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90-489: The standard practice in the Baroque and Classical eras (together spanning from circa 1600 to circa 1800), was for the orchestra to provide subordinate accompaniment over which the piano plays solo parts. However, at the end of the classical era, the orchestra had an equal role to the pianist and frequently had “dialogue” or “conversation” between the two. When music students and music competition auditionees play piano concertos,

180-614: A denazification tribunal in Munich. That same month he orchestrated Ruhe, meine Seele! , a song that he had originally composed in 1894. In December 1948, Strauss was hospitalized for several weeks after undergoing bladder surgery. His health rapidly deteriorated after that, and he conducted his last performance, the end of Act 2 of Der Rosenkavalier at the Prinzregententheater in Munich, during celebrations of his 85th birthday on 10 June 1949. On 15 August, he suffered

270-403: A string quartet ). A reduction for solo piano is sometimes called a piano reduction or piano score . During opera rehearsals, a répétiteur (piano player) will typically read from a piano reduction of the opera. When a choir is learning a work scored for choir and full orchestra, the initial rehearsals will usually be done with a pianist playing a piano reduction of the orchestra part. Before

360-619: A celebrity conductor, and from 1919 to 1924 he was principal conductor of the Vienna State Opera . In 1920 he co-founded the Salzburg Festival with Max Reinhardt and the set designer Alfred Rolle. In 1924 Strauss's opera Intermezzo premiered at the Dresden Semperoper with both the music and libretto by Strauss. For this opera, Strauss wanted to move away from post-Wagnerian metaphysics which had been

450-501: A concert of lieder with his wife. During this trip he was working intensively on composing his third opera, Salome , based on Oscar Wilde 's 1891 play Salome . The work, which premiered in Dresden in 1905, became Strauss's greatest triumph in his career up to that point, and opera houses all over the world quickly began programing the opera. After Salome , Strauss had a string of critically successful operas which he created with

540-719: A concert pianist, performing Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 24 , for which he composed his own cadenzas . In December 1885, Bülow unexpectedly resigned from his post, and Strauss was left to lead the Meiningen Court Orchestra as interim principal conductor for the remainder of the artistic season through April 1886. He notably helped prepare the orchestra for the world premiere performance of Johannes Brahms 's Symphony No. 4 , which Brahms himself conducted. He also conducted his Symphony No. 2 for Brahms, who advised Strauss: "Your symphony contains too much playing about with themes. This piling up of many themes based on

630-602: A conservative harmonic style, many of which are lost: two piano trios (1877 and 1878), a string quartet (1881), a piano sonata (1882), a cello sonata (1883), a piano quartet (1885), a violin sonata (1888), as well as a serenade (1882) and a longer suite (1884), both scored for double wind quintet plus two additional horns and contrabassoon. After 1890, Strauss composed very infrequently for chamber groups, his energies being almost completely absorbed with large-scale orchestral works and operas. Four of his chamber pieces are actually arrangements of portions of his operas, including

720-471: A crucial influence on his son's developing taste, not least in Strauss's abiding love for the horn. His Horn Concerto No. 1 , is representative of this period and is a staple of the modern horn repertoire. In 1874, Strauss heard his first Wagner operas, Lohengrin and Tannhäuser . In 1878 he attended performances of Die Walküre and Siegfried in Munich, and in 1879 he attended performances of

810-465: A female American composer. Edward Elgar made sketches for a piano concerto but never completed it. In the 19th century, Henry Litolff blurred the boundary between piano concerto and symphony in his five works entitled Concerto Symphonique , and Ferruccio Busoni added a male choir in the last movement of his hour-long concerto . Wilhelm Furtwängler wrote his Symphonic Concerto for Piano and Orchestra , which lasts more than one hour, in 1924–1937. In

900-600: A heart attack and he quietly died of kidney failure in his sleep shortly after 2 PM on 8 September 1949, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , West Germany . From his death-bed, typical of his enduring sense of humour, he commented to his daughter-in-law Alice, "dying is just as I composed it in Tod und Verklärung ". Georg Solti , who had arranged Strauss's 85th birthday celebration, also directed an orchestra during Strauss's burial. The conductor later described how, during

