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35-711: In antiquity, Pelagonia was roughly bounded by Paeonia to the north and east, Lynkestis and Almopia to the south and Illyria to the west; and was inhabited by the Pelagones, an Ancient Greek tribe of Upper Macedonia , who were centered at the Pelagonian plain and belonged to the Molossian tribal state or koinon . The region was annexed to the Macedonian kingdom during the 4th century BC and became one of its administrative provinces. In medieval times, when

70-588: A campaign deep into the north, into Paeonia itself. This reduced the Paeonian Kingdom (then ruled by Agis ) to a semi-autonomous, subordinate status, which led to a process of gradual and formal Hellenization of the Paeonians, who, during the reign of Philip II, began to issue coins with Greek legends like the Macedonian ones. A Paeonian contingent, led by Ariston , was attached to Alexander

105-633: A consequence of the growth of Macedonian power, and under pressure from their Thracian neighbors, their territory was considerably diminished, and in historical times was limited to the north of Macedonia from Illyria to the Strymon. In Greek mythology , the Paeonians were said to have derived their name from Paeon the son of Endymion . Endymion of Elis, the lover of the goddess of the Moon ( Selene ), had three sons, Paeon, Epeios and Aetolus. Endymion, in order to give his kingdom to one of them, made them run

140-423: A fact that, according to Irwin L. Merker , puts into question the theories of Illyrian and Thracian connections. The women were famous for their industry. In this connection Herodotus tells the story that Darius , having seen at Sardis a beautiful Paeonian woman carrying a pitcher on her head, leading a horse to drink, and spinning flax , all at the same time, inquired who she was. Having been informed that she

175-560: A province called Macedonia Secunda or Macedonia Salutaris , belonging to the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . Sintiki Sintiki ( Greek : Σιντική ) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Central Macedonia , Greece . The seat of the municipality is the town Sidirokastro . The municipality has an area of 1,103.431 km . The municipality was formed after the administrative reform in 2010 ( Kallikratis plan ) from

210-644: A race in Olympia, where Epeios won and took the kingdom. Paeon left in disappointment to settle in the Upper Valley of Axios which was since called Paeonia. In the Trojan War, the Paeonians "with ankylosed bows" (Iliad, II 848-850) "wearing helmets with horsetails" were allies of the Trojans, appearing to fight on their side, under King Pyraichmes and Asteropaeus. In early times, the chief town and seat of

245-688: A result of their proximity. Several eastern Paeonian tribes, including the Agrianes , clearly fell within the Thracian sphere of influence. Yet, according to the national legend, they were Teucrian colonists from Troy . Homer speaks of Paeonians from the Axios fighting on the side of the Trojans , but the Iliad does not mention whether the Paeonians were kin to the Trojans, and instead connects them to

280-673: A treaty of alliance, is no doubt identical with the Lycceius or Lycpeius of Paeonian coins. In 280 BC, the Gallic invaders under Brennus ravaged the land of the Paeonians, who, being further hard pressed by the Dardani , had no alternative but to join the Macedonians. Despite their combined efforts, however, the Paeonians and Macedonians were defeated. After the Celtic invasion of

315-657: Is a plain shared between North Macedonia and the Greek region of Macedonia . It incorporates the southern cities of Bitola and Prilep in North Macedonia and the northwestern city of Florina in Greece; it is also the location of Medžitlija-Niki , a key border crossing between the two countries. Many Mycenaean objects have been found in the area, such as the double axe , later found in Mycenae and are exhibited in

350-427: Is relatively little mention of the Paeonians in the works of the ancient Greeks . Some modern scholars consider the Paeonians to have been of either Illyrian , Phrygian , Thracian , or of mixed origins. Some Paeonian toponyms and personal names of individual Paeonians are, however, definitely Hellenic (Lycceius, Ariston, Audoleon). Some scholars have proposed a Greek origin. According to Radoslav Katičić ,

385-617: Is said to have marched through Paeonian territory. They occupied the entire valley of the Axios ( Vardar ) as far inland as Stobi , the valleys to the east of it as far as the Strymon and the country round Astibus and the river of the same name, with the water of which they anointed their kings. Emathia , roughly the district between the Haliacmon and Axios, was once called Paeonia; and Pieria and Pelagonia were inhabited by Paeonians. As

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420-754: The Phrygians . Herodotus and Thucydides distinguish the Pannonians from the Thracians . Appian wrote of a genealogy in which Paion, the eponym of the Paeonians, is the son of Autarieus , the eponym of the Autariatae , and father of Skordiskos and Triballos , the eponyms of two central Balkanic tribes, one Celtic and the other Thracian . This might connect the Paeonians with the Illyrian complex, although as Katičić suggests, Appian might not refer to

