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75-477: In 1863, he and the cutter Mystery he built and captained came to prominence after Hedland informed settlers of the existence of several landing places in the Pilbara region, including Port Hedland . After emigrating from Sweden to Western Australia in the 1850s, Hedland married Ellen Adams at Fremantle, Western Australia on 15 October 1858. Hedland built the 16-ton cutter Mystery , at Point Walter on

150-418: A course , topsail and topgallant . In earlier examples (before 1800) the topsail's foot had a large amount of roach and was sheeted to a separate yard that was set below the main yard (which carried the course). The headsails were a staysail , set on the forestay (which fastened to the stemhead), a jib , set flying to a traveller on the bowsprit and, in most cases, a flying jib (alternatively termed

225-623: A 34 ft cutter could carry a total of 66 men, a 26 ft cutter, 36 men and a 20 ft cutter, 21 men. Steam powered ship's boats saw a slow introduction to the Royal Navy from 1864. By 1877, three types were in use: steam launches, picket boats and steam cutters. However, right up to the time of the First World War, the majority of the boats in use continued to be propelled solely by sail and oar. The Royal Navy still has some cutters that can be worked under sail or oar. In

300-512: A country's borders and preventing smuggling. Cutters as ship's boats came into use in the early 18th century (dating which roughly coincides with the decked sailing vessels described below). These were clinker-built open boats which were fitted for propulsion by both oar and sail. They were more optimised for sailing than the barges and pinnaces that were types of ship's boat used in the Royal Navy – one distinctive resulting feature of this

375-482: A decision to increase the number of boats carried by warships. During the Seven Years' War cutters were found particularly useful for cruising ships, being seaworthy and useful for boarding. However, they were more susceptible to damage than the heavier boats that they replaced and much less capable of carrying heavy weights, such as anchors and water casks. The range of sizes available steadily increased. By 1817

450-402: A distinctive diamond shape. There are less common regional instances of planks being joined with treenails or by sewing, but iron fastening predominated. More modern boats generally use copper nails with an annular rove of the same material. Historically, particularly in the traditional Nordic tradition , clinker construction most commonly used cleft, or radially split, oak planks. This gives

525-420: A hardwood wedge knocked into each end to spread it, after which, the surplus was then sawn off. In the last few years of wooden boat construction, glue and screws took over, but until the 1950s, the keel, hog, stem, apron, deadwoods, sternpost, and perhaps transom would be fastened together by bolts set in white lead and grease. There are three kinds of bolt used: Until well into the nineteenth century, this

600-413: A jib-topsail) also set flying, but to a higher point on the mast. A cutter has a running bowsprit, which can be brought inboard when not needed, such as in rough weather or in harbour. The bowsprit was usually of great length, sometimes longer than the hull. The standard fair weather sails consisted of a ringtail to the mainsail and studding sails to the square sails. It was not unknown for cutters to use

675-621: A removable mizzen mast for use when reaching , setting a lugsail . Since the boom of the mainsail overhung the stern, the mast would have to be removed to tack or gybe. The dimensions of an 18th-century cutter purchased by the Royal Navy in 1763, and roughly in the middle of the size range of the batch of 30 bought that year ( HMS  Fly ) are: length on deck 47 feet 6 inches (14.48 m), beam 20 feet 10.25 inches (6.3564 m), measuring just over 78 tons bm . Smuggling cutters ranged from 30 tons (captured in 1747) to 140 tons. The Revenue cutters increased in size to match

750-485: A sailing rig, a cutter is a single-masted boat, with two or more headsails. On the eastern side of the Atlantic , the two headsails on a single mast is the fullest extent of the modern definition. In U.S. waters, a greater level of complexity applies, with the placement of the mast and the rigging details of the bowsprit taken into account – so a boat with two headsails may be classed as a sloop . Government agencies use

