57-669: The Pianma Incident began in 1910, from a dispute in the Pianma Kachin Chiefdom under Qing China suzerainty , between Pianma's Tusi (indigenous governments) and other local leaders, and the subsequent British Burman occupation of the Qing Empire's territories. Two headmen raised their grievances against Tusi to the Qing Government . However, when the Qing government rejected them, they petitioned
114-698: A BGF and instead provided a counter-proposal which would rebrand the KIA as the Kachin Regional Guard Force (KRGF). The new organization would work towards ethnic equality for Kachin Peoples but the effort was dismissed by the Tatmadaw. Following the 1994 ceasefire, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) and State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) engaged in land-grabs across
171-572: A limited scope. This definition is adopted the Burmese government as one of the 8 "major national ethnic races" of Myanmar. The Kachins claim that the term Kachin is not from their language. Therefore, many of the Kachins only want to use the term "Jinghpaw Wunpawng" to mean all the Kachins ethnics while "Jinghpaw" is also used not only to mean one of the Kachin tribe "Jinghpaw", but also to include all
228-579: A national religion in 1961. However, Kachin people fought both for and against the government during most of the ethnic conflicts. Kachin soldiers once formed a core part of the Burmese armed forces and many stayed loyal after the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) with its military wing, the Kachin Independent Army (KIA) was formed in 1961. After Ne Win 's coup in 1962, there were fewer opportunities in
285-407: A result, many ethnics become confused what to choose to be named on their IDs. So are the Kachins. Kachins are divided and fighting over the name Kachin or Jinghpaw Wunpawng even though there are clear and vivid evidence that they all are from the same background with the closest identities. Despite the fact that all syntax, grammar, phonology, morphology, schools of thought, traditions, culture are all
342-508: A source, approximately two-thirds of the Kachin people identify themselves as Christians, while another places the figure at 90 to 95 per cent. Many religious rituals and symbols, such as the annual Manau festival in Myitkyina , are celebrated as folkloric traditions. The Kachin Peoples have suffered numerous human rights violations and transgressions against the community, especially by the Tatmadaw continue to be documented. Violations by
399-543: A temporary ceasefire in May 2013 against the desires of Tatmadaw commanders on the ground. By the end of the two year conflict, an estimated 100,000 Kachin people were displaced. The Kachin people are traditionally known for their disciplined fighting skills, complex clan inter-relations, craftsmanship , herbal healing and jungle survival skills. In recent decades, animist and Buddhist beliefs have been left, and are now embracing Christianity in different areas. According to
456-712: Is adopted by the Burmese government as one of the 135 officially recognized ethnic groups in Myanmar. The Jingpo Nation or Jinghpo Pongyong includes all speakers of Zaiwa cluster of Northern Burmish languages , who also speak Jingpo as their secondary language. This definition is adopted by the Chinese government as one of the 56 officially recognized nations of China. The Jingpo Confederation or Jinghpo Wunpong emerged in twentieth century includes also those living in Kachin Hills but previously interacted with Jingpo speakers to
513-733: Is also a "Jingpo Taiwanese Friendship Association". Zaiwa (also spelled Tsaiwa ; called Atsi in Jingpo proper, Zǎiwǎyǔ (载瓦语) in Chinese , and Zi in Burmese ) is spoken by approximately 80,000 people in China and 30,000 people in Burma. It is classified as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Yi-Burman, and Northern Burmic. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, a written language based on
570-679: Is also a significant Jingpo community in northeastern India's Arunachal Pradesh and Assam , as well as in Taiwan . They mostly live in Myanmar, the Kachin are called the Jingpo in China ( Chinese : 景颇族 ; pinyin : Jǐngpō zú ) and Singpho in India – the terms are considered synonymous. There are three different definitions of Jingpo people. The Jinghpo ethnic group refers to those who speak Jingpo as their sole mother tongue and
627-635: Is an ethnicity that comprises various linguistic groups with overlapping territories and integrated social structures . Contemporary usage of Kachin relates to a grouping of six ethnicities; Rawang , the Lisu , the Jingpo , the Zaiwa , the Lashi/Lachik and the Lawngwaw/Maru. Some definitions distinguish Kachin and Shan (Tai) peoples though some Kachin people have demonstrated the over-simplicity of
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#1732773355672684-853: Is based on the dialect of Enkun (in Yingjiang – west-northwest part of Dehong Prefecture). There are around 100–200 Jingpo people who live in Taiwan: they can be found in Taipei, Kaohsiung, Pingtung, Taitung, and other cities. They are the descendants of 52 tribespeople who were members of the Yunnan People's Anti-Communist Volunteer Army who fled to Taiwan after the defeat of the Kuomintang in Mainland China. Every October, they host performances where they dance in traditional costumes. There
