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55-532: [REDACTED] From north to south, the delta is approximately 160 km (100 mi) in length. From west to east, it covers some 240 km (150 mi) of coastline. The delta is sometimes divided into sections, with the Nile dividing into two main distributaries , the Damietta and the Rosetta , flowing into the Mediterranean at port cities with the same name. In the past, the delta had several distributaries, but these have been lost due to flood control, silting and changing relief. One such defunct distributary

110-423: A hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ) as the rest of Egypt, but its northernmost part, as is the case with the rest of the northern coast of Egypt which is the wettest region in the country, has relatively moderate temperatures, with highs usually not surpassing 31 °C (88 °F) in the summer. Only 100–200 mm (4–8 in) of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in

165-566: A longer temperature lag treat the equinox as the start of autumn. In the English-speaking world of high latitude countries, autumn traditionally began with Lammas Day and ended around Hallowe'en , the approximate mid-points between midsummer , the autumnal equinox, and midwinter . Meteorologists (and Australia and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on Gregorian calendar months, with autumn being September, October, and November in

220-439: A result of river bifurcation and are often found where a river approaches a lake or an ocean and divides into distributary networks; as such they are a common feature of river deltas . They can also occur inland, on alluvial fans , or where a tributary stream bifurcates as it nears its confluence with a larger stream. In some cases, a minor distributary can divert so much water from the main channel that it can later become

275-434: A time of "mellow fruitfulness". In North America, while most foods are harvested during the autumn, foods usually associated with the season include pumpkins (which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving and Halloween ) and apples, which are used to make the seasonal beverage apple cider . Autumn, especially in poetry, has often been associated with melancholia . The possibilities and opportunities of summer are gone, and

330-410: Is Wadi Tumilat . The Suez Canal is east of the delta and enters the coastal Lake Manzala in the north-east of the delta. To the north-west are three other coastal lakes or lagoons: Lake Burullus , Lake Idku and Lake Mariout . The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), as it resembles a triangle or flower when seen from above. Some scholars such as Aristotle have written that

385-1107: Is a national holiday celebrated in Canada, in the United States, in some of the Caribbean islands and in Liberia. Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Canada, on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States (where it is commonly regarded as the start of the Christmas and holiday season ), and around the same part of the year in other places. Similarly named festival holidays occur in Germany and Japan. Television stations and networks, particularly in North America, traditionally begin their regular seasons in their autumn, with new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September or early October (series that debut outside

440-795: Is an inland distributary of the upper Orinoco , which flows southward into the Rio Negro , forming a unique natural canal between the Orinoco and Amazon river systems. It is the largest river on the planet that links two major river systems. The Huai River in China splits into three streams. The main stream passes through the Sanhe Sluice, goes out of the Sanhe river, and enters the Yangtze River through Baoying Lake and Gaoyou Lake . On

495-611: Is popularly known as the "Fall Classic". (Amateur baseball is usually finished by August.) Likewise, professional winter sports, such as ice hockey and basketball, and most leagues of association football in Europe, are in the early stages of their seasons during autumn; American college basketball and college ice hockey play teams outside their athletic conferences during the late autumn before their in-conference schedules begin in winter. The Christian religious holidays of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day are observed in autumn in

550-765: The Clutha River , splits into two arms, the Matau and the Koua , some 10 kilometres from the South Island's Pacific Coast. A large island, Inch Clutha , lies between the two arms. Many of the rivers crossing the Canterbury Plains in the central South Island are braided rivers , and several of these split into separate branches before reaching the coast. Notable among these is the Rangitata River ,

605-602: The Fly River , which splits into three major and several minor rivers close to its mouth. The Bamu River splits into several channels close to its mouth, among them the Bebea , Bina , Dibiri , and Aramia . The Kikori River also splits into a multitude of channels as it crosses the plains close to the Gulf of Papua. The Purari River splits into three major channels as it approaches its mouth. New Zealand's second-longest river,

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660-670: The Fraser River , separated by Annacis Island ). In Australia, the term anabranch is used to refer to a distributary that diverts from the main course of the river and rejoins it later. In North America such a branching river is called a braided river . In Louisiana , the Atchafalaya River is an important distributary of the Mississippi River . Because the Atchafalaya takes a steeper route to

715-682: The Gulf of Mexico than does the Mississippi, over several decades the Atchafalaya has captured more and more of the Mississippi's flow, after the Mississippi meandered into the Red River of the South . The Old River Control Structure , a dam which regulates the outflow from the Mississippi into the Atchafalaya, was completed by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1963. The dam is intended to prevent

