Parnassiaceae Gray were a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Celastrales . The family is not recognized in the APG III system of plant classification . When that system was published in 2009, Parnassiaceae were treated as subfamily Parnassioideae of an expanded family Celastraceae .
66-456: Parnassiaceae have only two genera , Lepuropetalon and Parnassia . Lepuropetalon has only one species , Lepuropetalon spathulatum , a winter annual that usually prefers sandy soil . It is one of the smallest of flowering plants, up to 2 cm tall. Lepuropetalon has a disjunct distribution , being known from the southeastern United States and central Chile , but is probably far more common than has been reported. Parnassia
132-534: A strongly supported clade . This study also showed strong support for a pentatomy consisting of Pottingeria , Mortonia , Parnassiaceae, and two clades of genera from Celastraceae as that family had been circumscribed in APG II . The relationships between these five clades remain unresolved. In 2009, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group expanded the family Celastraceae to consist of
198-405: A vascular strand in the nectary to assist in transport over a longer distance. Pollinators feed on the nectar and depending on the location of the nectary the pollinator assists in fertilization and outcrossing of the plant as they brush against the reproductive organs, the stamen and pistil , of the plant and pick up or deposit pollen . Nectar from floral nectaries is sometimes used as
264-516: A description of it. The name is from two Greek words, lepyron , "husk, rind, or shell", and petalon , "leaf or petal". In 1930, botanist Adolf Engler published descriptions of Lepuropetalon and Parnassia with detailed illustrations. He did not consider them to be closely related and placed each in its own subfamily among the 15 subfamilies that he recognized in Saxifragaceae . Others thought that they were closely related. One of these
330-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as
396-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,
462-427: A modified part or a novel structure. The different types of floral nectaries include: Most members of Lamiaceae have a nectariferous disc which surrounds the ovary base and derived from developing ovarian tissue. In most Brassicaceae , the nectary is at the base of the stamen filament. Many monocotyledons have septal nectaries, which are at the unfused margins of the carpels. These exude nectar from small pores on
528-406: A nutrient source to animal mutualists , which in turn provide herbivore protection . Common nectar-consuming pollinators include mosquitoes , hoverflies , wasps , bees , butterflies and moths , hummingbirds , honeyeaters and bats . Nectar plays a crucial role in the foraging economics and evolution of nectar-eating species; for example, nectar foraging behavior is largely responsible for
594-617: A preference for plants with extrafloral nectaries, particularly some species of ants and wasps , which have been observed to defend the plants bearing them. Acacia is one example of a plant whose nectaries attract ants, which protect the plant from other insect herbivores . Among passion flowers , for example, extrafloral nectaries prevent herbivores by attracting ants and deterring two species of butterflies from laying eggs. In many carnivorous plants , extrafloral nectaries are also used to attract insect prey . Charles Darwin understood that extrafloral nectar "though small in quantity,
660-446: A primary food source. In turn, these wasps then hunt agricultural pest insects as food for their young. Nectar is most often associated with flowering plants angiosperms , but it is also produced by other groups, including ferns . Nectar is derived from Greek νέκταρ , the fabled drink of eternal life. Some derive the word from νε- or νη- "not" plus κτα- or κτεν- "kill" , meaning "unkillable", thus "immortal". The common use of
726-462: A protective function. The Nicotiana attenuata , a tobacco plant native to the US state of Utah , uses several volatile aromas to attract pollinating birds and moths. The strongest such aroma is benzylacetone , but the plant also adds bitter nicotine , which is less aromatic, so may not be detected by the bird until after taking a drink. Researchers speculate the purpose of this addition is to discourage
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#1732802569306792-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for
858-433: A reward to insects, such as ants , that protect the plant from predators. Many floral families have evolved a nectar spur . These spurs are projections of various lengths formed from different tissues, such as the petals or sepals. They allow for pollinators to land on the elongated tissue and more easily reach the nectaries and obtain the nectar reward. Different characteristics of the spur, such as its length or position in
924-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;
990-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and
1056-449: Is a genus of perennial herbs , up to 60 cm tall, that grow in bogs , marshes , and other wet areas, mostly in cool to cold climates of the north temperate zone . There are at least 70 species. Sixty-three species occur in China and 49 of these occur nowhere else. A second area of diversity for Parnassia is North America and about 9 species occur there. Parnassia palustris
