Misplaced Pages

#494505

30-547: Parliamentary Republic may refer to: Parliamentary republic , a republican form of government with a parliamentary system and a ceremonial or parliament-elected head of state History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925) French Third Republic (1870–1940) French Fourth Republic (1946–1958) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

60-538: A semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government . Charles de Gaulle , who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). Under the fifth republic,

90-606: A new constitution in a referendum on 28 September 1958 that led to the establishment of the French Fifth Republic in 1959. Chile became the first parliamentary republic in South America following a civil war in 1891. However, following a coup in 1925 this system was replaced by a presidential one . Since the London Declaration of 29 April 1949 (just weeks after Ireland declared itself

120-612: A parliamentary system. Following the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War , France once again became a republic – the French Third Republic – in 1870. The President of the Third Republic had significantly less executive powers than those of the previous two republics had. The Third Republic lasted until the invasion of France by Nazi Germany in 1940. Following the end of the war,

150-670: A republic, and excluded itself from the Commonwealth) republics have been admitted as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. In the case of many republics in the Commonwealth of Nations , it was common for the Sovereign, formerly represented by a Governor-General , to be replaced by a non-executive head of state. This was the case in South Africa (which ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth immediately upon becoming

180-536: A republic, and later switched to having an executive presidency), Malta , Trinidad and Tobago , India , Vanuatu and since 30 November 2021, Barbados . In many of these examples, the last Governor-General became the first president. Such was the case with Sri Lanka and Pakistan . Other states became parliamentary republics upon gaining independence. ( Nazi Germany ) French Fifth Republic – in Europe  (green & dark grey) – in

210-513: A section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the Algérie française movement to defeat separation. Charles de Gaulle , who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. The parliament was unable to choose a government amid popular protest, and De Gaulle

240-593: Is dependent on parliament, the head of government and head of state can form one office (as in Botswana , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , and South Africa ), but the president is still selected in much the same way as the prime minister is in most Westminster systems . This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament. In some cases, the president can legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake

270-593: The European Union  (green) In Alsace-Moselle The Fifth Republic ( French : Cinquième République ) is France 's current republican system of government . It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic . The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic , replacing the former parliamentary republic with

300-562: The French Fourth Republic was constituted along similar lines in 1946. The Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after the war, and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration, which changed the continent permanently. Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent

330-409: The presidential system or the semi-presidential system , the head of state usually does not have executive powers as an executive president would (some may have reserve powers or a bit more influence beyond that), because many of those powers have been granted to a head of government (usually called a prime minister ). However, in a parliamentary republic with a head of state whose tenure

SECTION 10

#1732790314495

360-487: The 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances . Traditionally, France operated according to parliamentary supremacy : no authority was empowered to rule on whether statutes passed by Parliament respected the constitutional rights of the citizens. In 1971, however, the Constitutional Council , arguing that the preamble of the constitution referenced the rights defined in the 1789 Declaration of

390-540: The French Union with the French Community , which allowed fourteen member territories (excluding Algeria) to assert their independence. 1960 became known as the " Year of Africa " because of this wave of newly independent states. Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962. The president was initially elected by an electoral college but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by

420-722: The Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the preamble of the 1946 constitution, concluded that statutes must respect these rights and so declared partially unconstitutional a statute because it violated freedom of association . Only the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, or the president of either house of Parliament could ask for a constitutional review before a statute was signed into law—which greatly reduces

450-457: The Third Republic as the second-longest French regime and the longest-lasting French republic on 8 August 2028. The Fourth Republic had suffered from a lack of political consensus, a weak executive, and governments forming and falling in quick succession since 1946. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, prime ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms. The trigger for

480-549: The citizens and held a referendum on the change. Although the method and intent of de Gaulle in that referendum were contested by most political groups except for the Gaullists , the change was approved by the French electorate. The Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum. The president is now elected every five years, changed from seven by a constitutional referendum in 2000 , to reduce

510-526: The collapse of the French Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958 . France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization . French West Africa , French Indochina , and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union . Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with

540-494: The day-to-day running of government (as in Iceland) but by convention they either do not use these powers or they use them only to give effect to the advice of the parliament or head of government. Some parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system. Typically, parliamentary republics are states that were previously constitutional monarchies with

570-471: The largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France . The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as European settlers , native Jews , and Harkis (native Muslims who were loyal to France), who wanted to maintain the union with France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war . Further complications came when

600-753: The likelihood of such a review if all these officeholders happened to be from the same side of politics, which was the case at the time. Then in 1974, a constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the National Assembly or 60 members of the senate . From that date, the opposition has been able to have controversial new statutes examined for constitutionality.    Socialist ( PS )    Centrist ( CD )    Centrist ( REM )    Republican ( UDF )     Gaullist ( UDR ; RPR )    Neo-Gaullist ( UMP ) Source: "Les présidents de la République depuis 1848" [Presidents of

630-415: The new president was proclaimed. On 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected president of France by an electoral college . The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the constitutional council , proclaimed the results of the election on 9 January 1959. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as prime minister. The 1958 constitution also replaced

SECTION 20

#1732790314495

660-473: The president always has a majority. Cohabitation is still possible if the president dissolves parliament in the middle of a presidential term. The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary , feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime and the parliamentary Third Republic ( 4 September 1870 – 10 July 1940 ). It is expected that the Fifth Republic will overtake

690-404: The president has the right to dissolve the national assembly and hold new parliamentary elections. If the president has a majority in the national assembly, the president sets domestic policy and the prime minister puts it into practice. During a presidential mandate, the president can also change prime ministers and reshuffle the government. If there is a different majority in the national assembly,

720-490: The president is forced to nominate a prime minister from a different party, which is called a cohabitation . In the beginning of the Fifth Republic, presidential elections were held every seventh year and parliamentary elections every fifth year, which meant the president and the majority elected in the national assembly could be from different parties. Starting in the year 2000, the presidential and parliamentary elections were synchronized and are held every fifth year, which means

750-433: The probability of cohabitation due to former differences in the length of terms for the National Assembly and presidency. The president is elected in one or two rounds of voting : if one candidate gets a majority of votes in the first round that person is president-elect; if no one gets a majority in the first round, the two candidates with the greatest number of votes go to a second round. Two major changes occurred in

780-466: The referendum of 28 September 1958 . The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958. Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic. The new constitution contained transitional clauses (articles 90–92) extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained president of the Republic until

810-533: The title Parliamentary Republic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliamentary_Republic&oldid=1110796825 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Parliamentary republic In contrast to republics operating under either

840-487: The unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government – there were 20 governments in ten years. Additionally, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization. As a result, the Fourth Republic collapsed and Charles de Gaulle was given power to rule by decree, subsequently legitimized by approval of

870-413: Was appointed head of the government ; on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France , and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc. ). These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in

900-443: Was carried to power when the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voted for its own dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention. De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The president, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle

#494505