770-756: The Old French word autompne ( automne in modern French ) or autumpne in Middle English, and was later normalised to the original Latin. In the Medieval period, there are rare examples of its use as early as the 12th century, but by the 16th century, it was in common use. Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day ( cf. Dutch herfst , German Herbst , and Scots hairst ). However, as more people gradually moved from working

825-455: The Old Norse fall all being possible candidates. However, these words all have the meaning "to fall from a height" and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to denote the season in 16th-century England , a contraction of Middle English expressions like " fall of the leaf " and "fall of the year". Compare the origin of spring from "spring of

880-541: The Second Intermediate Period and burials from the Naqada II era. The burial site contained the remains of animals, amulets and scarabs carved from faience , round and oval pots with handles, flint knives, broken and burned pottery. All burials included skulls and skeletons in the bending position and were not very well-preserved. Records from ancient times (such as by Ptolemy ) reported that

935-520: The harvest with a time of feasting. At the same time though, it was a celebration of death as well. Crops were harvested, livestock were butchered, and Winter was coming. Halloween, 31 October, is in autumn in the northern hemisphere. Television, film, book, costume, home decoration, and confectionery businesses use this time of year to promote products closely associated with such a holiday, with promotions going from late August or early September to 31 October, since their themes rapidly lose strength once

990-562: The Atchafalaya from capturing the main flow of the Mississippi and stranding the ports of Baton Rouge and New Orleans . In British Columbia , Canada, the Fraser River has numerous sloughs and side-channels which may be defined as distributaries. This river's final stretch has three main distributaries: the North Arm and the South Arm , and a few smaller ones adjoining them. Examples of inland distributaries: The Casiquiare canal

1045-563: The Delta region. Outside of major cities, population density in the delta averages 1,000/km (2,600/sq mi) or more. Alexandria is the largest city in the delta with an estimated population of more than 4.5 million. Other large cities in the delta include Shubra El Kheima , Port Said , El Mahalla El Kubra , Mansura , Tanta , and Zagazig . During autumn , parts of the Nile River are red with lotus flowers . The Lower Nile (North) and

1100-909: The Hongkou. The Tha Chin River and Noi River are distributaries of the Chao Phraya River in Thailand , splitting off from the latter about 200 kilometers upstream from the Bay of Bangkok . The Brantas River in East Java , Indonesia , branches off into two distributaries, Mas River , also known as Surabaya River, and Porong River . A number of the rivers that flow inland from Australia's Great Dividing Range form distributaries, most of which flow only intermittently during times of high river levels and end in shallow lakes or simply peter out in

1155-511: The Ides of November (November 9). The word autumn ( / ˈ ɔː t ə m / ) is derived from Latin autumnus , archaic auctumnus , possibly from the ancient Etruscan root autu- and has within it connotations of the passing of the year. Alternative etymologies include Proto-Indo-European * h₃ewǵ - ("cold") or * h₂sows - ("dry"). After the Greek era, the word continued to be used as

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1210-682: The Mediterranean. A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level could affect about 6.6% of the total land cover area in the Nile Delta region. At 1 m (3 ft 3 in) sea level rise, an estimated 887 thousand people could be at risk of flooding and displacement and about 100 km (40 sq mi) of vegetation, 16 km (10 sq mi) wetland, 402 km (160 sq mi) cropland, and 47 km (20 sq mi) of urban area land could be destroyed, flooding approximately 450 km (170 sq mi). Some areas of

1265-433: The Nile Delta's agricultural land have been rendered saline as a result of sea level rise; farming has been abandoned in some places, while in others sand has been brought in from elsewhere to reduce the effect. In addition to agriculture , the delta's ecosystems and tourist industry could be negatively affected by global warming. Food shortages resulting from climate change could lead to seven million "climate refugees" by

1320-460: The Nile Delta: 30°54′N 31°7′E  /  30.900°N 31.117°E  / 30.900; 31.117 Distributary A distributary , or a distributary channel is a stream channel that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. It is the opposite of a tributary , a stream that flows towards and into another stream or river. Distributaries are

1375-461: The Northern hemisphere. Easter falls in autumn in the southern hemisphere. The secular celebration of International Workers' Day also falls in autumn in the southern hemisphere. Since 1997, Autumn has been one of the top 100 names for girls in the United States. In Indian mythology, autumn is considered to be the preferred season for the goddess of learning Saraswati , who is also known by

1430-671: The Upper Nile (South) have plants that grow in abundance. The Upper Nile plant is the Egyptian lotus, and the Lower Nile plant is the Papyrus Sedge ( Cyperus papyrus ), although it is not nearly as plentiful as it once was, and is becoming quite rare. Several hundred thousand water birds winter in the delta, including the world's largest concentrations of little gulls and whiskered terns . Other birds making their homes in

