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56-661: A compliant piled tower design, it is 640 metres (2,100 ft) high to the tip of flare boom from the mudline (sea floor) and was arguably the tallest free-standing structure in the world, until surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in 2010. This claim is disputed since only 75 metres (246 ft) of the platform are above water and it is unknown if the structure could support itself on land, as it is partially supported by buoyancy. The multi-deck topsides are 64 metres (210 ft) by 43 metres (141 ft) by 18.3 metres (60 ft) high and hold 21 well slots. The compliant tower weighs around 43,000 tons with

112-414: A capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest double-deck elevators , rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators. The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck. The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to

168-423: A finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft). The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment. This 244-metre (801 ft) spire

224-542: A previous record holder for the world's tallest building. Hyder Consulting was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea , together with the Belgian group BESIX and the local company Arabtec . Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from South Asia , the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated. Burj Khalifa

280-544: Is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain. On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain. An outdoor observation deck , named At the Top , opened on 5 January 2010 on

336-407: Is derived from Islamic architecture. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimizes vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form

392-463: Is more flexible than conventional land structures to cope better with sea forces. It can deflect (sway) in excess of 2% of height. Most buildings are kept to within 0.5% of height in order to have occupants not feel uneasy during periods of movement. Construction began in 1997 by J Ray McDermott with the seabed mooring system. The contract for the platform was budgeted at $ 200 million with total costs of around $ 500 million. The 4000-tonne North Module

448-520: Is part of the 2 km (490-acre) Downtown Dubai development at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road , near Dubai's main business district. The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as a chief structural engineer. The firm had designed the Sears Tower in Chicago,

504-588: Is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties . The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010. It

560-627: Is the implementation of the Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry which maximizes views and floor space. This innovation pioneered the way for the development of the buttressed core , which is used in the floor plan of the Burj Khalifa as a result of its potential application in megatall skyscrapers. It was the tallest building in the country in 2004 but was surpassed in height by the Northeast Asia Trade Tower in Incheon when it

616-526: Is widely considered vanity height , since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own". Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent. In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn

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672-622: The Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration) is a skyscraper in Dubai , United Arab Emirates. It is the world's tallest structure . With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire) of 828 m (2,717 ft), the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure and building in the world since its topping out in 2009, surpassing Taipei 101 ,

728-482: The Dubai Fountain , developed the park's six water features. On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor should wait two extra minutes to break their Ramadan fast, and those living above the 150th floor should wait three minutes. The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea , which also did work on

784-662: The Great Recession , and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures. With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi . Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support. Because of

840-524: The Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101 . Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with BESIX from Belgium and Arabtec from the UAE. Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract. Hong Kong-based Far East Aluminium combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa. The contractor and the engineer of record was Hyder Consulting . Under UAE law,

896-458: The slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time. Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space. By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied. The ceremony

952-471: The 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country. On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the Jumeirah Lake Towers . Nine News obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in

1008-579: The 124th floor. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it was the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when it opened. After this was initially surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower , Guangzhou at 488 m (1,601 ft), Burj Khalifa opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), once again giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014. Subsequently, on February 18, 2019,

1064-399: The 160th floor. The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes. An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system. The air conditioning system draws air from

1120-428: The 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft), the 156th floor. Three tower cranes were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load. The remaining structure above

1176-601: The Burj Khalifa also opened The Lounge observatory at 584 m (1,916 ft) – the highest lounge in the world, However, in June 2016 the Shanghai Tower opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest observation deck. The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal , which allows visitors to view

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1232-441: The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings. The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators. Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010 and

1288-530: The UAE under freedom of information laws , which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa. Samsung Tower Palace 3 %E2%80%93 Tower G Tower G , or simply Tower Palace Three , is a 73- floor luxury residential skyscraper in Seoul , South Korea. The structure was originally designed to be 93 stories high, but was later scaled down due to zoning rights imposed by city regulations. A notable feature of this structure