825-520: A single square-rigged mast, a stern-post mounted pintle-and-gudgeon rudder and clinker sides. As part of the process of merging these two sets of traditions , carvel-built ships started to arrive in Northern waters. They were soon followed by shipwrights with the skills to build in carvel construction, with the first being built in this region in the late 1430s. The change is still not well understood. The frames of carvel could be made stronger to support

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900-472: A skeleton basis, with hull planks being fixed to the frames and not to each other. At the same time, Northern European cogs were voyaging into the Mediterranean. The two maritime technological traditions had differences beyond the hull construction methods. Mediterranean ships were carvel-built, lateen rigged (using more than one mast on larger vessels) and still used side rudders. The visiting cogs had

975-466: A stronger piece of timber than with sawn material – not only is the grain continuous along the length of the piece, but the medullary rays are aligned in the same plane as the timber surface, so maximising the strength available. However, this timber conversion method does limit the maximum width of plank to slightly more than one third of the diameter of the tree from which it is split – the narrowest part (including any pith) and

1050-616: A trial at Geraldton in March. He was allegedly killed near Lagrange Bay in 1881, by Aboriginal people. His remains, and that of his companion were located on an island near Roebuck Bay. There was evidence to show that after his murder the Aboriginal people who attacked him sank his schooner and stole his dingy which they used to escape to the mainland. Hedland was survived by his wife and 11 children. The natural harbour and later town of Port Hedland were named after Hedland, after he became

1125-441: Is any of various types of watercraft . The term can refer to the rig (sail plan) of a sailing vessel (but with regional differences in definition), to a governmental enforcement agency vessel (such as a coast guard or border force cutter), to a type of ship's boat which can be used under sail or oars, or, historically, to a type of fast-sailing vessel introduced in the 18th century, some of which were used as small warships. As

1200-401: Is as follows. In building such a boat (e.g., a simple pulling boat), workers assemble and securely set up the keel , hog stem , apron , deadwoods , sternpost and perhaps transom . In normal practice, this will be the same way up as they will be in use. From the hog, the garboard , bottom, bilge, topside and sheer strakes are planked up, held together along their ‘lands’ –

1275-491: Is closely associated with Nordic countries, the same technique was used at an early stage in other parts of Northern Europe. The Saxon burial ship at Sutton Hoo in eastern England is an early ( c.  AD 630 ) example of this sort of ship occurring in the broader Northern European area. Other sites from the 7th century AD include Kvalsund , Norway, Gretstedbro in Jutland and Snape in eastern England. One difference from

1350-607: Is dictated by the shaping of the planks, not by the underlying framing of the finished hull. There are precursors of clinker construction. The archaeological remains of a river boat dated to the first two centuries AD (described as Romano-Celtic), found in Pommeroeul in Belgium, had a single strake that overlapped the underlying plank – though it is not clear how it was fastened. Earlier finds have bevelled lap joints or other similar arrangements that do not have

1425-471: Is in an extended logboat from Björke in Sweden. This dates to c.  310 AD . The Nydam boat is an almost complete example of a boat built with clinker construction. It has overlapping planks joined with iron nails driven through the lap. The nails are clenched over rove s on the inside of the planking. The boat was built shell-first. It dates to c.  320 AD . Though clinker construction

1500-526: Is what held the great ships of the world together, though some such bolts may have been of iron. Until the late 1950s, the centre-line assembly of British Admiralty twenty-five foot motor cutters were fastened in this way. The Vikings used the clinker form of construction to build their longships from split wood planks. Clinker is the most common English term for this construction in both British and American English, though in American English

1575-731: The Basque country ; the Newport Medieval Ship is an example of a clinker-built vessel that was built in the Basque region. By the 14th century, clinker-built ships and the cog represented the major construction methods in Northern Europe. Carvel construction was developed in the Mediterranean around the end of the Classical antiquity period. By the end of the 13th century AD, Mediterranean ships were being built on