990-444: A more general sense, the term "piano concerto" could extend to the numerous often programmatic concerted works for piano and orchestra from the era – Beethoven's Choral Fantasy . Liszt's Totentanz and Ruins of Athens Variations, and Richard Strauss 's Burleske are only a few of the hundreds of such works. The few well-known piano concertos that dominate 20th-century and 21st-century concert programs and discographies are only

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1080-552: A new kind of virtuosity in its bravura orchestral manner. Strauss went on to write a series of increasingly ambitious tone poems: Death and Transfiguration (1889), Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (1895), Also sprach Zarathustra (1896), Don Quixote (1897), Ein Heldenleben (1898), Symphonia Domestica (1903) and An Alpine Symphony (1911–1915). One commentator has observed of these works that "no orchestra could exist without his tone poems, written to celebrate

1170-801: A number of composers to write pieces for him that required the left hand only. The Czech Otakar Hollmann , whose right arm was injured in the war, did likewise but to a lesser degree. The results of these commissions include concertante pieces for orchestra and piano left hand by Bortkiewicz , Britten , Hindemith , Janáček , Korngold , Martinů , Prokofiev , Ravel , Franz Schmidt , Richard Strauss , and others. Concertos and concert works for two solo pianos have been written by Johann Sebastian Bach (two to four pianos, BWV 1060–65 , actually harpsichord concertos, but often performed on pianos), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (two, K 242 (originally for three pianos and orchestra) and K 365 ), Felix Mendelssohn (two, 1823–4), Max Bruch (1912), Béla Bartók (1927/1932,

1260-604: A period. Goebbels wrote in his diary: Unfortunately we still need him, but one day we shall have our own music and then we shall have no further need of this decadent neurotic. Nevertheless, because of Strauss's international eminence, in November 1933 he was appointed to the post of president of the newly founded Reichsmusikkammer , the Reich Music Chamber. Strauss, who had lived through numerous political regimes and had no interest in politics, decided to accept

1350-500: A piano reduction of the orchestral part himself, with his teacher Benno Walter as soloist. The same year he entered Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , where he studied philosophy and art history, but not music. He left a year later to go to Berlin, where he studied briefly before securing a post with the Meiningen Court Orchestra as assistant conductor to Hans von Bülow , who had been enormously impressed by

1440-425: A piano reduction should "only be like the view of a sculpture from one viewpoint", and he advises that timbre and thickness should largely be ignored, since "the attempt to make a useful object equally usable for a variety of purposes is usually the way to spoil it completely". Richard Strauss Richard Georg Strauss ( German: [ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈʃtʁaʊs] ; 11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949)

1530-413: A reworking of his Sonata for two pianos and percussion), Francis Poulenc (1932), Arthur Bliss (1924), Arthur Benjamin (1938), Peter Mieg (1939–41), Darius Milhaud (1941 and 1951), Bohuslav Martinů (1943), Ralph Vaughan Williams (c. 1946), Roy Harris (1946), Gian Francesco Malipiero (two works, both 1957), Walter Piston (1959), Luciano Berio (1973), and Harald Genzmer (1990). Apart from

1620-1516: A small part of the repertoire that proliferated on the European music scene during the 19th century. The piano concerto form survived through the 20th century into the 21st , with examples being written by Leroy Anderson , Milton Babbitt , Samuel Barber , Béla Bartók , Arthur Bliss , Edwin York Bowen , Benjamin Britten , Elliott Carter , Carlos Chávez , Aaron Copland , Peter Maxwell Davies , Emma Lou Diemer , Keith Emerson , George Gershwin , Alberto Ginastera , Philip Glass , Ferde Grofé , Yalil Guerra , Airat Ichmouratov , Aram Khachaturian , György Ligeti , Magnus Lindberg , Witold Lutosławski , Gian Francesco Malipiero , Frank Martin , Bohuslav Martinů , Nikolai Medtner , Peter Mennin , Peter Mieg , Selim Palmgren , Dora Pejačević , Willem Pijper , Francis Poulenc , Sergei Prokofiev , Behzad Ranjbaran , Einojuhani Rautavaara , Maurice Ravel , Alfred Schnittke , Arnold Schoenberg , Peter Sculthorpe , Peter Seabourne , Dmitri Shostakovich , Roger Smalley , Arthur Somervell , Igor Stravinsky , Heinrich Sutermeister , Alexander Tcherepnin , Michael Tippett , Ralph Vaughan Williams , Heitor Villa-Lobos , Pancho Vladigerov , Charles Wuorinen , and others. The Austrian Paul Wittgenstein lost his right arm during World War I , and on resuming his musical career asked