1485-465: The autumn season are usually known as mid-season replacements ). A sweeps period takes place in November to measure Nielsen Ratings . American football is played almost exclusively in the autumn months; at the high school level , seasons run from late August through early November, with some playoff games and holiday rivalry contests being played as late as Thanksgiving. In many American states,

1540-485: The beginning of the autumn on Mehregan . Under the traditional East Asian solar term system, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann , are September , October , and November . However, according to the Irish Calendar , which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout

1595-689: The championship games take place in early December. College football 's regular season runs from September through November, while the main professional circuit, the National Football League , plays from September through to early January. Summer sports, such as association football (in Northern America, East Asia, Argentina, and South Africa), Canadian football , stock car racing , tennis, golf, cricket , and professional baseball, wrap up their seasons in early to late autumn; Major League Baseball 's championship World Series

1650-453: The chill of winter is on the horizon. Skies turn grey, the amount of usable daylight drops rapidly, and many people turn inward, both physically and mentally. It has been referred to as an unhealthy season. Similar examples may be found in Irish poet W.B. Yeats ' poem The Wild Swans at Coole where the maturing season that the poet observes symbolically represents his own ageing self. Like

1705-553: The delta had seven distributaries or branches, (from east to west): Modern Egyptologists suggest that in the Pharaonic era there were at a time five main branches: The first three have dried up over the centuries due to flood control , silting and changing relief, while the last two still exist today. The Delta used to flood annually , but this ended with the construction of the Aswan Dam . About 39 million people live in

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1760-480: The delta include grey herons , Kentish plovers , shovelers , cormorants , egrets and ibises . Other animals found in the delta include frogs , turtles , tortoises , mongooses , and the Nile monitor . Nile crocodiles and hippopotamus , two animals which were widespread in the delta during antiquity, are no longer found there. Fish found in the delta include the flathead grey mullet and soles. The Delta has

1815-475: The delta was constructed for agricultural purposes due to the drying of the region of Egypt. In modern day, the outer edges of the delta are eroding, and some coastal lagoons have seen increasing salinity levels as their connection to the Mediterranean Sea increases. Since the delta no longer receives an annual supply of nutrients and sediments from upstream due to the construction of the Aswan Dam ,

1870-409: The delta. Artifacts belonging to ancient sites have been found on the delta's coast. The Rosetta Stone was found in the delta in 1799 in the port city of Rosetta (an anglicized version of the name Rashid ). In July 2019 a small Greek temple, ancient granite columns, treasure-carrying ships, and bronze coins from the reign of Ptolemy II , dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC, were found at

1925-832: The deserts. Yarriambiack Creek , which flows from the Wimmera River into Lake Coorong, and Tyrrell Creek, which flows from the Avoca River into Lake Tyrrell , are two distributaries in Victoria . The Narran River flows from the Balonne River in Queensland into Narran Lake in New South Wales . Many of Papua New Guinea's major rivers flow into the Gulf of Papua through marshy, low-lying country, allowing for wide, many-branched deltas. These include

1980-598: The east bank of Hongze Lake , another stream goes out of Gaoliangjian Gate and enters the Yellow Sea at the port of Bidan through Subei Guan'gai Zongqu, the main irrigation channel of Northern Jiangsu ); its total length is 168 kilometers. The third stream leaves the Erhe lock on the northeast bank of Hongze Lake, passes the Huaishuhe River to the north of Lianyungang city, and flows into Haizhou Bay through

2035-440: The end of the 21st century. Nevertheless, environmental damage to the delta is not currently one of Egypt's priorities. The delta's coastline has also undergone significant changes in geomorphology as a result of the reclamation of coastal dunes and lagoons to form new agricultural land and fish farms as well as the expansion of coastal urban areas. The Nile Delta forms part of these 10 governorates : Large cities located in

2090-545: The harvest of ripe foods gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn or Moon festival , and many others. The predominant mood of these autumnal celebrations is a gladness for the fruits of the earth mixed with a certain melancholy linked to the imminent arrival of harsh weather. This view is presented in English poet John Keats ' poem To Autumn , where he describes the season as a time of bounteous fecundity,

2145-409: The holiday ends, and advertising starts concentrating on Christmas. In some parts of the northern hemisphere, autumn has a strong association with the end of summer holiday and the start of a new school year , particularly for children in primary and secondary education. " Back to School " advertising and preparations usually occurs in the weeks leading to the beginning of autumn. Thanksgiving Day

2200-473: The land to living in towns, the word harvest lost its reference to the time of year and came to refer only to the actual activity of reaping, and autumn , as well as fall , began to replace it as a reference to the season. The alternative word fall for the season traces its origins to old Germanic languages . The exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and

