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77-499: Valentine began writing the play after watching an ABC Television programme ( Stateline ) in 2003, which documented the experiences of three Indigenous women – Marjorie, Coral, and Marlene – who had been incarcerated at the Girls Home. She immediately sought to interview these women. In the weeks following, Stateline broadcast more episodes on non-Indigenous women's experiences in the home, which prompted Valentine to construct

154-510: A HTTP stream to deliver video to the client. ABC Australia is an international satellite television service operated by the ABC, funded by advertising and grants from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . The service is available via subscription to viewers across East Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia and Pacific Islands, including India, Japan, Vietnam, Afghanistan,

231-511: A digital-only television channel, was launched on 7 March 2005, running on a budget of $ 3 million per year. Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later. Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October 2006; ABC2 was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy, drama, national news, sport and entertainment. The ABC Guide

308-481: A director, instead being split across several functional divisions, with different teams producing different genres of content for television, radio and digital platforms. The Entertainment & Specialist (E&S) team focussed on comedy, kids' programs, drama, Indigenous-related programs, music, other entertainment and factual content; the new ABC Specialist team created content across the arts, science, religion & ethics, education and society & culture; while

385-448: A general rule, the preliminary component must be completed prior to the HSC component. Furthermore, each subject is designated as either one or two "units". Each unit of study involves 60 hours of indicative time in each of the preliminary and HSC courses. 10 units is the minimum number of units required; however, students can attempt more should they choose. To be eligible for the award of

462-436: A journey between the past and present as the women explore the building. In flashbacks, the girls re-enact each other's experiences at the home: their arrival (and the court trial that brought Marlene there), their medical examinations by ‘Dr Fingers’, their chores, and their abuses and mistreatment - sometimes by invisible guards, sometimes one another (especially to Maree), and sometimes to themselves (in acts of self-harm). As

539-418: A large number of possible courses that students can study, totalling over 100 (including languages), in a wide range of subject areas. However, schools have control over the courses that they offer students, from which they must choose. The only compulsory subject area is English, with one of English Advanced, English Standard, English as an Additional Language or Dialect (EAL/D), or English Studies required for

616-539: A new logo was launched, featuring a modification to a three-dimensional metallic design, to celebrate the introduction of digital terrestrial television in Australia , when digital television was introduced to most of the network's coverage area on 1 January 2001, soon followed by the gradual introduction of widescreen and high definition programming. Between 2001 and 2003, the ABC operated two separate digital channels, ABC Kids and Fly TV , which opened soon after

693-407: A piece of verbatim theatre . This style of theatre can be understood as the recording and compilation of interviews and conversations with a community about a topic or event (usually of some significance) to be used as the direct content or creative stimulus for the development of a script and dramatised performance. It can be described as a hybrid of journalism and theatre, using techniques to tell

770-483: A public reading held at the Belvoir St Theatre on 26 July 2004 as part of their 2004 Winter Play Reading Series. Wesley Enoch directed the reading, with Elaine Crombie , Lilian Crombie, Judi Farr , Katrina Foster, Gillian Jones , Kris McQuade , Christopher Pitman, Leah Purcell , and Evelyn Rankmore listed as actors. Some former-inmates attended this reading, wherein actors read transcripts of some of

847-527: A script that blurs and unites life and art as one. Criticism comes for Valentines sometimes "constructing" hand, which can sometimes make the dialogue "unnatural and difficult to believe". ABC Television (Australian TV network) ABC Television is the general name for the national television services of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Until an organisational restructure in 2017/2018, ABC Television

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924-447: A seven-day Electronic Program Guide (EPG) and give new logical channel numbers for all of ABC's television services. June 2010 saw ABC1's ABC HD , the high definition digital TV channel, terminated, to be replaced with a fourth channel, ABC News 24 (now ABC News). In the same month playout was moved to a new facility shared with WIN Television at Ingleburn . On 20 July 2014, ABC1 changed its name back to just "ABC TV" and at