1710-490: A third clarinet in C, bassett horn, bass clarinet, and contrabassoon. Strauss wrote two early symphonies: Symphony No. 1 (1880) and Symphony No. 2 (1884). However, Strauss's style began to truly develop and change when, in 1885, he met Alexander Ritter , a noted composer and violinist, and the husband of one of Richard Wagner's nieces. It was Ritter who persuaded Strauss to abandon the conservative style of his youth and begin writing tone poems . He also introduced Strauss to

1800-517: A triad, which differ from one another only in rhythm, has no value." Brahms' music, like Wagner's, also left a tremendous impression upon Strauss, and he often referred to this time of his life as his 'Brahmsschwärmerei' ('Brahms adoration') during which several his compositions clearly show Brahms' influence, including the Piano Quartet in C minor , Op. 13 (1883–84), Wandrers Sturmlied (1884) and Burleske (1885–86)." In 1885 Strauss met

1890-639: A year before his death, he was cleared of any wrongdoing by a denazification tribunal in Munich. Strauss was born on 11 June 1864 in Munich , the son of Josephine (née Pschorr) and Franz Strauss , who was the principal horn player at the Court Opera in Munich and a professor at the Königliche Musikschule . His mother was the daughter of Georg Pschorr, a financially prosperous brewer from Munich . Strauss began his musical studies at

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1980-456: Is sheet music for the piano (a piano score ) that has been compressed and/or simplified so as to fit on a two-line staff and be playable on the piano. It is also considered a style of orchestration or music arrangement less well known as contraction scoring , a subset of elastic scoring . The most notable example is Franz Liszt 's transcriptions for solo piano of Ludwig van Beethoven 's symphonies. According to Arnold Schoenberg ,

2070-495: Is a rare genre, but Leopold Koželuch (1747–1818) wrote one (in B flat major, P IV: 8), and Alfred Schnittke (1934–1998) wrote another (in 1988). A classical piano concerto is often in three movements. Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but many others do not. Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 includes a last-movement cadenza, and many other composers introduced innovations. For example, Liszt 's second and third concertos are played without breaks between

2160-760: The Bavarian State Opera where he worked as third conductor from 1886 to 1889. He then served as principal conductor of the Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar from 1889 to 1894. In 1894 he made his conducting debut at the Bayreuth Festival , conducting Wagner's Tannhäuser with his wife, soprano Pauline de Ahna , singing Elisabeth. He then returned to the Bavarian State Opera, this time as principal conductor, from 1894 to 1898, after which he

2250-553: The Bayreuth Festival to hear his father perform in the world premiere of Wagner's Parsifal ; after which surviving letters to his father and to Thuille detail his seemingly negative impression of Wagner and his music. In later life, Strauss said that he deeply regretted the conservative hostility to Wagner's progressive works. In early 1882, in Vienna, Strauss gave the first performance of his Violin Concerto in D minor , playing

2340-577: The Berlin Philharmonic in 1894–1895. In 1897, the Strausses' only child, their son Franz, was born. In 1906, Strauss purchased a block of land at Garmisch-Partenkirchen and had a villa ( Strauss-Villa  [ de ] ) built there with the down payments from the publisher Adolph Fürstner for his opera Salome , residing there until his death. Strauss left the Bavarian State Opera in 1898 when he became principal conductor of

2430-646: The Berliner Tonkünstlerverein . He also served as editor of the book series Die Musik . He used all of these posts to champion contemporary German composers like Mahler . His own compositions were becoming increasingly popular, and the first major orchestra to perform an entire concert of only his music was the Vienna Philharmonic in 1901. In 1903 Strauss Festivals dedicated to his music were established in London and Heidelberg. At

2520-571: The Daphne-Etude for solo violin and the String Sextet, which is the overture to his final opera Capriccio . His last independent chamber work, an Allegretto in E major for violin and piano, dates from 1948. He also composed two large-scale works for wind ensemble during this period: Sonatina No. 1 "From an Invalid's Workshop" (1943) and Sonatina No. 2 "Happy Workshop" (1946)—both scored for double wind quintet plus two additional horns,