741-595: Is broader than that in Kachin Hills and is somewhat comparable to Wunpong in Kachin Hills. Lisu, Anung (Rawang) and Derung (Taron) peoples in Yunnan are not subordinated to ethnic Jingpo thus are classified outside the Jingpo nation : British rule in Burma began in 1824 after the first Anglo-Burmese War. Due to the remote location of the Kachin State and its rugged landscape, however, Kachin Peoples were relatively untouched by British rule. American missionaries were
798-464: Is often used interchangeably with the main subset, called the Jingpo people in China. The Jingpho language common to many of the Kachin has a variety of dialects and is written with a Latin-based script created in the late nineteenth century. A Burmese script version was subsequently developed. The Singhpo dialect is spoken in Northeast India and Jingpho in southwest China . Kachin
855-793: The Kachin Wunpong (Jingpo: Jinghpaw Wunpawng , "The Kachin Confederation") or simply Wunpong ("The Confederation"), are a confederation of ethnic groups who inhabit the Kachin Hills in Northern Myanmar 's Kachin State and neighbouring Yunnan Province , China , and as well as Arunachal Pradesh , Assam in Northeastern India . About 1.5 million Kachin peoples live in the region. The term Kachin people
912-627: The Nagas , Shans (Thai/Lao related), the Lisus , the Rawangs, and the Bamar , the latter forming the largest ethnic group in Burma. In China, the Jingpo form one of the 55 ethnic minorities , where they numbered 147,828 people in the 2010 census. They are largely inhabit the Kachin Hills in northern Myanmar 's Kachin State and neighbouring Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of China. There
969-503: The Tatmadaw (Myanmar Army) and the KIO. The ceasefire primarily ended military activity but also included stipulations that the Myanmar government fund development projects in the Kachin state. At the time of signing, the KIO was facing increased military pressure from the Tatmadaw and decreasing support from foreign actors to continue warfare against the State. Prior to the 2010 elections,
1026-502: The Wa states in 1940. People's Republic of China (PRC) and Burma signed a border treaty in 1960 , with the PRC recognizing most of these disputed territories as belonging to Burma , with the exception of Burma relinquishing a small amount of that territory, namely Hpimaw (Pianma) and adjacent Gawlam (Gulang) and Kangfang to the PRC. The Republic of China (now Taiwan) did not recognize
1083-908: The British seizure of these territories nor the said PRC-Burma agreement ever since. Kachins The Jingpo people ( Burmese : ဂျိန်းဖော ; Chinese : 景颇族 ; pinyin : Jǐngpō zú ; siŋphou ) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group who are the largest subgroup of the Kachin peoples . The greater name for all the Kachin peoples in their own Jingpo language is the Jinghpaw . Other endonyms include Zaiwa, Lechi, Lisu, Maru, Hkahku, etc. The Kachin people are an ethnic affinity of several tribal groups, known for their fierce independence, disciplined fighting skills, complex clan inter-relations, craftsmanship , herbal healing and jungle survival skills . Other neighbouring residents of Kachin State include
1140-413: The British to recognize Pianma under British domain . The British accepted their request, tried to induce Tusi to switch allegiance from Qing Dynasty to British Crown and deployed troops to occupy the region. Britain subsequently forced emerging Republican China (ROC) to give up another portion of territory, Jiangxinpo , in what is now Northern Kachin state of Burma in 1926–27, as well as some part of
1197-524: The Burma Army for Kachin people. Much of Kachin State outside of the cities and larger towns was for many years KIO administered. The KIO formed alliances with other ethnic groups resisting the Burmese occupation, and later despite its non-communist stance along with China informally supported the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), which held strategically sensitive parts of the country vis à vis
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#17327733556721254-585: The Burma Army presence has increased considerably, along with allegations of atrocities against the civilian population, including forced labour and rape. High demand from China is currently encouraging logging-based deforestation in the Kachin region of Burma. Increasingly impoverished, some Jingpo women and children are drawn into the sex trade in Thailand , China and Yangon (KWAT 2005). The Jinghpaws, or The Jinghpaw Wunpawngs, have been forced to migrate to Malaysia and Thailand. The civil war between KIA and
1311-795: The Burmese Army caused Kachins to leave their motherland and seek asylum in Thailand and Malaysia. Since both Thailand nor Malaysia are not signatories to the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention, these two countries are just a second place for the Kachin refugees and they have to go to third countries such as the USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and other EU countries through UNHCR's resettlement program. Since there are too many refugees in Malaysia to process their resettlement process, refugees normally have to wait for five to seven years to be resettled. Most of