455-595: The Balkans weakened the state of the Macedonians and Paeonians , the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of Paeonia which definitively disappeared from history. In 230 the Dardani under Longarus captured Bylazora from the Paeonians. Paeonia consolidated again but, in 217 BC, the Macedonian king Philip V of Macedon (220–179 BC),

490-552: The Balkans. The Persian troops subjugated gold-rich Thrace , the coastal Greek cities, as well as defeating and conquering the powerful Paeonians . At some point after the Greco-Persian Wars , the Paeonian princedoms coalesced into a kingdom centred in the central and upper reaches of the Axios and Strymon rivers, corresponding with today's northern part of North Macedonia and western Bulgaria. They joined with

525-702: The European Scythians roaming to the north of the Danube river. Darius' army subjugated several Thracian peoples, and virtually all other regions that touch the European part of the Black Sea , such as parts of nowadays Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , and Russia , before it returned to Asia Minor . Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named Megabazus whose task was to accomplish conquests in

560-660: The Great's army. At the time of the Persian invasion, the Paeonians on the lower Strymon had lost, while those in the north maintained, their territorial integrity. The daughter of Audoleon , a king of Paeonia, was the wife of Pyrrhus , king of Epirus , and Alexander the Great wished to bestow the hand of his sister Cynane upon Langarus , king of the Agrianians, who had shown himself loyal to Philip II. The Paeonians included several independent tribes, all later united under

595-478: The Illyrian family, and on the other side is Dimitar Dečev, who claims affinities with Thracian. On the other hand, the Paeonian kings issued coins from the time of Philip II of Macedon onwards, bearing their names written in straightforward Greek. All the names of the Paeonian Kings that have come down to us are, in fact, explainable with and clearly related to Greek (Agis, Ariston, Audoleon, Lycceius, etc.),

630-601: The Illyrians to attack the northern areas of the Kingdom of Macedonia . The Illyrians, who had a culture of piracy, would have been cut off from some trade routes if movement through this land had been blocked. They unsuccessfully attacked the northern defences of Macedonian territory in an attempt to occupy the region. In 360–359 BC, southern Paeonian tribes were launching raids into Macedon, ( Diodorus XVI. 2.5) in support of an Illyrian invasion. The Macedonian Royal House

665-654: The Museum of Bitola. A 137,000 ha tract of the plain has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of ferruginous ducks , white storks , Dalmatian pelicans , Eurasian thick-knees , little owls , Eurasian scops owls , European rollers , lesser kestrels and lesser grey shrikes . 41°00′00″N 21°21′00″E  /  41.0000°N 21.3500°E  / 41.0000; 21.3500 Paeonia (kingdom) In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia ( Ancient Greek : Παιονία , romanized :  Paionía )

700-583: The Paeonian kings was Bylazora (in modern Sveti Nikole municipality in North Macedonia ) on the Vardar; later, the seat of the kings was moved to Stobi (near modern Gradsko ). Subjugation of the Paeonians happened as a part of Persian military operations initiated by Darius the Great (521–486) in 513 – after immense preparations – a huge Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat

735-607: The Paeonian leader Pyraechmes (parentage unknown); later on in the Iliad (Book 21), Homer mentions a second leader, Asteropaeus , son of Pelagon . Before the reign of Darius Hystaspes , they had made their way as far east as Perinthus in Thrace on the Propontis . At one time all Mygdonia , together with Crestonia , was subject to them. When Xerxes crossed Chalcidice on his way to Therma (later renamed Thessalonica ), he

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770-541: The Paeonians but might refer instead to the Pannonians , since Appian uses the Paeonian name to denote that ethnic group as well. Pausanias tells us of another genealogy, which connects the Paeonians with the Peloponnesian Epeians ; Paion is said to be the son of Endymion and brother of Epeius and Aitolus . This version, indeed, establishes a Greek affiliation for the Paeonians. Homer calls

805-509: The affinity of their language with Mysian . They drank barley beer and various decoctions made from plants and herbs. The country was rich in gold and a bituminous kind of wood (or stone, which burst into a blaze when in contact with water) called tanrivoc (or tsarivos ). The scanty remains of the Paeonian language do not allow a firm judgement to be made. On one side are Wilhelm Tomaschek and Paul Kretschmer, who claim it belonged to