2610-490: The Four Last Songs , which deal with the subject of dying. The last one, "Im Abendrot" (At Sunset), ends with the line "Is this perhaps death?" The question is not answered in words, but instead Strauss quotes the "transfiguration theme" from his earlier tone poem Death and Transfiguration — meant to symbolize the transfiguration and fulfilment of the soul after death. In June 1948, he was cleared of any wrong-doing by

2700-526: The Gauleiter of Vienna. However, Strauss was unable to protect his Jewish relatives completely; in early 1944, while Strauss was away, Alice and her son Franz were abducted by the Gestapo and imprisoned for two nights. Strauss's personal intervention at this point saved them, and he was able to take them back to Garmisch, where the two remained under house arrest until the end of the war. Strauss completed

2790-678: The Reichsmusikkammer and principal conductor of the Bayreuth Festival. The latter role he accepted after conductor Arturo Toscanini had resigned from the position in protest against the Nazi Party . These positions have led some to criticize Strauss for his seeming collaboration with the Nazis. However, Strauss's daughter-in-law, Alice Grab Strauss [née von Hermannswörth], was Jewish and much of his apparent acquiescence to

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2880-685: The Staatskapelle Berlin at the Berlin State Opera in the fall of 1898; a position he remained in for 15 years. By this time in his career, he was in constant demand as a guest conductor internationally and enjoyed celebrity status as a conductor; particularly in the works of Wagner , Mozart , and Liszt in addition to his own compositions. He became president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein in 1901, and that same year became leader of

2970-711: The Theresienstadt concentration camp to argue, albeit unsuccessfully, for the release of Alice's grandmother, Paula Neumann. In the end, Neumann and 25 other relatives were murdered in the camps. While Alice's mother, Marie von Grab, was safe in Lucerne, Switzerland, Strauss also wrote several letters to the SS pleading for the release of her children who were also held in camps; his letters were ignored. In 1942, Strauss moved with his family back to Vienna, where Alice and her children could be protected by Baldur von Schirach ,

3060-633: The 20th and 21st centuries, J. S. Bach's harpsichord concertos are sometimes played on piano. There are variant types of piano concertos, including double piano concertos, for two solo pianists and orchestra, and double or triple (or larger solo groups) concertos in which the piano soloist is joined by a violinist, cellist, or another instrumentalist. The earliest piano concertos were composed in London. Inspired by instrument maker Johannes Zumpe , composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach , Georg Friedrich Händel and Carl Friedrich Abel began writing concertos for piano and string ensemble in about 1770. During

3150-540: The Bach and Mozart examples, works for more than two pianos and orchestra are considerably rarer, but have been written by Morton Gould ( Inventions for four pianos and orchestra, 1954), Peter Racine Fricker ( Concertante for three pianos, timpani, and strings, 1951), Wolfgang Fortner ( Triplum for three pianos and orchestra, 1966) and Georg Friedrich Haas ( limited approximations for six microtonally tuned pianos and orchestra, 2010). The concerto for piano four hands

3240-504: The Bavarian State Opera was not a happy one. With the death of Ludwig II of Bavaria in June 1886, the opera house was not as well financially supported by his successor Otto of Bavaria which meant that much of the more ambitious and expensive repertoire that he wanted to stage, such as Wagner's operas, were unfeasible. The opera assignments he was given, works by Boieldieu, Auber and Donizetti, bored him, and to make matters worse Hermann Levi,

3330-663: The Bayreuth Festival, conducting Wagner's Tannhäuser with Pauline singing Elisabeth. Just prior to their marriage the following September, Strauss left his post in Weimar when he was appointed Kapellmeister, or first conductor, of the Bavarian State Opera where he became responsible for the operas of Wagner. While working in Munich for the next four years he had his largest creative period of tone poem composition, producing Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (1895), Also sprach Zarathustra (1896), Don Quixote (1897), and Ein Heldenleben (1898). He also served as principal conductor of

3420-529: The Classical era, the form quickly took hold across Europe, especially Germany and Austria, becoming established with works especially by Mozart , along with lesser-known examples by Haydn , Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach , Carl Stamitz , and Joseph Wölfl . In the early Romantic period the piano concerto repertoire was added to most notably by Beethoven , Schumann , Mendelssohn , Chopin , Hummel , Ferdinand Ries , and John Field . Well-known examples from