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1650-501: The English Channel (2 h 42 min) in 1996 and for sculling non-stop from London to Paris (4 days 15 min) in 1999. The pilot cutter developed from the need for a fast boat to take maritime pilots from harbour to incoming large trading vessels. As most early pilots were local fisherman who undertook both jobs, although licensed by the harbour to operate within their jurisdiction , pilots were generally self-employed, and

1725-502: The Gokstad ship . These show some development from earlier vessels, including a partial keelson which acted as the mast step. As well as these warship types, cargo vessels were built which were less extreme with greater beam and more emphasis on propulsion by sail, together with extra cross-beams to strengthen the hull for greater weight carrying. The cog is part of another ship-building tradition in Northern Europe that existed at

1800-402: The coble , sawn frames are used, assembled from floors and top timbers, joggled to fit the lands. (Sometimes the timbers in larger archaic craft were also joggled before being steamed in.) With the timbers all fitted, longitudinal members are bent in. The ones that run on the underside of the thwarts are called risings. They are fastened through the timbers. Bilge keels are often added to

1875-670: The pastoral industry . (While Dutch mariners had visited the area as early as 1628, there is no evidence that they saw the harbour.) Hedland also noted Mystery Landing, in the estuary of the De Grey River , which was named after his cutter. He operated his small ship, named Mystery , along the North-West coast and made frequent journeys to and from Fremantle to ship cargo for settlers. In January 1871, Hedland and three other mariners were tried on charges of forcing Aboriginal people to work for them. They were acquitted following

1950-403: The 18th century appeared, the term was also applied to a new class of ship's boat . These were clinker-built open boats, optimised for sailing but capable under oars. They had finer lines than the boats of that time (which had more rounded bows) and a transom stern. A distinctive feature was that the washstrake had cut-outs (called rowlocks ) in which the oars were worked, unlike most boats of

2025-555: The 18th century often decorated as depicted in historical prints and pictures of the River Thames in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern waterman's cutter is based on drawings of these boats. They are 34 feet (10 m) long with a beam of 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m). They can have up to six oarsmen either rowing or sculling and can carry a cox and passengers. The organisers of the Great River Race developed

2100-480: The Mediterranean, flush-planked hulls were produced by edge-to-edge joining of the hull planking with mortise and tenon joints. This was a shell-first technique , which started with a keel, stem and stern-post, to which planking was added. The hull was then reinforced by the addition of frame s. The shape of the individual planks generates the shape of the hull. In the Roman-occupied parts of Northern Europe,

2175-525: The Nydam boat is that individual planks in the later period are shorter and narrower. This suggests that large oak trees for ship-building had become a lot less common by the 7th century, so timber of smaller dimensions had to be used. The 8th, 9th and 10th centuries saw the use of Viking longships for raiding and settlement. Archaeological remains of these clinker-built ships include the Oseberg ship and

2250-524: The Romano-Celtic tradition involved flush-planking that was not joined with mortise and tenon joints but was connected by framing elements. (This may be a building tradition that continued with the bottom planking of the medieval cog and then into the Dutch bottom-based building methods of the 17th century.) The Romano-Celtic method of construction is also a shell-first technique, in that the hull shape

2325-599: The Royal Navy, the cutter appears to have originated in Deal . Some Navy Board correspondence of 1712 concerns disapproval of the captain of HMS  Rochester for buying a cutter of about 20 feet (6.1 m) in length as a replacement for her pinnace. In 1722, another ship had a cutter issued for a voyage to India, and by 1740 substantial numbers of cutters were being bought from Deal boatbuilders to equip Navy ships. The size of these boats varied from 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) in length. The 1740 purchases coincided with

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2400-434: The areas of overlap between neighbouring strakes – by copper rivets. At the stem and, in a double-ended boat, the sternpost, geralds are formed. That is, in each case, the land of the lower strake is tapered to a feather edge at the end of the strake where it meets the stem or stern-post. This allows the end of the strake to be screwed to the apron with the outside of the planking mutually flush at that point and flush with