1122-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms
1188-912: Is greedily sought by insects" but believed that "their visits do not in any way benefit the plant". Instead, he believed that extrafloral nectaries were excretory in nature ( hydathodes ). Their defensive functions were first recognized by the Italian botanist Federico Delpino in his important monograph Funzione mirmecofila nel regno vegetale (1886). Delpino's study was inspired by a disagreement with Darwin, with whom he corresponded regularly. Extrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of vascular plants belonging to 745 genera and 108 families , 99.7% of which belong to flowering plants (angiosperms), comprising 1.0 to 1.8% of all known species. They are most common among eudicots , occurring in 3642 species (of 654 genera and 89 families), particularly among rosids which comprise more than half of
1254-461: Is of the ''Polygonum'' type . The fruit is an erect, membranous capsule , which opens at the apex only. The seeds are small, light, and numerous. Parnassias are often grown as curiosities for their unique and prominent staminodes . Further examination reveals additional oddities. The lowest leaves on the stem appear to be sessile , but in fact the petiole is adnate to the stem and embedded in it. The conductive vessels that enervate
1320-499: Is particularly rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. While their function is not always clear, and may be related to regulation of sugars, in most cases they appear to facilitate plant insect relationships. In contrast to floral nectaries, nectar produced outside the flower generally has a defensive function. The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects around, thus functioning as "bodyguards". Foraging predatory insects show
1386-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,
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#17328025693061452-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with
1518-451: Is the most well known and widely distributed species. It ranges through most of northern Eurasia , Canada , and the western United States . Parnassia palustris is widely cultivated . About 10 species are known in cultivation, all as ornamentals . Parnassiaceae are rhizomatous perennial herbs ( Parnassia ) or winter annuals without a rhizome ( Lepuropetalon ). The youngest part of the stem has three collateral vascular bundles . On
1584-1216: Is variable due to many factors, including flower age, plant location, and habitat management. Extrafloral nectaries (also known as extranuptial nectaries) are specialised nectar-secreting plant glands that develop outside of flowers and are not involved in pollination , generally on the leaf or petiole (foliar nectaries) and often in relation to the leaf venation . They are highly diverse in form, location, size, and mechanism. They have been described in virtually all above-ground plant parts—including stipules , cotyledons , fruits , and stems , among others. They range from single-celled trichomes to complex cup-like structures that may or may not be vascularized . Like floral nectaries, they consist of groups of glandular trichomes (e.g., Hibiscus spp.) or elongated secretory epidermal cells. The latter are often associated with underlying vascular tissue. They may be associated with specialised pockets ( domatia ), pits or raised regions (e.g., Euphorbiaceae ). The leaves of some tropical eudicots (e.g., Fabaceae ) and magnoliids (e.g., Piperaceae ) possess pearl glands or bodies which are globular trichomes specialised to attract ants. They secrete matter that
1650-859: The Cenozoic , with weak support for a role played by arthropod herbivore diversifications. They are absent in bryophytes , gymnosperms , early angiosperms , magnoliids , and members of Apiales among the eudicots. Phylogenetic studies and the wide distribution of extrafloral nectaries among vascular plants point to multiple independent evolutionary origins of extrafloral nectaries in at least 457 independent lineages. The main ingredients in nectar are sugars in varying proportions of sucrose , glucose , and fructose . In addition, nectars have diverse other phytochemicals serving to both attract pollinators and discourage predators. Carbohydrates , amino acids , and volatiles function to attract some species, whereas alkaloids and polyphenols appear to provide
1716-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to
1782-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;
1848-604: The basal eudicot family Papaveraceae . Lepuropetalon shares with Parnassia the pseudosessile leaves and the commissural stigmas. It also dumps its pollen on the ovary, but without the elaborate dance of the stamens. Unlike Parnassia , however, its staminodes are small and lack glands. The genus Parnassia was named by Linnaeus in 1753 for Mount Parnassus in Greece . In 1821, Samuel Frederick Gray put Parnassia in its own family, Parnassiaceae. In that same year, Stephen Elliott gave Lepuropetalon its name and published
1914-584: The gynoecium from certain pathogens. Floral nectaries have evolved and diverged into the different types of nectaries due to the various pollinators that visit the flowers. In Melastomataceae , different types of floral nectaries have evolved and been lost many times. Flowers that ancestrally produced nectar and had nectaries may have lost their ability to produce nectar due to a lack of nectar consumption by pollinators, such as certain species of bees . Instead they focused on energy allocation to pollen production. Species of angiosperms that have nectaries use