3510-754: The Montreux Palace hotel in Montreux. There they met the Swiss music critic Willy Schuh , who became Strauss's biographer. Short of money, in 1947 Strauss embarked on his last international tour, a three-week trip to London, in which he conducted several of his tone poems and excerpts of his operas, and was present during a complete staging of Elektra by the BBC . The trip was a critical success and provided him and his wife with some much-needed money. From May to September 1948, just before his death, Strauss composed

3600-597: The Nazi Party was done to save her life and the lives of her children (his Jewish grandchildren). He was also apolitical, and took the Reichsmusikkammer post to advance copyright protections for composers, attempting as well to preserve performances of works by banned composers such as Mahler and Felix Mendelssohn . Further, Strauss insisted on using a Jewish librettist, Stefan Zweig , for his opera Die schweigsame Frau which ultimately led to his firing from

3690-484: The Nazi regime. Strauss attempted to ignore Nazi bans on performances of works by Debussy, Mahler, and Mendelssohn. He also continued to work on a comic opera, Die schweigsame Frau , with his Jewish friend and librettist Stefan Zweig . When the opera was premiered in Dresden in 1935, Strauss insisted that Zweig's name appear on the theatrical billing, much to the ire of the Nazi regime. Hitler and Goebbels avoided attending

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3780-517: The Reichsmusikkammer and Bayreuth. His opera Friedenstag , which premiered just before the outbreak of World War II , was a thinly veiled criticism of the Nazi Party that attempted to persuade Germans to abandon violence for peace. Thanks to his influence, his daughter-in-law was placed under protected house arrest during the war, but despite extensive efforts he was unable to save dozens of his in-laws from being killed in Nazi concentration camps . In 1948,

3870-408: The Strauss home. The Strauss family was frequently joined in their home for music making, meals, and other activities by the orphaned composer and music theorist Ludwig Thuille who was viewed as an adopted member of the family. Strauss's father taught his son the music of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, and Schubert. His father further assisted his son with his musical composition during the 1870s and into

3960-843: The Viennese theatre historian. Other well-known works by Strauss include two symphonies, lieder (especially the Four Last Songs ), the Violin Concerto in D minor , the Horn Concerto No. 1 , Horn Concerto No. 2 , his Oboe Concerto and other instrumental works such as Metamorphosen . A prominent conductor in Western Europe and the Americas, Strauss enjoyed quasi-celebrity status as his compositions became standards of orchestral and operatic repertoire. He

4050-436: The advent of the phonograph , arrangements of orchestral works for solo piano or piano four hands were in common use for enjoyment at home. A reduction for a smaller orchestra or chamber ensemble may be used when not enough players are available, when a venue is too small to accommodate the full orchestra, to accompany less powerful voices, or to save money by hiring fewer players. A piano reduction or piano transcription

4140-514: The age of four, studying piano with August Tombo who was the harpist in the Munich Court Orchestra. Soon after, he began attending the rehearsals of the orchestra, and began getting lessons in music theory and orchestration from the ensemble's assistant conductor. He wrote his first composition at the age of six, and continued to write music almost until his death. In 1872, he started receiving violin instruction from Benno Walter ,

4230-616: The autumn of 1887. Also happily, Strauss met his future wife, soprano Pauline de Ahna , in 1887. De Ahna was then a voice student at the Munich Musikschule (now the University of Music and Performing Arts Munich ), but soon switched to private lessons with Strauss who became her principal teacher. In May 1889 Strauss left his post with the Bavarian State Opera after being appointed Kapellmeister to Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in Weimar, beginning in

4320-424: The autumn of 1889. During the summer of 1889 he served as the assistant conductor of the Bayreuth Festival during which time he befriended Cosima Wagner who became a longterm close friend. Pauline De Ahna went with Strauss to Weimar and he later married her on 10 September 1894. She was famous for being irascible, garrulous, eccentric and outspoken, but to all appearances the marriage was essentially happy, and she

4410-532: The blackest days of World War II, the piece expresses Strauss's mourning of, among other things, the destruction of German culture—including the bombing of every great opera house in the nation. At the end of the war, Strauss wrote in his private diary: The most terrible period of human history is at an end, the twelve year reign of bestiality, ignorance and anti-culture under the greatest criminals, during which Germany's 2000 years of cultural evolution met its doom. In April 1945, American soldiers occupying Germany at