2475-577: The banks of the Swan River . As its master, he was involved in shipping cargo for the earliest European settlers in the North-West. In early 1863, Hedland discovered the landing at Butcher Inlet (named after the harbour master at Albany) in Tien Tsin (known later as Cossack). That April, the Mystery ran aground in a natural harbour as Hedland searched for a suitable location for a port suitable for

2550-592: The beam, due to the light nature of the method, did not commensurately increase the vessel's survivability under the torsional forces of rolling waves, and greater beam widths may have made the resultant vessels more vulnerable. There is an upper limit to the size of clinker-built vessels, which could be and was exceeded by several orders of magnitude in later large sailing vessels incorporating carvel-built construction. Clinker building requires relatively wide planking stock compared to carvel, as carvel can employ stealers to reduce plank widths amidships, where their girth

2625-525: The bowsprit is permanently rigged. An example of this is the Friendship Sloop . A traditional cutter, by contrast, has a running bowsprit and the jib is set flying on a traveller that is hauled out to the end of the bowsprit. In a vessel such as a Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter , a storm jib might be set on a reefed bowsprit, with the bowsprit partially run in from its most fully extended position. The watermen of London used similar boats in

2700-404: The crew's weight across the bottom structure. Inboard of the sheer strake the heavier gunwale is similarly bent in along the line of the sheer. This part of the work is finished by fitting the breast hook and quarter knees. Swivel or crutch chocks are fitted as appropriate to the gunwale, the thwarts fitted down onto the rising and held in position by knees up to the gunwale and perhaps down onto

2775-488: The cutters issued came in 17 different lengths, from 12 to 34 feet (3.7 to 10.4 m). This big variety was reduced when the Royal Navy's warships moved to steam propulsion. Since drinking water could now be distilled on board, ships no longer needed to have the largest boats that they could carry to maximise the amount of water collected on each trip. The standard-issue cutters from 1877 to 1900 came in 11 different lengths, ranging from 16 to 34 feet (4.9 to 10.4 m). This

2850-413: The early 18th century as a description of a hull type. These vessels were designed for speed and the name was used in a similar way to clipper in the next century. The concept of hull type was perpetuated by the term "cutter brig" which was used over the period circa 1781–1807 for those rigged as brigs. "Cutter built" was a description applied to a hull of this type and designed for speed. More generally,

2925-526: The early medieval period are seen in the traditional round-bottomed Thames skiffs , the larger (originally) cargo-carrying Norfolk wherries of England, and working craft like the yawls that were once common around the coasts of Britain and Ireland. The term clinker derives from a common Germanic word for clinch or clench , a word meaning “to fasten together”. In the first few centuries AD, several boat and ship-building systems existed in Europe. In

3000-536: The edges of longitudinal (lengthwise-running) hull planks overlap each other. Where necessary in larger craft, shorter hull planks can be joined end to end, creating a longer hull plank ( strake ). The technique originated in Nordic shipbuilding, and was employed by the Anglo-Saxons , Frisians , and Scandinavians . It was also used in cogs , the other major ship construction type found in Northern Europe in

3075-566: The fastening is done. How thes steps are done is as follows. Once the shell of planking is assembled, transverse battens of oak, ash, or elm, called timbers, are steam-bent to fit the internal, concave side. As the timbers are bent in, they are fastened to the shell (e.g., via copper-riveting), through the lands of the planking. Alternatively, as on many clinker-built craft, e.g. in Scandinavia and in Thames skiffs and larger working craft like

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3150-542: The first European to describe the natural harbour, in June 1863. Port Hedland is known by the Indigenous Kariyarra and Nyamal people as Marapikurrinya, which either means "place of good water" (as told by a Nyamal language speaker) and makes reference to the three reliable fresh water soaks that can still be seen in and around the town, or as the town council's website says "refers to the hand like formation of

3225-408: The first approval of a joint Nordic application. Clinker construction is a boat and ship-building method in which the hull planks overlap and are joined by nails that are driven through the overlap. These fastenings typically go through a metal rove over which the protruding end of the nail is deformed in a process comparable to riveting the planks together. This gives a distinctive appearance to

