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57-452: In French it is referred to as a quartier (neighbourhood) although it is not an official one recognised by the City . It is named after Samuel de Champlain , who founded Quebec City in 1608. Rue du Petit-Champlain is around 0.16 miles (0.26 km) long, and runs from its convergence with Rue Sous-le-Fort in the north to Boulevard Champlain in the south. The fresco painted on the side of

114-615: A French settlement here in 1608, and adopted the Algonquin name. Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the "Historic District of Old Québec". Common English-language usage distinguishes

171-415: A common occurrence. On average, Quebec City receives 1,190 millimetres (46.85 in) of precipitation, of which 899 millimetres (35.39 in) is rain and 303 millimetres (11.93 in) is the melt from 316 centimetres (124.4 in) of snowfall per annum. The city experiences around 1,916 hours of bright sunshine annually or 41.5% of possible sunshine, with summer being the sunniest, but also slightly

228-520: A land area of 452.3 km (174.6 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,214.8/km (3,146.3/sq mi) in 2021. According to Statistics Canada, there were 839,311 people residing in the Quebec City census metropolitan area. In 2016, 20.6% of the resident population in Quebec City was of retirement age (65 and over for males and females) compared with 16.9% in Canada. The median age

285-566: A lower percentage of Indigenous Canadians (1.8%) than the national average of 5.0%. The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 45,230 persons or 8.5% of the total population of Quebec City. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were France (7,360 persons or 16.3%), Colombia (2,865 persons or 6.3%), Morocco (2,715 persons or 6.0%), Ivory Coast (2,500 persons or 5.5%), Cameroon (2,225 persons or 4.9%), Algeria (1,920 persons or 4.2%), Tunisia (1,795 persons or 4.0%), Democratic Republic of

342-960: A number of accounting and law firms have moved since the 2000s. Other suburban places identified by the city for their potential are the Lebourgneuf area for private offices, as well as Estimauville Street where the Government of Canada already has many civil servants and where several city officials are expected to move in the 2020s. Quebec City is known for its Winter Carnival , its summer music festival and its Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day celebrations. The Jardin zoologique du Québec , now closed, reopened in 2002 after extensive repairs before ultimately shutting permanently in 2006. It featured 750 specimens of 300 different species of animals. The zoo specialized in winged fauna and garden themes but also featured several species of mammals. While it emphasized Quebec's indigenous fauna, one of its main attractions

399-707: A post he held for the next ten years. He was back in London at the end of this period in 1628, where he published a work of pithy epigrams called Quodlibets . He had written this in Harbour Grace; Over the coming years, control of Harbour Grace became a point of contention between the English and the French. The town, with a population numbering about 100, was razed by the French in 1697, again in 1700, and captured briefly in 1762. Nevertheless, between these attacks,

456-408: A result, in English, the federal government style distinguishes the city and province by spelling the city with an acute accent (Québec) and the province without one (Quebec). The government of Quebec spells both names "Québec", including when writing in English. In French, the two are distinguished in that province names including Quebec generally take definite articles , while city names do not. As

513-485: A result, the city is Québec and the province is le Québec ; "in Quebec City" is à Québec and "in the province of Quebec" is au Québec ; and so forth. The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows", because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Quebec City

570-631: A woody area attested as Coteau Sainte-Geneviève  [ fr ] . The area was affected by the 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake . The administrative region in which it is situated is officially referred to as Capitale-Nationale , and the term "national capital" is used to refer to Quebec City itself at the provincial level. Quebec City is classified as a hemiboreal humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb , Trewartha Dcbc ). Quebec City experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, with periods of hotter temperatures which compounded with

627-434: Is 43.3 years of age compared to 41.2 years of age for Canada as a whole. In the five years between 2011 and 2016, the population of Quebec City grew by 3%. In 2021, 9.4% of Quebec City residents reported visible minority status, a relatively low figure for a large Canadian city; the national average was 26.5%. The largest visible minority group were Black Canadians , who formed 4.1% of the population. Quebec City also had