4500-411: The boys or their mother being sent to concentration camps . Frustrated that he could no longer work with Zweig as his librettist, Strauss turned to Joseph Gregor , a Viennese theatre historian, at Gregor's request. The first opera they worked on together was Daphne , but it ultimately became the second of their operas to be premiered. Their first work to be staged was in 1938, when the entire nation

4590-598: The composer Alexander Ritter who was a violinist in the Meiningen orchestra and the husband of one of Richard Wagner 's nieces. An avid champion of the ideals of Wagner and Franz Liszt , Ritter had a tremendous impact on the trajectory of Strauss's work as a composer from 1885 onward. Ritter convinced Strauss to abandon his more conservative style of composing and embrace the "music of the future" by modeling his compositional style on Wagner and Liszt. He further influenced Strauss by engaging him in studies and conversations on

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4680-478: The composer I take off my hat; to Strauss the man I put it back on again", when Strauss had accepted the presidency of the Reichsmusikkammer . Much of Strauss's motivation in his conduct during the Third Reich was, however, to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law Alice and his Jewish grandchildren from persecution. Both of his grandsons were bullied at school, but Strauss used his considerable influence to prevent

4770-576: The composer – who had grown old, tired, and a little jaded – into focus. The major works of the last years of Strauss's life, written in his late 70s and 80s, include, among others, his Horn Concerto No. 2 , Metamorphosen , his Oboe Concerto , his Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon , and his Four Last Songs . In June 1945, after finishing Metamorphosen , Strauss completed his Sonatina No 2 in E-flat major (" Fröhliche Werkstatt ") for 16 wind instruments, which he had begun in early 1944; at

4860-407: The composition of Metamorphosen , a work for 23 solo strings, in 1945. The title and inspiration for the work comes from a profoundly self-examining poem by Goethe , which Strauss had considered setting as a choral work. Generally regarded as one of the masterpieces of the string repertoire, Metamorphosen contains Strauss's most sustained outpouring of tragic emotion. Conceived and written during

4950-438: The different sections, Brahms 's Piano Concerto No. 2 and Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 1 have 4 movements and Tchaikovsky 's Piano Concerto No. 3 in E-flat major has only one ( Allegro brillante ). Orchestral reduction In music , a reduction is an arrangement or transcription of an existing score or composition in which complexity is lessened to make analysis , performance, or practice easier or clearer;

5040-487: The director of the Munich Court Orchestra and his father's cousin, and at 11 began five years of compositional study with Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer. In 1882 he graduated from the Ludwigsgymnasium and afterwards attended only one year at the University of Munich in 1882–1883. In addition to his formal teachers, Strauss was profoundly influenced musically by his father who made instrumental music-making central to

5130-517: The early 1880s, providing advice, comments, and criticisms. His father also provided support by showcasing his son's compositions in performance with the Wilde Gung'l, an amateur orchestra he conducted from 1875 to 1896. Many of his early symphonic compositions were written for this ensemble. His compositions at this time were indebted to the style of Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn , true to his father's teachings. His father undoubtedly had

5220-508: The end of the score he wrote "To the Manes of the divine Mozart at the end of a life full of thankfulness". Like those of most Germans, Strauss's bank accounts were frozen, and many of his assets seized by American forces. Now elderly and with very few resources left, Strauss and his wife left Germany for Switzerland in October 1945 where they settled in a hotel outside Zurich, and later at

5310-454: The end of the war arrived at Strauss's Garmisch estate. As Strauss descended the staircase, he announced to Lieutenant Milton Weiss of the U.S. Army, "I am Richard Strauss, the composer of Rosenkavalier and Salome ." Lt. Weiss, who was also a musician, nodded in recognition. An "Off Limits" sign was subsequently placed on the lawn to protect Strauss. The American oboist John de Lancie , who knew Strauss's orchestral writing for oboe thoroughly,

5400-448: The entire Ring Cycle , Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg , and Tristan und Isolde . The influence of Wagner's music on Strauss's style was to be profound, but at first his musically conservative father forbade him to study it. Indeed, in the Strauss household, the music of Richard Wagner was viewed with deep suspicion, and it was not until the age of 16 that Strauss was able to obtain a score of Tristan und Isolde . In 1882 he went to