3300-635: The full lap of clinker. These include the Dover boat and Ferriby 1 (both dating to the middle of the second millennium BC) and the Hjortspring boat ( c.  300-350 BC ). In these cases, the planks are stitched or sewn together. The Hjortspring boat is built shell-first so suggesting some continuity with the Nordic tradition of clinker construction. The earliest example of ship and boat building using overlapped planking joined with metal fastenings

3375-577: The hulks in smaller boats. In the UK, the Border Force (successor to the UK Border Agency and HM Customs and Excise ) currently operates a fleet of 42 m corvette -type vessels throughout UK territorial waters as border cutters, inspecting vessels for illicit cargoes. Clinker (boat building) Clinker -built, also known as lapstrake -built, is a method of boat building in which

3450-507: The keel band will be shaped and drilled and the screw holes drilled in the wood of keel and stem then the band will be put aside while the varnishing is done. The fittings of a clinker boat, as described above (keel, stem band, etc.) are fixed with screws. The planks of the boat may be fastened together in several ways: Where suitable metal was not available, it was possible to use treenails (pronounced trennels), fasteners like clench bolts but made of wood; instead of being clenched, they had

3525-957: The larger SS  Great Britain on her maiden voyage. The term cutter is also used for any seaworthy vessel used in the law enforcement duties of the United Kingdom's Border Force , the United States Coast Guard (because of its descent from the Revenue Cutter Service ) or the customs services of other countries. In the United States, the early Revenue Cutter Service operated customs cutters that were commonly schooners or brigs . In Britain, they were usually rigged as defined under Sailing ( above ). The British Board of Customs also used other vessels as hulks , which were moored in places such as tidal creeks . Customs officers worked from

3600-430: The latter part of the medieval period. Carvel construction—where longitudinal hull planks abut edge to edge (instead of lapping)—supplanted clinker construction in large vessels as the demand for capacity surpassed the limits of clinker construction, such as in larger medieval transport ships ( hulks ). UNESCO named the Nordic clinker boat tradition to its List of Intangible Cultural Heritage on December 14, 2021, in

3675-443: The method is sometimes also known as lapstrake ; lapboard was used especially before the 20th century to side buildings, where the right angles of the structure lend themselves to quick assembly. The smoother surface of a carvel boat gives the impression at first sight that it is hydrodynamically more efficient. The lands of the planking are not there to disturb the stream line . This distribution of relative efficiency between

3750-399: The mizzen. This made them similar to many of the luggers worked from the beaches and harbours of Britain. The sail plan illustration here (1880 Sail Plan) even replicates the civilian lugger terminology of having a fore and mizzen mast, and not using the term "main mast". A variation on this rig, seen for example in 1887, was to have two dipping lugs. The number of oars pulled varied with

3825-716: The modern version in the 1980s and now many of the fleet of 24 compete annually in this "Marathon of the River". Watermen's cutters also compete annually in the Port of London Challenge, and the Port Admirals' Challenge. Cutter races are also to be found at various town rowing and skiffing regattas . In addition the cutters perform the role of ceremonial Livery Barges with the canopies and armorial flags flying on special occasions. Cutters have been used for record-breaking attempts and crews have achieved record times for sculling

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3900-408: The outside of the hull as the overlaps are obvious in the stepped nature of the hull surface. Clinker construction is a shell-first technique (in contrast to the frame-based nature of carvel ). The construction sequence begins with the joining of the keel , stem and sternpost (or transom ) and setting these in place in the build area. Thereafter, the shape of the hull is determined by

3975-408: The outside of the land on which the boat would lie on a hard surface to stiffen it and protect it from wear. A stringer is usually fitted round the inside of each bilge to strengthen it. In a small boat, this is usually arranged to serve also as a means of retaining the bottom boards. These are removable assemblies, shaped to lie over the bottom timbers and be walked upon. They spread the stresses from