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684-574: Is also the domicile of the sole manufactory of the cigarette maker Rothmans, Benson & Hedges . While the traditional central business districts and their large office buildings are found on Parliament Hill (especially for provincial administration) and just below in Saint-Roch (nowadays notable for IT and the video game industry), a newer one has emerged in the Boulevard Laurier  [ fr ] area of Sainte-Foy , where

741-508: Is home to the earliest known French settlement in North America, Fort Charlesbourg-Royal , established in 1541 by explorer Jacques Cartier with some 400 persons but abandoned less than a year later due to the harsh winter and resistance of indigenous inhabitants to colonial incursion on their land. The fort was at the mouth of the Rivière du Cap Rouge , in the suburban former town of Cap-Rouge (which merged into Quebec City in 2002). Quebec

798-475: Is located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of the provincial capital, St. John's . The town has a population of 2,796 (2021), engaged primarily in fishing and fish processing . The alternative spelling of Harbor Grace was current at one time. The town was named after the French city of Havre de Grâce , which is now known as Le Havre . Harbour Grace was an important port and fishing centre from

855-596: Is one of the oldest European settlements in North America and the only fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist. While many of the major cities in Latin America date from the 16th century, among cities in Canada and the United States, few were created earlier than Quebec City ( St. John's , Harbour Grace , Port Royal , St. Augustine , Santa Fe , Jamestown , and Tadoussac ). It

912-521: Is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the metropolitan area had a population of 839,311. It is the twelfth -largest city and the seventh -largest metropolitan area in Canada. It is also the second-largest city in the province, after Montreal . It has a humid continental climate with warm summers coupled with cold and snowy winters. Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded

969-508: Is the city's largest institutional employer, with more than 10,000 employees in 2007. The unemployment rate in June 2018 was 3.8%, below the national average (6.0%) and the second-lowest of Canada's 34 largest cities, behind Peterborough (2.7%). Around 10% of jobs are in manufacturing. Principal products include pulp and paper, processed food, metal/wood items, chemicals, electronics and electrical equipment, and printed materials. The city hosts

1026-430: The 2021 census , religious groups in Quebec City included: Most jobs in Quebec City are concentrated in public administration, defence, services, commerce, transport and tourism. As the provincial capital, the city benefits from being a regional administrative and services centre: apropos, the provincial government is the largest employer in the city, employing 27,900 people as of 2007. CHUQ (the local hospital network)

1083-553: The Acadian settlement at Port-Royal was established three years earlier, Quebec came to be known as the cradle of North America's Francophone population. The location seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony. The population of the settlement remained small for decades. In 1629 it was captured by English privateers , led by David Kirke , during the Anglo-French War . Samuel de Champlain argued that

1140-636: The Citadelle of Quebec began in 1820. The Americans did not attack Canada after the War of 1812, but the Citadelle continued to house a large British garrison until 1871. It is still in use by the military and is also a tourist attraction. Until the late 18th century Québec was the most populous city in present-day Canada. As of the census of 1790, Montreal surpassed it with 18,000 inhabitants, but Quebec, which had about 14,000 of population at that time, remained

1197-451: The 17th century, with a permanent, year-round population numbering a few dozen, swelling to several hundred during the fishing season. Around the year 1618, Harbour Grace became a permanent settlement. In that year 1618, Bristol 's Society of Merchant Venturers received a charter from King James I of England to establish a settlement near Harbour Grace, " Bristol's Hope ", and appointed Robert Hayman as its first Proprietary Governor ,

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1254-584: The 1870 customs house, now the Conception Bay Museum Archived 2018-10-03 at the Wayback Machine , a small tourist industry is emerging. The Gordon G. Pike Railway Heritage Museum and Park (c. 1881–1884) was designated a Municipal Heritage Building in 2006. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Harbour Grace had a population of 2,796 living in 1,307 of its 1,483 total private dwellings,

1311-476: The Congo (1,315 persons or 1,315%), Haiti (1,120 persons or 2.5%), and Brazil (1,115 persons or 2.5%). The great majority of city residents are native French speakers. The English-speaking community peaked in relative terms during the 1860s, when 40% of Quebec City's residents were Anglophone . Today, native Anglophones make up only about 1.5% of the population of both the city and its metropolitan area. However,