1001-543: A story rather than show as conventional theatre is understood, which has been criticised as 'un-theatrical'. The other conventions of the genre can be likened to those of Bertolt Brecht's Epic Theatre , and include: Valentine describes Parramatta Girls as "massaged verbatim" – which captures “the spirit, the soul, the way of being in the world that those women were” (quoted in Oades, 2010, p. 59) - rather than composing and portraying precise re-presentations. To compose

1078-493: A student has completed a board developed course, they also receive feedback regarding their results in that course, which typically includes exam results, school assessment results and the performance band in which their performance lies. Each band represents a particular range of marks. For 2 unit courses: For extension courses: Students who achieve high marks are celebrated on HSC merit lists. The four types of merit lists are: There are two main types of courses available in

1155-651: A student has not studied the language in Year 9 due to not being able to, exemption may be granted to study Continuers based on cultural heritage and fluency. The School of Languages usually only does this, home school enrolments into these courses usually require the Year 9 prerequisite to attempt them. Where the provision for language learning does not exist at the home school, the NSW School of Languages in Petersham offers all languages examinable by NESA. The below list

1232-532: A syllabus and final exam set by NESA and may contribute to the calculation of the ATAR. They are the most common type of course in NSW and are inclusive of Life Skills courses and VET Industry Curriculum Framework courses. Board Endorsed Courses (BECs) are developed outside of NESA (such as TAFE ) and may vary from school to school in regard to content and assessment. They do not have a HSC exam and they cannot contribute to

1309-424: A temporary measure, television programs from Adelaide were viewed simultaneously across the four eastern capitals. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease and speed, was installed in each state capital by 1962. The organisational structure and internal processes of the network developed and changed over time, with local coverage incorporated in a network structure, which allowed

1386-491: A value of one unit, may be included in the study program, meaning that a certain subject area may have up to four units, e.g. English (Advanced) (two units) plus English Extension 1 and English Extension 2 (each worth one unit). There are two main types of courses available in the HSC: Board Developed Courses and Board Endorsed Courses. Board Developed Courses (BDCs), also known as HSC courses, have

1463-704: A “television service as truly national in character as its resources will permit”. Commercial station TCN-9 Sydney was the first to broadcast in Australia, in September 1956. The ABC's Sydney station, ABN , started transmission on 5 November 1956. Its first television broadcast was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies at the Gore Hill studios in Sydney, and a couple of weeks later, ABV transmission began in Melbourne on 19 November 1956, in time to cover

1540-488: Is all the languages offered by NESA that were offered in the 2023 Higher School Certificate: In addition, some VET (Vocational Education and Training) courses are offered. In addition to HSC credit, completion of these courses may earn an industry Certificate II. There are 13 Board Developed Courses (BDC) and 106 Board Endorsed courses (BEC). Board Developed Courses: Board Endorsed Courses: For students who may have intellectual disabilities or struggle with

1617-455: Is composed of eight state- and territory-based centres, once separate stations with their own branding. In addition to the nightly 7   pm news, the stations used to broadcast weekly state editions of 7.30 on Friday evenings (until 5 December 2014), state election coverage and in most areas, live sport on Saturday and Sunday evenings. ABC iview is a video on demand and catch up TV service, which became available on 24 July 2008. This

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1694-452: Is divided into two acts, with a total 22 scenes, and moves between the present (the reunion) and the remembered past (in flashbacks). The play opens in the courtyard of the Home, November 2003. The women begin to arrive at the reunion, greet one another (some more tense than others), and congregate outside the institution's iron gates. When they step through the gates, the audience is taken on

1771-487: The 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Outside broadcasting was also initiated on 5 November, from the ABC's first outside broadcast van. The van, now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia , was instrumental in the production of thousands of outside broadcasts. It was restored in time to be displayed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and was used to film the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to