1368-676: The Chinese chronicle Ming Shilu . In the text, the polity is said to extend from Nmai River in today's Kachin state , Myanmar , to the east in Lu-shui county in Yunnan . During the 15th and 16th centuries the Jingpo continued migrating to their present territory. During the 17th century, the Jinphos were involved in trade exchange between the Ahom kingdom and China in the form of ivory, copper and silver. They have received diverse names along
1425-552: The Japanese Imperial Army during World War II . Following the end of World War II and Burma's independence from Britain, long standing ethnic conflicts between frontier peoples such as the Kachin people and the Burman-dominated central government resurfaced. The first uprising occurred in 1949. The uprisings escalated following the declaration of Buddhism (which is not practised by the Kachin people) as
1482-703: The KIA and Tatmadaw has led to a large-scale refugee crisis with over 100,000 Kachin people displaced. These internally displaced people (IDPs) often attempt to cross the border into neighboring China. In 2011, however, Kachin IDPs were forcibly sent back to Myanmar and denied refugee status by the Chinese government. This lack of recognition as refugees or asylum seekers has forced many Kachin peoples to form large IDP camps in Myanmar. Only IDP camps in Tatmadaw controlled areas, however, are provided access to UN convoys and international aid. International actors attempting to provide aid in KIA controlled areas are often denied access by
1539-550: The KIO along the Taping River near a hydroelectric plant. During the attack, Tatmadaw forces abducted KIO Lance Corporal Chang Ying only to return his tortured body days later. The move prompted retaliation from KIO and began a series of deadly skirmishes between the two. By 2012 fighting between KIA and Tatmadaw forces escalated to all regions of the Kachin state. After multiple rounds of discussion, President Thein Sein declared
1596-470: The KIO being surrounded by organisations effectively aligned with the SPDC. It was squeezed by redeployed battalions of the rearmed and ever growing Burma Army, and constantly urged to make peace by a civilian population suffering from years of warfare. In 1994 the KIO chose to enter into a ceasefire with the junta. The ceasefire delivered neither security nor prosperity to the Kachin. With the end of hostilities
1653-455: The KIO. While the KIA initially started with a hundred members, current reports from KIA commanders indicate an army 10,000 strong with another 10,000 in reserves. Both the KIO and KIA support their missions with the trade of jade, timber, and other raw materials with China. After 33 years of insurgency, the KIO signed a ceasefire agreement with the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) , ending all military missions instigated by both
1710-417: The Kachin State. Leveraging weak land governance policies, SLORC and SPDC invited foreign actors to invest in mining, logging, dam construction, and other infrastructure projects in lands traditionally owned by Kachin People. Furthermore, the Kachin State is rich in natural resources, particularly jade, which the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Army) and KIO fight for control over. Throughout the late 1900s and early 2000s,
1767-464: The Kachin positions. The KIO continued to fight when Ne Win's dictatorship was succeeded by another incarnation of the military junta in 1988 called the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). However, with a gradual withdrawal of Chinese support, in 1989 the Communist Party of Burma soon disintegrated into warlord led groups that negotiated ceasefire deals with the junta. This led to
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1824-555: The Kachin refugees are in IDP camps and some are in Malaysia. The Singpho is the name for the Jingpo in India. They live in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the district of Lohit and Changlang and in Assam inhabits in the district of Tinsukia and scattered in some other district like Sivasagar , Jorhat and Golaghat . Comprising a population of at least 7,900 in India, they live in
1881-621: The Kachins "Kakhyens" until 1899. The book "The Great Queen is Coming 1890" described Major Ecy Brong was the first person who started using "Kachin" in Roman script. It is also possible that the name comes from the Harari (Harla) word "qachin", which means thin, lean, slender, or narrow. In Yunnan , a different categorization is applied and peoples grouped as Wunpong are grouped into four nations. The Chinese definition of Jingpo (which include all speakers of Zaiwa cluster of Northern Burmese languages)
1938-426: The Kachins. Two different categorisation schemes complicate the terms Jingpo and Kachin, which also operate as political geography terms of British origin. In one form of categorisation, a variety of different linguistic groups with overlapping territories and integrated social structures are described as a single people: the Jingpo or Kachin. In another form of categorisation, the native speakers of each language in