4050-432: The period, that used thole pins as the pivot point for the oars. This allowed a higher freeboard, which was helpful if sailing – when the cut-outs were filled with wooden shutters (often mis-called poppets ) to keep the water out. The alternative, if the correct geometry for an efficient rowing position was adopted, was to position the thwarts awkwardly high. Like some other types of ship's boats used in

4125-463: The quickest transport meant greater income. As their fishing boats were heavy working boats, and filled with fishing equipment, they needed a new type of boat; early boats were developed from single masted fishing cutter designs and twin masted yawls , and latterly into the specialist pilot cutter. The natural dangers of the Bristol Channel brought about over many years the development of

4200-428: The same time that the purely Nordic-tradition clinker vessels were being built. Though the classic cog construction uses flush planking for the bottom, the sides are constructed in a clinker method – with the difference that the nails that passed through overlapping planks were simply bent over and driven back into the plank, rather than using roves. Clinker-built vessels were constructed as far South as

4275-549: The sapwood are cut off. The slightly uneven surface found on cleft timber is the reason why caulking is laid in the overlap between the hull planks during construction, often using animal hair. Early examples of clinker-built boats include the longships of the Viking raiders and traders, and the trading cogs of the Hanseatic League . Modern examples of clinker-built boats that are directly descended from those of

4350-503: The shaping and fitting of the hull planking that forms the waterproof exterior of the hull. Any reinforcing frame s, thwart s or beams are added after the joining of the hull planks. This may involve completely finishing the exterior planking first, or just some planking may be fitted with, for instance, floor s being added whilst that part of the hull is accessible before planking is continued. Medieval clinker construction used iron nails and roves – the latter being

4425-464: The simpler definition, the sailing rig called "cutter" has a single mast with fore and aft sails which include more than one headsail . The mainsail (set abaft, or behind the mast) could be gaff , Bermuda , standing lug or gunter rigged. A more complex definition may be applied in American waters, where a boat with two headsails would be termed a sloop if the mast has a more forward position and

4500-451: The size of the boat. A schedule of ship's boats of 1886 shows 34 to 30 feet (10.4 to 9.1 m) cutters pulling 12 oars, 28 feet (8.5 m), 10 oars, 26 to 20 feet (7.9 to 6.1 m), 8 oars and the two smallest sizes of 18 and 16 feet (5.5 and 4.9 m), 6 oars. The smaller boats could be single banked whilst the larger and later examples were generally double-banked . For transporting large numbers of men, in moderate weather conditions,

4575-610: The specialist Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter . According to records from Pill, Somerset now housed in the Bristol Museum , the first official Bristol Channel pilot was barge master George James Ray, appointed by the Corporation of Bristol in May 1497 to pilot John Cabot 's Matthew from Bristol harbour to the open sea beyond. In 1837 Pilot George Ray guided Brunel 's SS  Great Western , and in 1844 William Ray piloted

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4650-402: The stem. This means that the boat's passage through the water will not tend to lift the ends of the planking away from the stem. Before the next plank is laid up, the face of the land on the lower strake is bevelled to suit the angle at which the next strake will lie in relation with it. This varies all along the land. Gripes are used to hold the new strake in position on the preceding one before

4725-515: The stringer. The structure of gunwale, rising, thwart and thwart knees greatly stiffens and strengthens the shell and turns it into a boat. There are several ways of fixing the rubbing strake, but, in a clinker boat, it is applied to the outside of the sheer strake. Fittings such as swivels or crutch plate, painter ring, stretchers, keel and stem band are fitted. In a sailing dinghy, there would be more fittings, such as fairleads , horse, shroud plates, mast step, toe straps and so on. At stages along

4800-475: The term "cutter" for vessels employed in patrolling their territorial waters and other enforcement activities. This terminology is derived from the sailing cutters which had this sort of role from the 18th century to the end of the 19th century. (See below.) Whilst the details vary from country to country, generally these are small ships that can remain at sea for extended periods and in all usual weather conditions. Many, but not all, are armed. Uses include control of