840-422: The death of King Agis of Paeonia and campaigned against its northern neighbor in order to conquer it. Subsequently, the southern part of ancient Paeonia was annexed by the ancient kingdom of Macedon and was named "Macedonian Paeonia"; this province included the cities Astraion (modern Strumica ), Stenae (near modern Demir Kapija ), Antigoneia (near modern Negotino ), etc. The Paeonian tribes were: There

875-523: The field of Scupi (modern Skopje ) to the valley of Bylazora (near modern Sveti Nikole ). In the Iliad , the Paeonians are portrayed as allies of the Trojans . During the Persian invasion of Greece , the conquered Paeonians from as far as the Lake Prasias, including the Paeoplae and Siropaiones , were deported from Paeonia to Asia. In 355–354 BC, Philip II of Macedon took advantage of

910-448: The merger of the former municipalities of Kerkini, Petrisi and Sidirokastro and the rural municipalities of Angistro, Achladochori and Promachonas. The administrative seat of the municipality is Sidirokastro. The former municipalities and rural municipalities have since formed the six municipal districts. The community is further subdivided into 3 city districts and 23 local communities. The province of Sintiki ( Greek : Επαρχία Σιντικής )

945-595: The mythological Pelagon , the eponym of the region, who, according to Greek mythology , was son of the river-god Axius (modern Axios or Vardar river) and father of the Paeonian Asteropaeus in Homer 's Iliad . The second one is Menelaus of Pelagonia (ca. 360 BC) who, according to Bosworth, fled his kingdom when it was annexed by Philip II , finding refuge and citizenship in Athens . Today, Pelagonia

980-457: The names of Lynkestis and Orestis had become obsolete, Pelagonia acquired a broader meaning. This is why the Battle of Pelagonia (1259) between Byzantines and Latins includes also the current Kastoria regional unit and ancient Orestis. Strabo calls Pelagonia by the name Tripolitis and names only one ancient city of the supposed three in the region; Azorus . Two notable Pelagonians include

1015-441: The possibility that the Paeonians took part in the " great Greek migration " and remained behind on the route cannot be ruled out. Linguistically, the very small number of surviving words in the Paeonian language have been variously connected to its neighboring languages – Illyrian and Thracian (and every possible Thraco-Illyrian mix in between), as well as to Greek but with a great deal of Illyrian and Thracian influence as

1050-514: The rule of a single king. Little is known of their manners and customs. They adopted the cult of Dionysus , known amongst them as Dyalus or Dryalus , and Herodotus mentions that the Thracian and Paeonian women offered sacrifice to Queen Artemis (probably Bendis ). They worshipped the sun in the form of a small round disk fixed on the top of a pole. A passage in Athenaeus seems to indicate

1085-485: The son of Demetrius II, succeeded in uniting and incorporating into his empire the separate regions of Dassaretia and Paeonia. A mere 70 years later (in 168 BC), Roman legions conquered Macedon in turn, and a new and much larger Roman province bearing this name was formed. Paeonia around the Axios formed the second and third districts respectively of the newly constituted Roman province of Macedonia . Centuries later under Diocletian , Paeonia and Pelagonia formed

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1120-416: The village of Evropos ), Almopia , Sintiki , Irakleia , and Serres ), and a small part of south-western Bulgaria . Ancient authors placed it south of Dardania (an area corresponding to modern-day Kosovo and northern North Macedonia), west of the Thracian mountains, and east of the southernmost Illyrians . It was separated from Dardania by the mountains through which the Vardar river passes from

1155-472: Was a Paeonian, he sent instructions to Megabazus , commander in Thrace, to deport two tribes of the nation without delay to Asia. An inscription, discovered in 1877 at Olympia on the base of a statue, states that it was set up by the community of the Paeonians in honor of their king and founder Dropion . Another king, whose name appears as Lyppeius on a fragment of an inscription found at Athens relating to

1190-522: Was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians (Ancient Greek: Παίονες , romanized:  Paíones ). The exact original boundaries of Paeonia, like the early history of its inhabitants, are obscure, but it is known that it roughly corresponds to most of present-day North Macedonia and north-central parts of Greek Macedonia (i.e. probably the Greek municipalities of Paionia (excluding

1225-424: Was thrown into a state of uncertainty by the death of Perdiccas III , but his brother Philip II assumed the throne, reformed the army (providing phalanxes ), and proceeded to stop both the Illyrian invasion and the Paeonian raids through the boundary of the "Macedonian Frontier", which was the northern perimeter which he intended to defend as an area of his domain. He followed Perdiccas's success in 358 BC with

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