5490-423: The essays of Wagner and the writings of Arthur Schopenhauer . Strauss went on to conduct one of Ritter's operas, and at Strauss's request Ritter later wrote a poem describing the events depicted in Strauss's tone poem Death and Transfiguration . The new influences from Ritter resulted in what is widely regarded as Strauss's first piece to show his mature personality, the tone poem Don Juan (1888), which displays

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5580-650: The latter festival his cantata Taillefer was given its world premiere. In 1904 Strauss embarked on his first North American tour, with stops in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, New York City, and Pittsburgh. At Carnegie Hall he conducted the world premiere of his Symphonia Domestica on 21 March 1904 with the Wetzler Symphony Orchestra . He also conducted several other works in collaboration with composer Hermann Hans Wetzler and his orchestra that year at Carnegie Hall, and also performed

5670-454: The librettist and poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal . These operas included Elektra (1909), Der Rosenkavalier (1911), Ariadne auf Naxos (1912, rev. 1916), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919), Die ägyptische Helena (1928), and Arabella (1933). While all of these works remain part of the opera repertoire, his opera Der Rosenkavalier is generally considered his finest achievement. During this time he continued to work internationally as

5760-485: The middle to late Romantic era include concertos by Edvard Grieg , Johannes Brahms , Camille Saint-Saëns , Franz Liszt , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , and Sergei Rachmaninoff . Alexander Scriabin , Antonín Dvořák , Edward MacDowell , and Franz Xaver Scharwenka wrote some lesser-known concertos during this time. In 1899, Amy Beach completed her Piano Concerto in C-sharp minor , the first piano concerto composed by

5850-520: The music of banned composers such as Gustav Mahler and Claude Debussy . In 1933, Strauss wrote in his private notebook: I consider the Streicher –Goebbels Jew-baiting as a disgrace to German honour, as evidence of incompetence—the basest weapon of untalented, lazy mediocrity against a higher intelligence and greater talent. Meanwhile, far from being an admirer of Strauss's work, Joseph Goebbels maintained expedient cordiality with Strauss only for

5940-407: The number of parts may be reduced or rhythm may be simplified, such as through the use of block chords . An orchestral reduction is a sheet music arrangement of a work originally for full symphony orchestra (such as a symphony, overture, or opera), rearranged for a single instrument (typically piano or organ ), a smaller orchestra, or a chamber ensemble with or without a keyboard (e.g.

6030-502: The opera, and it was halted after three performances and subsequently banned by the Third Reich . On 17 June 1935, Strauss wrote a letter to Stefan Zweig, in which he stated: Do you believe I am ever, in any of my actions, guided by the thought that I am 'German'? Do you suppose Mozart was consciously 'Aryan' when he composed? I recognise only two types of people: those who have talent and those who have none. This letter to Zweig

6120-630: The orchestra part may be performed in an orchestral reduction , a conversion of the orchestra parts into a part for an accompanist playing piano or pipe organ , as it is very expensive to hire a full orchestra. Keyboard concerti were common in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach in the Baroque music era, during the Classical period and during the Romantic music era (1800–1910). Keyboard concertos are also written by contemporary classical music composers. Twentieth- and 21st-century piano concertos may include experimental or unusual performance techniques. In

6210-456: The outbreak of war in 1939. The two men collaborated on two more operas which proved to be Strauss's last: Die Liebe der Danae (1940) and Capriccio (1942). When his Jewish daughter-in-law Alice was placed under house arrest in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in 1938, Strauss used his connections in Berlin, including opera-house General Intendant Heinz Tietjen , to secure her safety. He drove to

6300-523: The philosophical framework of Hofmannsthal's libretti, and instead embrace a modern domestic comedy to Hofmannsthal's chagrin. The work proved to be a success. At the outbreak of World War I Strauss was invited to sign the Manifesto of German artists and intellectuals supporting the German role in the conflict. Several colleagues, including Max Reinhardt , signed, but Strauss refused, and his response

6390-621: The position but to remain apolitical, a decision which would eventually become untenable. He wrote to his family, "I made music under the Kaiser , and under Ebert . I'll survive under this one as well." He later wrote in his journal: In November 1933, the minister Goebbels nominated me president of the Reichsmusikkammer without obtaining my prior agreement. I was not consulted. I accepted this honorary office because I hoped that I would be able to do some good and prevent worse misfortunes, if from now onwards German musical life were going to be, as it