4875-449: The tidal creeks coming off the harbour (marra - hand, pikurri - pointing straight and nya - a place name marker)". According to Dreamtime legend, there was a huge blind water snake living in the landlocked area of water known as Jalkawarrinya. This landlocked area is now the turning basin for the ships that enter the port and as the story goes, "the coming of the big ships meant it was unable to stay". Cutter (boat) A cutter

4950-525: The two forms of construction is an illusion because for given hull strength, the clinker boat is lighter. Additionally, the clinker building method as used by the Vikings created a vessel which could twist and flex relative to the line extending length of the vessel, bow to stern. This gave it an advantage in North Atlantic rollers so long as the vessel was small in overall displacement. Increasing

5025-439: The unmodified word "cutter" soon became associated with a single-masted rig. Fast vessels were often used for illegal purposes, such as smuggling, or by the authorities trying to prevent this illegality. Therefore, cutters were used for both. The Royal Navy bought and had built a large number for use in controlling smuggling, as "advice boats" (carrying dispatches), or against privateers . The characteristic cutter hull shape

5100-422: The vessels they attempted to catch – Repulse , of 210 tons was built in 1778. A determining factor on size was the number of crew needed to handle the large gaff mainsail with its long boom. Larger cutters purchased by the Royal Navy were sometimes converted to brigs to make them easier to handle, but still utilising the fast hull. At about the same time that the decked, fast-sailing cutters of

5175-454: The way, painters will have been called in to prime the timber, particularly immediately before the timbering is done. The boatbuilder will clean up the inside of the planking and the painter will prime it and probably more, partly because it is easier that way and partly so as to put some preservative on the planking behind the timbers. Similarly, it is best to have the varnishing done after the fittings are fitted but before they are shipped. Thus,

5250-401: The weight of the guns that ships were starting to carry and allowed gun-ports to be cut in the hull. Carvel construction may have solved the shortage of large cleft oak planks from which to make larger clinker vessels. Despite the large-scale move over to carvel construction for large vessels, clinker construction remained prominent throughout Northern Europe. The Nordic clinker boat tradition

5325-416: Was cut to 5 sizes from 26 to 34 feet (7.9 to 10.4 m) in 1914. The sailing rig of the cutters used as ship's boats was usually two masted. In 1761, the larger Deal-built cutters had spritsails set on these masts, soon transitioning to a dipping lug fore-sail and a sprit mizzen. For much of the 19th century, and into the 20th, cutters were rigged with a dipping lug on the foremast and a standing lug on

5400-543: Was inscribed to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on December 14, 2021, as the first joint Nordic application to the list. In the clinker- (lapstrake- ) method of boat building , the edges of longitudinal hull planks overlap each other. Where necessary in larger craft, shorter planks can be joined end to end, creating a longer strake or hull plank. How this is done

5475-419: Was the washstrake added to increase the freeboard . It was pierced with rowlock cut-outs for the oars, so that the thwarts did not need to be set unusually high to achieve the right geometry for efficient use. Cutters, as decked sailing vessels designed for speed, came into use in the early part of the 18th century. When first introduced, the term applied largely to the hull form, in the same way that clipper

5550-571: Was used almost a hundred years later. Some of these 18th and 19th century examples were rigged as ketches or brigs . However, the typical rig, especially in Naval or revenue protection use, was a single-masted rig setting a huge amount of sail. Square sails were set, as well as a full complement of fore and aft sails. In civilian use, cutters were mostly involved in smuggling . The navy and coastguard therefore also used cutters in an attempt to catch those operating illegally. The term cutter appeared in

5625-423: Was wide; many had a length to breadth ratio of 3 to 1. It had a lot of deadrise and fine lines. A huge amount of sail could be set on these beamy hulls. The rig became standardised as having one mast, a gaff-rigged mainsail , square sails and several headsails – together with a full range of extra light weather sails. The mainsail had a boom that extended beyond the stern. Square sails consisted of

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