1848-682: The Australian Government (some revenue is earned by ABC Commercial ), but has suffered progressive funding cuts under Liberal governments since the 1996 Howard government , with particularly deep cuts in 2014 under the Abbott government , and an ongoing indexation freeze as of 2021 . In spite of these cuts, in April 2023 social media platform X (formerly Twitter) tagged ABC as "government-funded media"; in August 2023, ABC announced

1925-620: The Australian Government (then Liberal ) endorsed a proposal submitted to the Australian Communications and Media Authority by the ABC to launch a second digital channel targeted at children. The new channel, titled ABC Me , was to aim to provide at least 50% Australian-made content for children under 15. Unlike its predecessor, the ABC Kids channel, ABC Me would run from 6   am to 9   pm each day, and feature drama, comedy, animation and music. On 22 April 2009,

2002-595: The Labor government announced its commitment to the proposal as part of its response to the Australia 2020 Summit conducted in 2008, and ABC Me was launched on 4 December. At midday on 8 February 2008, the original ABC Television channel was rebranded as ABC1 , complementing the existing ABC2 (as of 2021 ABC TV Plus ) digital-only channel launched on 7 March 2005. As of 2009, the ABC announced an Australia-wide upgrade to its digital service, and that it would provide

2079-560: The New Theatre , Sydney , directed by Annette Rowlison. The cast included Di Adams, Kylie Coolwell , Elaine Crombie, Sandy Velini, Kym Parrish, Christine Greenough, Amanda Marsden In 2014, Riverview Productions staged the play for a third time from 3 to 17 May in Lennox Theatre, Parramatta . Tanya Goldberg directed this performance, accompanied by a new team of designers and actors (as below). From its debut performance,

2156-552: The Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) to calculate an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) based on their HSC performance (separate from NESA). To be eligible for an ATAR, students must: The ATAR is then calculated from the best 2 units of English and the best 8 units from your remaining units, which can include no more than 2 units of Category B courses. The ATAR is then used for admission to universities across Australia. Furthermore, whenever

2233-477: The 'Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care' (the findings were published in ' Forgotten Australians ', August 2004). "There was a lot of 'imaginative' research, if I can put it that way, as well as the pure fact-finding and interviewing." - Alana Valentine, in explaining her research methods Though predominantly dialogue, there are occasional monologues of direct address throughout the play, using

2310-457: The ABC as of 2021 operates five television stations within four channels, all of them non-commercial. These services are available nationally through digital terrestrial television , and all the digital TV services are also available through the VAST free-to-air satellite service. Although the ABC's headquarters in Sydney serve as a base for program distribution nationally, ABC Television network

2387-466: The ABC to build state-based audiences for coverage of sports and news. Live coverage of sports was still limited to the location of the studio, for example for the West Indies cricket series in 1960/61, live broadcasts were limited to the four cities which hosted the test matches. The separate production and broadcast centres could only reach about 100 kilometres (62 mi) from a broadcast tower. It

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2464-578: The Girls Training Home, Girls Training School, Girls Industrial School, Parramatta Girls Home, Kamballa (Girls) and Taldree (Boys) Children's Centre– all of which reflect its tumultuous, infamous history and the changes in Australia's child welfare and protection policies. It was Australia's longest operating state-controlled ‘child welfare’ institution, holding between 160 and 200 inmates at one time and, in total, potentially more than 30,000 children passing through its doors. “What happened to us

2541-462: The HSC a student must have: Some courses have certain rules and prerequisites such as: Further restrictions may apply in certain subject areas. Further requirements regarding study patterns apply if the student wishes to apply for a separate Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) based on their HSC performance. If they do, their final ATAR mark is calculated using their best 2 units of English and 8 best other units. Extension courses, each with

2618-817: The HSC: Board Developed Courses and Board Endorsed Courses. Being the only mandatory course for HSC, for English, students must choose between one of the English courses available to study: The following is a list of elective Board Developed Courses currently available to students. HSIE (Human Society and Its Environment): Mathematics: Science: TAS (Technological and Applied Studies): Creative Arts: PDHPE (Personal Development, Health and Physical Education): Content Endorsed Courses (CEC) fall under Board Endorsed Courses. Languages are also offered as Beginners, Continuers, Extension, Background Speakers and recently, Heritage courses. Only one course of any one language may be taken, with