1995-506: The Singpho people cultivated tea. By hybridizing the Singpho and Chinese strains, and using Chinese tea cultivation techniques, the basis for large-scale tea cultivation in Assam was laid. The Singpho produce their tea by plucking the tender leaves and drying them in the sun and exposing them to the night dew for three days and nights. The leaves are then placed in the hollow tube of bamboo, and
2052-409: The Singpho, all living creatures are believed to have souls. Rituals are carried out for protection in almost all daily activities, from the planting of crops to warfare. Unlike most hill-people , shifting cultivation ( jhum ) is not as widely practiced, although tea is widely planted. When British attempts to introduce Chinese tea plants for cultivation in Assam were unsuccessful, they discovered that
2109-564: The Singphos in India are predominantly Theravāda Buddhists, the Jinghpaws in Kachin, Myanmar is 99% Christian. Before the arrival of Buddhism, animism was widely followed; in this community in India, all the ancestors of the Singpho or Jinghpaws worshiped spirits or gods, such as a well-known spirit named Madai. Singpho Animists believe that spirits reside everywhere, from the sun to the animals, and that these spirits bring good or bad luck. For
2166-563: The State. The assassination of General Aung San, however, reduced government support for the agreement and led to feelings of betrayals on the part of Kachin Peoples. The Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) was formed on October 25, 1960, to advocate for and protect the rights of Kachin Peoples. A year after its inception, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) was created to be the armed wing of
2223-452: The Tatmadaw established military presence in areas designated for commercial development, eroding the control of land under the governance of the KIO. Following the 2011 election of Thein Sein as President of Myanmar additional ceasefires were signed with many of the largest ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) signaling reconciliation. However, on June 9, 2011, Tatmadaw forces broke the 17-year ceasefire and launched an armed offensive against
2280-403: The Tatmadaw implored government officials to turn the KIA, along with other ethnic insurgent groups, into militia forces under the jurisdiction of the Tatmadaw. The order stemmed from a military-drafted 2008 Constitution mandating all armed forces surrender their weapons, fall under the central authority of the Tatmadaw, and rebrand as Border Guard Forces (BGF). The KIO refused to transform into
2337-554: The Tatmadaw include rape and sexual assault, extrajudicial killings, forced labor, torture, physical abuse, and many other forms of discrimination or outright violence. In 2014 alone, over 100 rapes in the Kachin State were recorded by the Women's League of Burma . In another incident, a Kachin civilian was tortured and subsequently forced to guide Tatmadaw soldiers through combat areas in the Mansi Township . The conflict between
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2394-487: The animals, and that these spirits bring good or bad luck. For the Jingpo, all living creatures are believed to have souls. Rituals are carried out for protection in almost all daily activities, from planting of crops to warfare. The majority of Singphos in India follow Theravāda Buddhism . Christianity is also one of the religions among the Jingpo. Around 90% of the Jingpo people in Myanmar follow Christianity , while
2451-610: The area are treated as distinct ethnic groups. Both schemes treat the Shan people who live in the same or contiguous areas as ethnically distinct. Jingpo people have frequently defied the Western expectation of lineage-based ethnicity by culturally "becoming Shans" (Leach 1965). Just recently the Burmese Government announced to make family records of all the citizens by categorising each people who speak different dialects. As
2508-628: The army. Due to this change in military composition, many ethnic Burmans began associating the ethnic minorities with British oppression. Following the Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942, many Burmese soldiers rallied together to form the Burmese Independence Army (BIA) and fight against the British alongside the Japanese. The Kachin Peoples, however, were recruited by the British and America to fight against Japanese forces with
2565-464: The boar's tusks. Most men tie their hair in a large knot on the crown of the head. The women dress their hair gathered into a broad knot on the crown of the head, fastening it by silver bodkins, chains and tassels, which is similar to the architecture of the modern skyscrapers. The maidens tie their tresses into a roll and keep it tied just above the nape. Singpho dwellings are usually two stories and built out of wood and bamboo. The houses are of oval form;
2622-532: The centuries: Echang , Zhexie , and Yeren , the latter name which was used in China from the Yuan dynasty to the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the British colonial period, some tribes were well integrated into the state while others operated with a large degree of autonomy. Kachin people, including those organised as the Kachin Levies provided assistance to British units fighting