1368-579: The English , but was successfully defended. In the last of the conflicts, the French and Indian War ( Seven Years' War ), Quebec was captured by the British in 1759, and held until the end of the war in 1763. In that time many battles and sieges took place: the Battle of Beauport , a French victory (31 July 1759); the Battle of the Plains of Abraham , in which British troops under General James Wolfe defeated

1425-577: The English seizing of French lands was illegal as the war had already ended, and worked to have them returned to France. As part of the ongoing negotiations following the end of the Anglo-French War, in 1632 the English king Charles I agreed to return captured lands in exchange for Louis XIII paying his wife's dowry . These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The colonies of Canada and Acadia were returned to

1482-472: The French Company of One Hundred Associates . In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city. One-quarter of the people were members of religious orders: secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hôtel-Dieu. Quebec was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the French and Indian Wars . In 1690 the city was attacked by

1539-522: The French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on 13 September 1759, and shortly thereafter took the city after a short siege. A French counterattack saw a French victory at the Battle of Sainte-Foy (28 April 1760) but the subsequent second Siege of Quebec the following month however saw a final British victory. France ceded New France , including the city, to Britain in 1763, when the French and Indian War officially ended. At

1596-486: The Saint Lawrence River which gave rise to industries of wooden sailing ships manufacture, export of squared timber logs . to Europe, as wall as associated enterprises such as sawmills . However, by the 1870s, Québec City entered a period of economic decline. Contributing factors included the rise of steel-hulled steamships, the expansion of railroads at the expense of waterways for continental commerce;

1653-533: The administrative capital of the former New France. It was then made the capital of Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act of 1791 . From 1841 to 1867, the capital of the Province of Canada rotated between Kingston , Montreal , Toronto , Ottawa and Quebec City (from 1851 to 1855 and from 1859 to 1865). The city experienced an economic golden age in the 1800s, due to its favorable location on

1710-557: The airstrip was left to deteriorate. In 1977, through the efforts of the Harbour Grace Historical Society, it was restored to a usable condition. In 1999, after years of being considered abandoned, the airstrip was reinstated to official international airdrome status under the designator of CHG2. Today, Harbour Grace continues its tradition as a fishing and fish processing centre. In addition, because of its rich history and many historical buildings, including

1767-498: The building at 102 rue du Petit-Champlain is a trompe-l'œil measuring 100m (900 ft). It represents the history of the district, the bombardments of 1759, the landslides, and the fires which have occurred in the district. The Breakneck Stairs or Breakneck Steps (French: Escalier casse-cou ), Quebec City's oldest stairway, were built in 1635. Today they are a popular viewpoint for tourists to view rue du Petit-Champlain . Quebec City#Boroughs and districts Quebec City

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1824-558: The city from the province by referring to the former as Quebec City. According to the Government of Canada, the Government of Quebec, and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, the names of Canadian cities and towns have only one official form. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in both Canadian English and French . However, province names can have different forms in English and French. As

1881-501: The city's Citadel in 1871, contributed to the exodus of English speaking populations, such as local bourgeoisie of Scottish origin or workers of Irish background, to Montreal in the second half of the 19th century. Anglophones made up approximately 40% of the city's population in 1861, but 16% in 1901. Before the Royal Military College of Canada was established in 1876, the only French-speaking officer training school

1938-447: The construction of new offices and condos. Northern sections (Loretteville, Val-Bélair) and eastern sections (Beauport, Charlesbourg) are mostly a mix of middle-class residential suburbs with industrial pockets. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Québec had a population of 549,459 living in 265,711 of its 283,219 total private dwellings, a change of 3.3% from its 2016 population of 531,902 . With

1995-488: The depletion of forest resources near major rivers upstream of Québec City and in the west of the province, which were transported to Québec's port by log driving ; the construction of locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway , opening up trade routes to the U.S. from Montreal; and the city's inability to retain immigrant populations. This unfavourable context, coupled with the departure of the British army from