2695-580: The Home's eventual closure) the girls were subject to – given the reports of brutal physical, emotional, mental, and sexual violence that occurred as "strict discipline" and "extreme" punishments behind closed doors. It is these reports, testimonies, stories, and experiences Parramatta Girls was inspired by and is built upon. The play is staged as a reunion of eight former-inmates of the Parramatta Girls Home - now grown women - in 2003, forty years after they finished their respective terms. It

2772-578: The Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu , and broadcasts a mixture of English-language programming, including general entertainment, sport, and current affairs. ABC television services within Australia carry no advertising by external sources; it is banned under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 , which also ensures its editorial independence. The ABC receives most of its funding from

2849-640: The Regional & Local team focussed on regional and local content. The 1975 ABC logo was reinstated in February 2019. On 3 September 2019, several additional ABC Digital Radio channels were added to complement the ABC Jazz and Double J services being simulcast on digital TV. In May 2023, ABC announced a major restructure starting in July, but would not reveal how many jobs were at risk. Within Australia,

2926-483: The assessment is administered by the school and does not have an associated HSC exam. Depending on the requirement of the course, an unmoderated mark will be awarded, or the course will be marked as completed. Upon successful completion of a satisfactory pattern of study, students are awarded the Higher School Certificate by way of a testamur . NESA provides the results of all student results to

3003-444: The assessment. Schools are responsible for setting assessment tasks such as exams, assignments, fieldwork or practical activities, as well as deciding due dates. The external exam is then used to statistically moderate in-school assessment results between different schools before calculating the student's final mark in the subject, typically out of 100 for 2-unit courses and out of 50 for 1-unit courses. For most board endorsed courses,

3080-405: The award of the HSC. Individual schools may require their students to undertake certain courses, as is the case with Studies of Religion in many religious schools or Agriculture in agricultural schools, however, these are internal school requirements separate from HSC requirements. Most courses offered comprise a preliminary (typically Year 11) component and a HSC (typically Year 12) component. As

3157-738: The calculation of a student's ATAR. Before they can be taught, they must be endorsed by NESA and follow NESA's rules regarding BEC courses. There are four types of Board Endorsed Courses: For most board developed courses, a student's final mark in each subject is determined by a combination of in-school assessments conducted throughout the HSC component of the course (constituting 50% of their HSC mark) and an externally administered final exam, typically held in October or November of that year (constituting 50% of their HSC mark). For in-school assessments, schools prepare and run an assessment program for each course, in line with NESA requirements such as which course components are assessed and how they are weighted in

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3234-614: The channel continued to broadcast programmes on popular music, including the pop show Hitscene , performance specials by groups such as Tully and Max Merritt & The Meteors , as well as the magazine-style programme GTK , which premiered in 1969 and screened for 10 minutes, four nights per week at 6:30 pm, immediately prior to Bellbird and the 7:00 pm news bulletin. The hugely popular rock music program, Countdown began in 1974, produced at ABC Melbourne's Ripponlea studios and hosted by Molly Meldrum , and ran until 1987. The weekly current affairs program Four Corners

3311-552: The closure of Fly and the ABC Kid's Channel. Also in 2002, to celebrate 70 years of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC TV's logo reverted to the "over and under" design seen in the previous decades; however it retained the three-dimensional metallic design. The channel's idents featured elements – fire, leaf and ice, and the slogan was updated to Everyone's ABC . The idents also featured

3388-809: The closure of all but four of its X accounts. ABC Australia , which broadcasts throughout the Asia-Pacific region, receives additional funds through DFAT and some advertising on the channel. Higher School Certificate (New South Wales) The Higher School Certificate ( HSC ) is the credential awarded to secondary school students who successfully complete senior high school level studies (Years 10, 11 and 12 or equivalent) in New South Wales and some ACT schools in Australia , as well as some international schools in Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , China , and Papua New Guinea . It