2255-535: The leaf" and "spring of the year". During the 17th century, Englishmen began emigrating to the new North American colonies , and the settlers took the English language with them. While the term fall gradually became nearly obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America. The name backend , a once common name for the season in Northern England , has today been largely replaced by

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2310-649: The main route. Common terms to name individual river distributaries in English-speaking countries are arm and channel . These terms may refer to a distributary that does not rejoin the channel from which it has branched (e.g., the North, Middle, and South Arms of the Fraser River , or the West Channel of the Mackenzie River ), or to one that does (e.g. Annacis Channel and Annieville Channel of

2365-512: The months of August, September, and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In the Irish language , September is known as Meán Fómhair ("middle of autumn") and October as Deireadh Fómhair ("end of autumn"). Late Roman Republic scholar Marcus Terentius Varro defined autumn as lasting from the third day before the Ides of Sextilis (August 11) to the fifth day before

2420-523: The most important on their calendars. Still-extant echoes of these celebrations are found in the autumn Thanksgiving holiday of the United States and Canada, and the Jewish Sukkot holiday with its roots as a full-moon harvest festival of "tabernacles" (living in outdoor huts around the time of harvest). There are also the many festivals celebrated by indigenous peoples of the Americas tied to

2475-399: The name autumn . Association with the transition from warm to cold weather, and its related status as the season of the primary harvest , has dominated its themes and popular images. In Western cultures, personifications of autumn are usually pretty, well-fed females adorned with fruits, vegetables and grains that ripen at this time. Many cultures feature autumnal harvest festivals , often

2530-582: The name of "goddess of autumn" (Sharada). In Asian mysticism, Autumn is associated with the element of metal , and subsequently with the colour white, the White Tiger of the West , and death and mourning. Although colour change in leaves occurs wherever deciduous trees are found, coloured autumn foliage is noted in various regions of the world: most of North America, Eastern Asia (including China, Korea, and Japan), Europe, southeast, south, and part of

2585-462: The natural world that he observes, he too has reached his prime and now must look forward to the inevitability of old age and death. French poet Paul Verlaine 's " Chanson d'automne " ("Autumn Song") is likewise characterised by strong, painful feelings of sorrow. Keats ' To Autumn , written in September 1819, echoes this sense of melancholic reflection but also emphasises the lush abundance of

2640-747: The northern hemisphere, and March, April, and May in the southern hemisphere. In the higher latitude countries in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn traditionally starts with the September equinox (21 to 24 September) and ends with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December). Popular culture in the United States associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn. Certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees change colour and then shed their leaves. Persians celebrate

2695-426: The sea, in some places amounting to 90 m (100 yd) a year. The low-lying Nile Delta area in particular is vulnerable to sea level rise associated with global warming . This effect is exacerbated by the lack of sediments being deposited since the construction of the Aswan Dam . If the polar ice caps were to melt, much of the northern delta, including the ancient port city of Alexandria , could disappear under

2750-480: The season. The song " Autumn Leaves ", based on the French song "Les Feuilles mortes", uses the melancholic atmosphere of the season and the end of summer as a metaphor for the mood of being separated from a loved one. Autumn is associated with Halloween (influenced by Samhain , a Celtic autumn festival), and with it a widespread marketing campaign that promotes it. The Celtic people also used this time to celebrate

2805-420: The soils of the floodplains have become poorer, and large amounts of fertilizers are now used. Topsoil in the delta can be as much as 21 m (70 ft) in depth. People have lived in the Nile Delta region for thousands of years, and it has been intensively farmed for at least the last five thousand years. The delta was a major constituent of Lower Egypt, and there are many archaeological sites in and around

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2860-497: The sunken city of Heracleion , colloquially known as Egypt's Atlantis. The investigations were conducted by Egyptian and European divers led by the underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio . They also uncovered a devastated historic temple (the city's main temple) underwater off Egypt's north coast. In January 2019 archaeologists led by Mostafa Waziri working in the Kom Al-Khelgan area of the Nile Delta discovered tombs from

2915-486: The temperature cools considerably. Day length decreases and night length increases as the season progresses until the winter solstice in December (Northern Hemisphere) and June (Southern Hemisphere). One of its main features in temperate climates is the striking change in colour for the leaves of deciduous trees as they prepare to shed . Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-autumn", while others with

2970-404: The two arms of which are separated by the low-lying Rangitata Island . Autumn Autumn , also known as fall , is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth . Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September ( Northern Hemisphere ) or March ( Southern Hemisphere ). Autumn is the season when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and

3025-487: The winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, with a maximum average of 34 °C (93 °F). Winter temperatures normally range from 9 °C (48 °F) at nights to 19 °C (66 °F) in the daytime. With cooler temperatures and some rain, the Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the winter months. Egypt's Mediterranean coastline experiences significant loss of land to

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