2052-411: The earliest days of European exploration of North America . The town was a thriving seasonal fishing community by 1550. The first resident known by name was Robert Tossey of Dartmouth in 1583. In 1610, pirate Peter Easton made Harbour Grace his headquarters, and established a fort overlooking the bay. Although it was attacked by the French the following year, the early settlement survived throughout

2109-492: The end of French rule, Quebec was a town of 8,000 inhabitants, surrounded by forests, villages, fields and pastures. The town was distinguished by its monumental architecture, fortifications, and affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean and Saint-Roch. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at

2166-564: The headquarters of a variety of prominent companies, including: fashion retailer La Maison Simons , engineering firms BPR and Norda Stelo ; Cominar real estate investment trust; Beneva , Industrial Alliance , Promutuel, and Union Canadienne in the insurance sector; Beenox , Gearbox Software , Frima Studio , Sarbakan and Ubisoft in the computer games industry; AeternaZentaris and DiagnoCure in pharmaceuticals; Amalgame, Cossette and Vision 7 in marketing and advertising; Institut National d'Optique (INO) , EXFO, OptoSecurity in technology. It

2223-413: The high humidity, create a high heat index that belies the average high of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 11–13 °C (52–55 °F). Winters are cold, windy and snowy with average high temperatures −5 to −8 °C (23 to 18 °F) and lows −13 to −18 °C (9 to 0 °F). Spring and fall, although short, bring chilly to warm temperatures. Late heat waves as well as " Indian summers " are

2280-728: The hill, the Saint Lawrence Lowlands is flat and has rich, arable soil. Past this valley, the Laurentian Mountains lie to the north of the city but its foothills are within the municipal limits. The Plains of Abraham are located on the southeastern extremity of the plateau, where high stone walls were integrated during colonial days. On the northern foot of the promontory, the lower town neighbourhoods of Saint-Roch and Saint-Sauveur , traditionally working class, are separated from uptown's Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Sacrement  [ fr ] by

2337-476: The name of the latter remained the same as the historical town ( French : ville ) or parish municipality it replaced. Neighbourhoods each elect their own council, whose powers rest in public consultations . Compared to many other cities in North America, there is less variation between average household incomes between the neighbourhoods. However, some disparities exist. The southwest former cities of Sillery , Cap-Rouge and Sainte-Foy are considered to be

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2394-549: The nearby Harbour Grace airfield due to its proximity to continental Europe. Altogether, some twenty flights left Harbour Grace from 1919 to 1936 in their attempts to cross the Atlantic. In July 1941, the Royal Canadian Navy established a High Frequency Direction Finding wireless station on the airfield. Consisting of an Operations Building and a Direction Finding shack, the station had an uninterrupted sweep of

2451-546: The newly created province of Quebec. During World War II, two conferences were held in Quebec City. The First Quebec Conference was held in 1943 with Franklin D. Roosevelt (President of the United States), Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom), William Lyon Mackenzie King (Prime Minister of Canada) and T. V. Soong (minister of foreign affairs of China ). The Second Quebec Conference

2508-564: The northern Atlantic sector and was able to provide bearings on U-boat transmissions and to intercept enemy radio traffic. Harbour Grace was one of the first sites that the Royal Canadian Navy was solely responsible for after war broke out. On May 21, 1945, the Canadian Naval Service approved closing down and disposing of its facility at Harbour Grace. There is no evidence of the station today. Following WWII,

2565-540: The population grew by 50%. By 1771, the population was close to 5,800. By then, however, other colonial towns along the Atlantic coast had surpassed Harbour Grace in population and influence. The town continued to grow and peaked in population in 1921, when the census was taken at 11,458 residents. As trans-Atlantic aviation became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, many aviation pioneers, among them Amelia Earhart and Thor Solberg chose to make their crossing from

2622-504: The province , and many suburbs of the north shore of the Saint-Lawrence were merged into Quebec City, taking the form of boroughs , thus constituting the boundary of present-day Québec City. In 2008 the city celebrated its 400th anniversary and was gifted funds for festivities and construction projects by provincial and federal governments, as well as public artwork by various entities, including foreign countries. Quebec City