3465-417: The colloquialisms, verbal mannerisms and verbatim of the women that gives an authentic insight into the community of women Valentine interviewed. The authenticity of these stories is reinforced in the place names, songs, stage directions and physical movements used by Valentine that allow the audience to see the characters and their stories as genuine rather than fictitious creations. The play made its debut in

3542-400: The early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by teleprinter , to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually and sent to each state. A purpose-built television studio was built in Sydney, and opened on 29 January 1958, replacing temporary sound studios used since the ABC's television services launched in 1956. In

3619-518: The end of each ident was changed to "Yours". The new 2014 idents are all very similar to that of the 1996–1998, 1998–2000, 2003–2005, 2008–2011 and 2011-2014 ABC station idents in the past. On 6 December 2016, ABC upgraded its HD picture resolution from 720p to 1080i . Between July 2017 and June 2018, the whole of the ABC underwent an organisational restructure, after which the Radio and Television Divisions were no longer separate entities each under

3696-722: The exception of Extension, available only to students taking the Continuers course. Due to the large number of language courses, they have been listed separately. The letters B (beginners), C (continuers), E (extension), BS (background speakers), H (heritage) indicate which courses are available for study. From 2017, background speakers and heritage courses were renamed to In Context and Literature, affecting Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and Korean students in those courses. Continuers refers to languages that were studied in Year 9 and will be continued in Years 10, 11 and 12. In some cases, where

3773-505: The federal Television Act was passed, providing the initial regulatory framework for both the ABC and commercial television networks. Over the next three years, planning for the introduction of a national television service was put in place, land for studios and transmitters in Sydney and Melbourne was acquired, and overseas tutors were brought to Australia to assist with training. The ABC's 1956 Annual Report stated that it aimed to create

3850-467: The launch of DTV. In 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific (now ABC Australia), the replacement for the defunct Australia Television channel operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network Radio Australia , the service provided a mix of programming targeted at audiences throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Funding cuts in 2003, meanwhile, led to

3927-523: The mess of the riot (their literal past), which clears a path for the women to come together, to open up, and to reveal harboured secrets, lies, and truths and "wash away" (some of) their past. This activity leads to the end of the play, and the women ask the audience to remember their stories today, as well as those who cannot tell their own, and leave the audience with a message of hope for good, for remedy, and for claiming their own futures as women, mothers, and Parramatta Girls. The eight female characters of

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4004-514: The play are: Despite being eight individual characters, these figures can be understood as composites drawn from the any Girls who Valentine spoke to in her research. Doing so avoided putting a spotlight on any particular women and a flexibility to dramatise their stories throughout the play. Parramatta Girls is understood and studied (in New South Wales Higher School Certificate Drama course) as

4081-420: The play comes to a crescendo in the second Act, the past and present merge on-stage. Two of the girls attempt to escape the institution and their torment, but after being told that a particularly dangerous guard is after then, they climb to the roof of the Home and refuse to come down. A riot ensues, involving all of the girls but comes to an end when tragedy strikes the group. The grown women are left to clean up

4158-423: The play received widespread praise for its portrayal of these women's stories. Belvoir St Theatre's promotions describe the play as a "joyous and heartbreaking... stirring tribute to mischief and humour in the face of hardship and inequality". Many reviews follow this thread, commenting on the way the pain and grief experienced by these women, whilst central to the play, is overpowered by the love, trust, and support

4235-500: The play, Valentine met, talked to, and gathered the stories and experiences of more than 35 women (former-inmates) through in-depth face-to-face interviews, phone conversations, and some while waiting to go in to a reunion being held at the site on 3 November 2003. As well as the Girls, she spoke to men and other women who had spent their childhood 'in care', read novels and non-fiction about 'children in care', and attended Senate hearings in