1980-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,
2046-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,
Parnassiaceae - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of
2178-572: The carpels are incomplete so that the ovary is unilocular in its upper part. The placentation is parietal . The ovules are attached to T-shaped placentas in Parnassia , and directly to the ovary wall in Lepuropetalon . The style is absent or very short. The stigmas are decurrent along the commissures of the ovary and sometimes extended above, to form false styles called stylodia . The stigmatic areas are dry. The megagametophyte
2244-493: The divergent evolution of the African honey bee, A. m. scutellata and the western honey bee . Nectar is an economically important substance as it is the sugar source for honey . It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adult stages of some predatory insects feed on nectar. For example, a number of predacious or parasitoid wasps (e.g., the social wasp species Apoica flavissima ) rely on nectar as
2310-451: The five clades of the pentatomy mentioned above. A phylogenetic infrafamilial classification of Celastraceae sensu APG III has not yet been published. Genera Genus ( / ˈ dʒ iː n ə s / ; pl. : genera / ˈ dʒ ɛ n ər ə / ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses . In binomial nomenclature ,
2376-439: The flower, may determine the type of pollinator that visits the flower. Defense from herbivory is often one of the roles of extrafloral nectaries. Floral nectaries can also be involved in defense. In addition to the sugars found in nectar, certain proteins may also be found in nectar secreted by floral nectaries. In tobacco plants, these proteins have antimicrobial and antifungal properties and can be secreted to defend
2442-840: The forager after only a sip, motivating it to visit other plants, therefore maximizing the pollination efficiency gained by the plant for a minimum nectar output. Neurotoxins such as aesculin are present in some nectars such as that of the California buckeye . Nectar contains water, essential oils , carbohydrates , amino acids , ions , and numerous other compounds. Some insect pollinated plants lack nectaries, but attract pollinators through other secretory structures. Elaiophores are similar to nectaries but are oil secreting. Osmophores are modified structural structures that produce volatile scents. In orchids , these have pheromone qualities. Osmophores have thick domed or papillate epidermis and dense cytoplasm. Platanthera bifolia produces
2508-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this
2574-430: The fruit. The petals are either absent, or five and free from each other. In Parnassia , the petals are showy and white or cream, with conspicuous veins that are usually green or gray. The margins are entire , toothed , or fimbriate . In Lepuropetalon , the petals are rudimentary or absent. In both genera, the five stamens are free from each other. They are placed opposite the sepals and therefore alternate with
2640-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,
2706-528: The genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of
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2772-897: The known occurrences. The families showing the most recorded occurrences of extrafloral nectaries are Fabaceae , with 1069 species, Passifloraceae , with 438 species, and Malvaceae , with 301 species. The genera with the most recorded occurrences are Passiflora (322 species, Passifloraceae), Inga (294 species, Fabaceae), and Acacia (204 species, Fabaceae). Other genera with extrafloral nectaries include Salix ( Salicaceae ), Prunus ( Rosaceae ) and Gossypium ( Malvaceae ). Foliar nectaries have also been observed in 101 species of ferns belonging to eleven genera and six families, most of them belonging to Cyatheales (tree ferns) and Polypodiales . Fern nectaries appear to have evolved around 135 million years ago, nearly simultaneously with angiosperms. However, fern nectaries did not diversify remarkably until nearly 100 million years later, in
2838-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,
2904-411: The leaf depart from those of the stem far below where the leaf is attached. As soon as the flower opens, the stamens begin to elongate. One of them bends inward, opens the thecae of its anther , and dumps its pollen on the ovary . It then bends away from the ovary to the outside of the flower. Another stamen then repeats this process. It takes about one day for a stamen to complete its motions, and
2970-405: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Nectar Nectar is a viscous , sugar -rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries , either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries , which provide
3036-454: The lower cauline leaves are pseudosessile , which means that the petioles are adnate to the stems. The upper cauline leaves, if present, are truly sessile . The inflorescence consists of one, or rarely two, flowers that face upward and are at the end of a peduncle that has few or no leaves. The flowers are perfect and slightly zygomorphic . The five sepals are shortly connate at their bases, and persistent through maturity of