2679-505: The summer tourist season and the Quebec Winter Carnival attract significant numbers of Anglophone (as well as Francophone ) visitors, and English can often be heard in areas frequented by tourists. In 2021, according to Statistics Canada, 90.6% of Quebec City's population spoke French as their sole mother tongue. More than a third of city residents reported being capable of speaking both French and English. According to

2736-541: The two city markets. During the American Revolution , revolutionary troops from the southern colonies assaulted the British garrison in the city in the hope that the peoples of Quebec would rise and join the American Revolution so that Canada would join the Continental Congress , along with the other British colonies of continental North America. The American invasion failed, however, and

2793-499: The war resulted in a permanent split of British North America into two entitles: the newly independent United States of America , and those colonies (including Quebec) that remained under British control, which would later become the country of Canada . The city itself was not attacked during the War of 1812 , when the United States again attempted to annex Canadian lands. Amid fears of another American attack on Quebec City, construction of

2850-493: The wealthiest, along with some parts of Montcalm and Old Quebec. The city's traditional working-class areas are found in the lower town below Old Quebec (Saint-Sauveur and Saint-Roch) and directly across the Saint-Charles River to the north (Vanier and Limoilou). However, parts of Limoilou, Saint-Sauveur and particularly Saint-Roch have seen gentrification in the last 20 years, attracting young professionals and

2907-609: The wettest season. During winter, snow generally stays on the ground from the end of November till mid-April. The highest temperature ever recorded in Quebec City was 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) on 17 July 1953. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −36.7 °C (−34.1 °F) on 10 January 1890 and 14 January 2015. On 1 January 2002, the 12 former towns of Sainte-Foy , Beauport , Charlesbourg , Sillery , Loretteville , Val-Bélair , Cap-Rouge , Saint-Émile , Vanier , L'Ancienne-Lorette , Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures and Lac-Saint-Charles were annexed by Quebec City. This

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2964-432: Was built on the north bank of the Saint Lawrence River , where it narrows and meets the mouth of the Saint-Charles River . Old Quebec is located on top and at the foot of Cap-Diamant , which is on the eastern edge of a plateau called the promontory of Quebec (Quebec hill). Because of this topographic feature, the oldest and most urbanized borough of La Cité-Limoilou can be divided into upper and lower town. North of

3021-399: Was founded by Samuel de Champlain , a French explorer and diplomat, on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona . Champlain, who came to be called "The Father of New France ", served as its administrator for the rest of his life. The name "Canada" was given to the colony that developed around the settlement at Quebec. Although

3078-469: Was held in 1944 and was attended by Churchill and Roosevelt. They took place in the buildings of the Citadelle and at the nearby Château Frontenac . A large part of the D-Day landing plans were made during those meetings. Until 2002, Quebec was a mostly urbanized city and its territory coterminous with today's borough of La Cité-Limoilou . The Government of Quebec then mandated a municipal reorganization in

3135-538: Was one of several municipal mergers which took place across Quebec on that date. Following a demerger referendum, L'Ancienne-Lorette and Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures were reconstituted as separate municipalities on 1 January 2006, but the other former municipalities remain part of Quebec City. On 1 November 2009, Quebec City re-organized its boroughs, reducing the number from 8 to 6. Quebec City's six boroughs ( French : arrondissements ) are further divided into 35 neighbourhoods ( French : quartiers ). In most cases,

3192-665: Was the Indo-Australian greenhouse, which initially cost $ 14 million to build. It featured fauna and flora from regions surrounding the Indian Ocean . Harbour Grace Harbour Grace is a town in Conception Bay on the Avalon Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . With roots dating back to the 16th century, it is one of the oldest towns in North America . It

3249-583: Was the Quebec City School of Military Instruction, founded in 1864. The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867. In 1868, The School of Artillery was formed in Montreal. The Quebec Conference on Canadian Confederation was held in the city in 1864. In 1867, Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the definite capital of the Dominion of Canada, while Quebec City was confirmed as the capital of

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