4312-439: The same time, they introduced new idents featuring the 1975 Lissajous curve logo being drawn by itself of videos of people doing activities (taken from ABC Open's video library). Then, the words "It's (Insert Words Here)'s ABC" (the words change depending on the ident) fade in on the left side of the logo. The words then change to "#OurABC", which is the network's new slogan. In 2018, these idents were updated. The "#OurABC" slogan at

4389-404: The same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958, respectively. Direct television relays between Sydney and Melbourne were established in 1961, replacing temporary microwave relays as a means of simultaneously airing programs across multiple stations. In 1963, using microwave transmission as

4466-568: The script. "I thought that this was a story that needed to be understood in more detail than 15 minutes on a current affairs programme would allow. [...] It immediately struck me as the voices of people who had not been heard on the Australian mainstage. It immediately struck me that surviving such an institution must involve an incredible story of triumph and courage. These were women with guts, attitude and humour and they were crying out to have their story heard." - Alana Valentine (2007) The play

4543-461: The silver ring that morphs into the ABC logo. This however did not last, as later in 2003, the channel's idents were modified to feature everyday Australians. In 2005, the ABC switched from the Supertext logo to their own closed captioning logo. On 19 December that year, the channel's idents were revamped featuring a modified ABC logo transforming to a television. ABC2 , a second attempt at

4620-859: The site of the National Museum in 2000. ABQ in Brisbane was the third ABC TV station to launch, in November 1959; it was followed in 1960 by counterparts in Perth ( ABW ), Hobart ( ABT ), and Adelaide ( ABS ). ABC (also known as ABC3) opened in Canberra in 1962, with ( ABD ) in Darwin (13 August 1971) finally completing the ABC's television coverage of every state in 1971. Although radio programs could be broadcast nationally by landline , television relay facilities were not put in place until

4697-419: The standard course, there are options. The eligibility is limited. The following courses have a Life Skills choice: A major HSC Syllabus reform was executed in 2019. The "new" syllabus involved the addition of "Science Extension" and "Investigating Science" as new courses. These courses were made available to students that commenced teaching in October 2018 for the cohort of 2019. The course "Senior Science"

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4774-445: The television network. The ABC local stations in the capital cities carry opt-outs for local programming, used chiefly for nightly news broadcasts. ABC Television also broadcasts via its streaming and video-on-demand service, ABC iview , available via its website and a mobile app . ABC Television is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia. The history of the ABC's television operations can be traced back to 1953, when

4851-404: The time, with the use of light blue, orange, and white, with each slide using elements from the respective channel's on-air branding. It was removed from channel 20 on 1 January 2008 when ABC HD relaunched as a full-time simulcast of ABC TV, and closed on 8 February 2008 when ABC2 was moved from channel 21 to channel 22 and began 24-hour broadcasting. In the lead-up to the 2007 federal election ,

4928-443: The women offer one another as they deal with their haunting past through humour, courage, and tenderness. Valentine's 'massaged verbatim' has been described as "clever and poignant" and composed in a way that makes her dramatic influence difficult to discern from the real testimonies. The joyous and challenging stories she has constructed "radiate with humour, tenderness and courage" of women uniting to tell their common stories through

5005-451: The women's stories Valentine had collected. She said the goal of this reading was " truth telling " (p. 10), because these women felt they had never and would never be heard or believed if they told their stories, and breaking that was the first thing Valentine wanted to address. Valentine held a second public reading with Belvoir St Theatre's Company B on 23 May 2005 as part of their 2005 Winter Play Reading Series. Wesley Enoch, again,

5082-540: Was a regular television broadcast shown during the off-air periods for both ABC HD and ABC2 on their respective channels. It was launched on 30 May 2006 and was initially available in Sydney, with all other digital ABC broadcast regions launching the guide at a later date. The channel provided a live audio-stream of DiG Radio , and also provided weather reports. The guide advertised new and popular television programs from both channels via informational slides. The design and colour scheme were based on ABC Online 's branding of