3102-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus
3168-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this
3234-454: The nectar to attract pollinators that consume the nectar, such as birds and butterflies . In Bromeliaceae , septal nectaries (a form of gynoecial nectary) are common in species that are insect or bird pollinated. In species that are wind pollinated, nectaries are often absent because there is no pollinator. In flowers that are generally pollinated by a long-tongued organism such as certain flies , moths , butterflies, and birds, nectaries in
3300-555: The order in which they do so varies from one flower to another. The area that is receptive to pollen, the stigmatic area , is not confined to the apex of the ovary or mounted on a style as in most flowers, but extends in bands down the sides of the ovary along the commissures , the seams where the carpels that compose the ovary are joined together. Such commissural stigmas have been discovered in Celastraceae , but as late as 1972, they were known only from Parnassiaceae and from
3366-428: The ovaries are common because they are able to reach the nectar reward when pollinating. Sepal and petal nectaries are often more common in species that are pollinated by short-tongued insects that cannot reach so far into the flower. Nectar secretion increases as the flower is visited by pollinators. After pollination, the nectar is frequently reabsorbed into the plant. The amount of nectar in flowers at any given time
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#17328025693063432-424: The petals. The anthers open in sequence above the gynoecium (see next section). The five staminodes are free and placed opposite the petals. They mature after the stamens. Each consists of a nectariferous pad with filamentous rays arising from its edge. Each ray is terminated by a large globular gland. The ovary is superior or half inferior and consists of 3 or 4, rarely 5, fused carpels . The walls of
3498-476: The pollinator that feeds on the plant's nectar. Nectar is secreted from epidermal cells of the nectaries, which have a dense cytoplasm , by means of trichomes or modified stomata . Adjacent vascular tissue conducts phloem bringing sugars to the secretory region, where it is secreted from the cells through vesicles packaged by the endoplasmic reticulum . The adjacent subepidermal cells may also be secretory. Flowers that have longer nectaries sometimes have
3564-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for
3630-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or
3696-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in
3762-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,
3828-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being
3894-435: The stems, leaves, and flowers, the epidermis has sacs filled with tannin . The leaves are alternate or subopposite , without stipules , and the margins are entire . The leaf blade is wide compared to its length and the secondary venation is subpalmate . In Parnassia , the leaves are crowded into a basal rosette with a few cauline leaves above. The leaves are all cauline in Lepuropetalon . In both genera,
3960-436: The surface of the gynoecium. Nectaries may also vary in color, number, and symmetry. Nectaries can also be categorized as structural or non-structural. Structural nectaries refer to specific areas of tissue that exude nectar, such as the types of floral nectaries previously listed. Non-structural nectaries secrete nectar infrequently from non-differentiated tissues. The different types of floral nectaries coevolved depending on
4026-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for
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#17328025693064092-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up
4158-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in
4224-614: The word "nectar" to refer to the "sweet liquid in flowers", is first recorded in AD 1600. A nectary or honey gland is floral tissue found in different locations in the flower and is one of several secretory floral structures, including elaiophores and osmophores, producing nectar, oil and scent respectively. The function of these structures is to attract potential pollinators , which may include insects, including bees and moths , and vertebrates such as hummingbirds and bats . Nectaries can occur on any floral part, but they may also represent
4290-506: Was Steven Spongberg , who did a detailed study of Lepuropetalon and placed it in Saxifragaceae in the same subfamily with Parnassia . Most authors have followed Engler or Spongberg in their treatment of these two genera, but often with considerable doubt. Several other possible relationships have been proposed. In 2001, a DNA study showed that Lepuropetalon and Parnassia were much closer to each other than to any others. This
4356-421: Was the first DNA study to give strong statistical support (98% bootstrap support) for this relationship. In 2005, a study of flower structure concluded that the family Parnassiaceae belonged in the order Celastrales with Lepidobotryaceae , and a broadly defined Celastraceae , including Mortonia and Pottingeria . In 2006, a study of DNA sequences confirmed that Lepuropetalon and Parnassia form
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