2679-523: The concept of lineage-based ethnic identity by culturally "becoming Shans". There are many theories of how Kachin people got their name. One of them comes from American baptist missionary Dr. Eugenio Kincaid . When he arrived to the northern part of Myanmar, he first met with the Gahkyeng people. When he asked them who they were, they replied that they were the villagers from Gahkyeng . Therefore, he wrote "Ga hkyeng" in his notes. European writers called
2736-474: The cylinder will be exposed to the smoke of the fire. In this way, their tea can be kept for years without losing its flavor. The Singpho also depended on yams and other edible tubers as their staple food. They are the earliest people to have used tea in India, but there is no substantial documentation of the history of tea drinking in the Indian subcontinent for the pre-colonial period. One can only speculate that tea leaves were widely used in ancient India since
2793-409: The dialect of the village of Longzhun (in Xishan district in Luxi county) and using the Latin alphabet was created and officially introduced in 1957. Jingpo folk religion worships various gods as well as the spirits of their ancestors. The ancestor of all the Jingpo, who is worshipped as a spirit or god, is held to be named Madai. Jingpo Animists believe that spirits reside everywhere, from the sun to
2850-647: The first floor serves as a storage and stable while the second is utilized for living quarters. Women often dress in black jackets with silver decorations during festival known as Munao Poi. This dress are one of the most beautiful and attractive dress in Northeast India. They also wear wool skirts made in bright red colors. The men often wear a white shirt with colorful Lungi, covering their heads with turbans. Kachin people The Kachin peoples ( Jingpo : Ga Hkyeng , lit. ' "red soil" ' ; Burmese : ကချင်လူမျိုး ; MLCTS : ka. hkyang lu myui: , pronounced [kətɕɪ̀ɰ̃ lù mjó] ), more precisely
2907-430: The first to heavily interact with Kachin Peoples and they converted large tracts of the population from animism to Christianity . During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the British started replacing ethnic Burmans in the military with Chin, Kachin, and Karen soldiers. This exclusion of ethnic Burmans from the British military was formally adopted in 1925 when policy was written only allowing ethnic minorities to enlist in
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#17327733556722964-606: The plant is native to some parts of India. The Singpho tribe and the Khamti tribe , inhabitants of the regions where the Camellia sinensis plant grew native, have been consuming tea since the 12th century. It is also possible that tea may have been used under another name. Frederick R. Dannaway, in the essay "Tea As Soma", argues that tea was perhaps better known as " Soma " in Indian mythology. The Singpho made shields from buffalo hide, many of them can be as long as four feet. They also have helmets are made from either buffalo hide or rattan-work, and vanished black and decorated with
3021-456: The promise of autonomy after the war. After the end of World War II and British rule in the region, the Kachin Peoples agreed to join the Union of Burma at the 1947 Panglong Conference . The conference brought together Kachin, Chin, and Shan leaders - along with the Burman leader at the time General Aung San . Together they signed the Panglong Agreement which granted the ethnic border states autonomy in local administration and equal treatment by
3078-469: The remaining 10% are Animists or Theravada Buddhist . Traditional Jingpo dwellings are usually two stories and built out of wood and bamboo . The houses are of oval form; the first floor serves as a storage and stable while the second is utilised for living quarters. Women often dress in black jackets with silver decorations. They also wear wool skirts made in bright colours. The men often wear white and black pants, covering their heads with turbans :
3135-489: The same, while pronunciation, spellings, alphabets differ (which is nature for different tribes from the same ethnic), Kachins are divided and debating on the term Kachin and Jinghpaw Wunpawng. Jingpo proper (spelled Jinghpaw in Jinghpaw) is spoken by 1,500,000 people in Burma and by 150,000 people in China. It is classified as Sino-Tibetan , Tibeto-Burman , Kachin–Luic . Jingpo proper is also understood by many speakers of Zaiwa . The standard Jingpo language taught in China
3192-574: The villages, namely Bordumsa , Miao , Innao, N-hpum, Namgo, Ketetong, Pangna, Phup, N-htem, Mungong, Kumchai, Pangsun, Hasak, Katha, Bisa, Dibong, Duwarmara, Namo and Namsai , etc. They speak the Singpho dialect of the Jingpo language . They have the status of Scheduled Tribe. The Singphos are divided into a number of clans, known as Gams, each under a chief. The principal Gams include the Bessa, Duffa, Luttao, Luttora, Tesari, Mirip, Lophae, Lutong and Magrong. The Singpho are also divided into four classes, namely Shangai, Myung, Lubrung and Mirip. While
3249-417: The youths with white turbans and the adults with black turbans. The Jingpo ancestors lived on the Tibetan plateau and migrated gradually towards the south. At their arrival to the present province of Yunnan , the Jingpo were referred to as Xunchuanman . The Jingpo are likely related to the neighbouring Qiang and Miao people. The Jinghpo polity in Upper Myanmar seems to be referred to as Cha-shan in
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