5159-522: Was also the name of a division of the ABC. The name was also used to refer to the first and for many years the only national ABC channel, before it was renamed ABC1 and then again to ABC TV. The Australian public broadcaster 's television service was launched in November 1956 from its first television station in Australia , ABN Sydney . This was the second one in the country, with the commercial channel TCN having launched two months earlier. An ABC television network covering every state and territory

5236-454: Was broadcast from Sydney from 1961, and in 1967, the weeknightly television current affairs programme This Day Tonight began. In 1989, Aboriginal dancers Lillian Crombie and Malcolm Cole were the first co-presenters for Blackout , a program developed for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander audiences. The ABC's television operations joined its radio and online divisions at the corporation's Ultimo headquarters in 2000. In 2001

5313-607: Was completed by 1971, and in 2000 the television operations joined the ABC radio and online divisions at the Corporation's Ultimo headquarters in Sydney in 2000. The ABC as of 2021 provides five non-commercial channels within Australia, headed by its flagship ABC TV channel, as well as ABC Australia , a satellite channel broadcast to South-East Asia , partially funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and advertisers. Some radio channels are also broadcast via

5390-523: Was discontinued as of October 2018. The reformed syllabus involved changes that are a move towards compulsory English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Investigating Science and Extension Science in the future. Changes introduced to compulsory English discontinued the field of study "Discovery" as NESA discovered students would simply hire and pay off third party tutoring companies and/or private tutors in order to completely memorise and regurgitate essay information, in turn causing an imbalance in advantage towards

5467-476: Was established in 1993. Australia Television was sold to the Seven Network in 1998; however, the service continued to show content from ABC News until its closure in 2001. ABC Television was one of the first television networks in Australia to embrace the rock 'n roll revolution of the late 1950s, most notably with Six O'Clock Rock , hosted by Johnny O'Keefe . During the 1960s and early 1970s

5544-497: Was first introduced in 1967, and is currently developed and managed by the NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA). The majority of students undertake HSC-related courses over the final two years of high school, though it is possible to undertake different study patterns over different time periods or through different teaching organisations. To be eligible for the HSC, students must: There are

5621-476: Was first performed by Company B of Belvoir St Theatre on 21 March 2007 (until 22 April 2007), directed by Wesley Enoch , and the script was later published in July 2007. The Parramatta Girls Home was a state government facility - located in Parramatta , New South Wales, Australia - that housed “morally corrupt and depraved” adolescent girls from 1887 until its closure in 1974. The Home has been known as

5698-431: Was just criminal – there were rapes going on, there were bashings – not just a little smack in the face, there were kicks... All I remember is big black boots coming into ya all the bloody time.” (Field notes, 2 April 2011, from Franklin, 2014: 162) Public pressure and media exposure eventually sparked a government inquiry and investigation into the conditions, regulations, and staff misconduct (which, when revealed, prompted

5775-488: Was only after considerable developments in technology and construction of further infrastructure, that in 1970/71 that test cricket was broadcast live in every state and the ACT. Colour television was introduced in Australia on 1 March 1975. Teletext services were introduced to ABC TV in 1983 to allow hearing-impaired viewers access to closed captions . International television service Australia Television International

5852-441: Was the director but some new faces joined the team of actors (with Lillian Crombie , Judi Farr, and Kris McQuade remaining on-board), including: Justine Clarke , Judie Hamilton, Ray Kelly, Deborah Mailman , and Kyas Sherriff. Parramatta Girls was first performed at Belvoir St Theatre by Company B on 17 March 2007 until 22 April 2007, directed by Wesley Enoch . The piece was performed again in 2011, from 18 May until 11 June at

5929-531: Was the next step after the podcasting of radio programmes from July 2006. Iview can only be viewed by users in Australia. The iview website streams video at 650 kbit/s in the H.264 format, and uses the RTMP protocol, which makes it accessible to web browsers installed with Adobe Flash . Iview is also available through native apps for iOS and Android smartphones , tablets , and HDMI devices, as well as on some brands of internet-connected TVs . These use

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