1344-423: The building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access. Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean

1400-657: The contractor and the engineer of record is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer concrete pump , the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project. Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar , and construction took 22 million man-hours. In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass

1456-425: The design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work. The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright 's vision for The Illinois , a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's Lake Point Tower . When Adrian Smith

1512-505: The entire exterior. Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne , Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units , at a cost of A$ 8 million. Outside the Burj Khalifa, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh  800 million (US$ 217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it

1568-528: The entire project in jeopardy. In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar , chairman of the project's developer, Emaar Properties , said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$ 4,000 per sq ft (over US$ 43,000 per m ) and the Armani Residences , also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$ 3,500 per sq ft (over US$ 37,500 per m ). He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$ 1.5 billion. The project's completion coincided with

1624-413: The extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup , working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building . The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It

1680-598: The holder of that status since 2004. Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed five years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete and some of the structural steel for the building originated from the Palace of the Republic in East Berlin, the former East German parliament . The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai . It

1736-460: The hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010. The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools. Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of

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1792-429: The intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m (1,870,000 sq ft) in area. The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top. The exterior temperature at

1848-432: The interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa . The cladding system consists of 142,000 m (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for

1904-527: The name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra . The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III ,

1960-437: The public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes. When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper. Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group. Like

2016-846: The sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion. During the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel which held the Palace of the Republic , the former parliament building of the German Democratic Republic , the Volkskammer , in East Berlin together were shipped to Dubai in 2008. The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire. Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand

2072-399: The supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project. Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering. Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities. NORR's role

2128-401: The surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions. To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot. On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to

2184-401: The top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base. A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani , occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors. The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010, but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010. The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards, yet

2240-600: The topside weighing in at an additional 7,500 tons Around 9,600 m (60,000 barrels) of oil and 3,000,000 m (100 million cubic feet) of natural gas are extracted daily by the platform. The platform is situated to exploit the Petronius field, discovered in 1995 in Viosca Knoll (block VK 786) and named after Petronius , the Roman writer. The seabed is 535 m (1,754 ft) below the platform. The compliant tower design

2296-534: The tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis , a desert plant. At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower. The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually. WET Enterprises , who also developed

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2352-516: The tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the Atmosphere restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010. The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. The elevators have

2408-455: The upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground. At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day. Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park. To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m (1,290,000 sq ft) of glass,

2464-447: Was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene. In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected. The opening was held on 4 January 2010. The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects. The celebratory lighting

2520-482: Was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower's curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype". According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73rd floor Tower Palace Three , an all-residential building in Seoul . In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential. After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be

2576-443: Was constructed of lighter steel. In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure. "Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface. Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way. The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area". Another challenging element

2632-840: Was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan . Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building . Khan's contributions to

2688-401: Was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates . Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects. On 10 May 2011, an Asian migrant worker in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto

2744-498: Was designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai ), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the Dubai Mall , and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that

2800-715: Was designed to be the centerpiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan . The United Arab Emirates government provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, Emaar Properties , experienced financial problems during the Great Recession . Then president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organized federal financial support. For his support, Mohammad bin Rashid , Ruler of Dubai, changed

2856-419: Was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons ; 440,000 long tons ). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions. A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise

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2912-521: Was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put

2968-504: Was installed in November 1998, but the attempt to install the slightly lighter South Module in December of that year ended with the unit on the seabed. A replacement module was built and installed by Saipem 7000 in May 2000. 29°06′30″N 87°56′30″W  /  29.10833°N 87.94167°W  / 29.10833; -87.94167 Burj Khalifa The Burj Khalifa (known as

3024-540: Was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $ 80 billion for construction projects. In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession , leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned. The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including: The tower

3080-400: Was the shamal which often creates sandstorms. Over 45,000 m (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons ; 110,000 long tons ) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep. The foundation

3136-618: Was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD , an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork. The design

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