnemophilinae. In spite of differences in
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#1732772872358360-400: The corvids . Birds-of-paradise range in size from the king bird-of-paradise at 50 g (1.8 oz) and 15 cm (5.9 in) to the curl-crested manucode at 44 cm (17 in) and 430 g (15 oz). The male black sicklebill , with its long tail, is the longest species at 110 cm (43 in). In most species, the tails of the males are larger and longer than those of
390-423: The paradise riflebird of Australia , lives in sub-tropical and temperate wet forests. As a group the manucodes are the most plastic in their habitat requirements; in particular, the glossy-mantled manucode , which inhabits both forest and open savanna woodland. Mid-montane habitats are the most commonly occupied habitat, with thirty of the forty species occurring in the 1000–2000 m altitudinal band. The diet of
420-515: The type genus by the English naturalist William John Swainson . For many years the birds-of-paradise were treated as being closely related to the bowerbirds . Today while both are treated as being part of the Australasian lineage Corvida , the two are now thought to be only distantly related. The closest evolutionary relatives of the birds-of-paradise are the crow and jay family Corvidae ,
450-449: The beak, wings, tail, or head. For the most part, they are confined to dense rainforest habitats. The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser extent arthropods . The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek -type polygamy . A number of species are threatened by hunting and habitat loss . The family Paradisaeidae is introduced (as Paradiseidae) in 1825 with Paradisaea as
480-403: The birds-of-paradise is dominated by fruit and arthropods, although small amounts of nectar and small vertebrates may also be taken. The ratio of the two food types varies by species, with fruit predominating in some species, and arthropods dominating the diet in others. The ratio of the two will affect other aspects of the behaviour of the species; for example, frugivorous species tend to feed in
510-741: The described species were so rare, he examined many controversial specimens and, during the 1920s and 1930s, published several papers on his hypothesis. Many of the species described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are now generally considered to be hybrids, though some are still subject to dispute; their status is not likely to be settled definitely without genetic examination of museum specimens, which will come soon in summer 2021 in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia, and some birds in an aviary in Central Park Zoo . Birds-of-paradise are closely related to
540-464: The dimorphic species is typically drab to blend in with their habitat, unlike the bright attractive colours found on the males. Younger males of these species have female-like plumage, and sexual maturity takes a long time, with the full adult plumage not being obtained for up to seven years. This affords the younger males protection from predators of more subdued colours and also reduces hostility from adult males. The centre of bird-of-paradise diversity
570-475: The eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
600-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
630-1639: The family has been determined by Martin Irestedt and collaborators. Lycocorax – paradise-crows (2 species) Phonygammus – trumpet manucode Manucodia – manucodes (5 species) Pteridophora – King of Saxony bird-of-paradise Parotia – parotias (6 species) Seleucidis – twelve-wired bird-of-paradise Drepanornis – sicklebills (2 species) Semioptera – standardwing bird-of-paradise Lophorina – lophorinas (3 species) Ptiloris – riflebirds (4 species) Epimachus – sicklebills (2 species) Paradigalla – paradigallas (2 species) Astrapia – astrapias (5 species) Cicinnurus – King bird-of-paradise Diphyllodes – birds-of-paradise (2 species) Paradisornis – blue bird-of-paradise Paradisaea – birds-of-paradise (6 species) genus : Lycocorax genus : Manucodia genus : Phonygammus genus : Paradigalla genus : Astrapia genus : Parotia genus : Pteridophora genus : Lophorina genus : Ptiloris genus : Epimachus genus : Drepanornis genus : Cicinnurus genus : Diphyllodes genus : Semioptera genus : Seleucidis genus : Paradisaea Hybrid birds-of-paradise may occur when individuals of different species, that look similar and have overlapping ranges, confuse each other for their own species and crossbreed. When Erwin Stresemann realised that hybridisation among birds-of-paradise might be an explanation as to why so many of
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#1732772872358660-467: The females have larger bills than the males are more common, particularly in the insect-eating species. Plumage variation between the sexes is closely related to the breeding system. The manucodes and paradise-crow, which are socially monogamous, are sexually monomorphic . So are the two species of Paradigalla , which are polygamous. All these species have generally black plumage with varying amounts of green and blue iridescence . The female plumage of
690-480: The females, the differences ranging from slight to extreme. The wings are rounded and in some species structurally modified on the males in order to make sound. There is considerable variation in the family with regard to bill shape. Bills may be long and decurved, as in the sicklebills and riflebirds, or small and slim like the Astrapias . As with body size, bill size varies between the sexes, although species where
720-512: The forest canopy, whereas insectivores may feed lower down in the middle storey. Frugivores are more social than the insectivores, which are more solitary and territorial . Even the birds-of-paradise that are primarily insect eaters will still take large amounts of fruit. The family is overall an important seed disperser for the forests of New Guinea, as they do not digest the seeds. Species that feed on fruit will range widely searching for fruit, and while they may join other fruit-eating species at
750-492: The genus Melampitta , also from New Guinea, have been linked with the birds-of-paradise, but their relationships remain uncertain, more recently being linked with the Australian mudnesters. The silktail of Fiji has been linked with the birds-of-paradise many times since its discovery, but never formally assigned to the family. Recent molecular evidence now places the species with the fantails . A genus level phylogeny of
780-429: The monarch flycatchers Monarchidae , and the Australian mudnesters Struthideidae . A 2009 study examining the mitochondrial DNA of all species to examine the relationships within the family and to its nearest relatives estimated that the family emerged 24 million years ago, earlier than previous estimates. The study identified five clades within the family, and placed the split between the first clade, which contains
810-525: The monogamous manucodes and paradise-crow , and all the other birds-of-paradise, to be 10 million years ago. The second clade includes the parotias and the King of Saxony bird-of-paradise . The third clade provisionally contains several genera, including Seleucidis , the Drepanornis sicklebills, Semioptera , Ptiloris, and Lophorina , although some of these are questionable. The fourth clade includes
840-540: The mouth, foot morphology, and nesting habits they remained in the family until a 2000 study moved them to a separate family closer to the berrypeckers and longbills ( Melanocharitidae ). The same study found that the Macgregor's bird-of-paradise was actually a member of the large Australasian honeyeater family. In addition to these three species, a number of systematically enigmatic species and genera have been considered potential members of this family. The two species in
870-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
900-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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