6480-424: The premiere of his tone poem Death and Transfiguration in 1890. Both of these works, along with the earlier Burleske , became internationally known and established him as a leading modernist composer. He also had much success as a conductor in Weimar, particularly with the symphonic poems of Liszt and an uncut production of Tristan und Isolde in 1892. In the summer of 1894 Strauss made his conducting debut at

6570-421: The senior conductor at the house, was often ill and Strauss was required to step in at the last minute to conduct performance for operas which he had never rehearsed. This caused problems for him, the singers, and the orchestra. During this time, Strauss did find much more enjoyable conducting work outside Munich in Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzig. In the latter city he met and befriended the composer Gustav Mahler in

6660-690: The singing of the famous trio from Rosenkavalier , "each singer broke down in tears and dropped out of the ensemble, but they recovered themselves and we all ended together". Strauss's wife, Pauline de Ahna, died eight months later on 13 May 1950 at the age of 88. Strauss himself declared in 1947 with characteristic self-deprecation: "I may not be a first-rate composer, but I am a first-class second-rate composer." The Canadian pianist Glenn Gould described Strauss in 1962 as "the greatest musical figure who has lived in this century". Some of Strauss's first compositions were solo instrumental and chamber works. These pieces include early compositions for piano solo in

6750-640: The various sites he was seeing along with tonal impressions that went with those descriptions. These he communicated in a letter to his mother, and they ultimately were used as the beginning of his first tone poem, Aus Italien (1886). Shortly after Strauss assumed his opera conducting duties in Munich, Ritter himself moved to the city in September 1886. For the next three years the two men would meet regularly, often joined by Thuille and Anton Seidl , to discuss music, particularly Wagner and Liszt, and discuss poetry, literature, and philosophy. Strauss's tenure at

6840-528: The writings of Arthur Schopenhauer , Wagner, and Friedrich von Hausegger. All of this together gave a new aesthetic anchor to Strauss which first became evident in his embrace of the tone poem genre. After leaving his post in Meiningen in 1886, Strauss spent several weeks traveling throughout Italy before assuming a new post as third conductor at the Bavarian State Opera (then known as the Munich Hofoper). While traveling he wrote down descriptions of

6930-408: The young composer's Serenade (Op. 7) for wind instruments, composed when he was only 16 years of age. Strauss learned the art of conducting by observing Bülow in rehearsal. Bülow was very fond of the young man, and Strauss considered him as his greatest conducting mentor, often crediting him as teaching him "the art of interpretation". Notably, under Bülow's baton he made his first major appearance as

7020-551: Was Salome , which used a libretto by Hedwig Lachmann that was a German translation of the French play Salomé by Oscar Wilde . This was followed by several critically acclaimed operas with librettist Hugo von Hofmannsthal : Elektra , Der Rosenkavalier , Ariadne auf Naxos , Die Frau ohne Schatten , Die ägyptische Helena , and Arabella . His last operas, Daphne , Friedenstag , Die Liebe der Danae and Capriccio used libretti written by Joseph Gregor ,

7110-574: Was 68, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power . Strauss never joined the Nazi Party, and studiously avoided Nazi forms of greeting . For reasons of expediency, however, he was initially drawn into cooperating with the early Nazi regime in the hope that Hitler—an ardent Wagnerian and music lover who had admired Strauss's work since viewing Salome in 1907—would promote German art and culture. Strauss's need to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law and Jewish grandchildren also motivated his behavior, in addition to his determination to preserve and conduct

7200-473: Was a German composer and conductor best known for his tone poems and operas . Considered a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, he has been described as a successor of Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt . Along with Gustav Mahler , he represents the late flowering of German Romanticism , in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style. Strauss's compositional output began in 1870 when he

7290-407: Was a great source of inspiration to him. Throughout his life, from his earliest songs to the final Four Last Songs of 1948, he preferred the soprano voice to all others, and all his operas contain important soprano roles. In Weimar she created the role of Freihild in Strauss's first opera, Guntram , in 1894. The opera was received with mixed reviews in Weimar, but its later production in Munich

7380-410: Was chiefly admired for his interpretations of the works of Liszt, Mozart, and Wagner in addition to his own works. A conducting disciple of Hans von Bülow , Strauss began his conducting career as Bülow's assistant with the Meiningen Court Orchestra in 1883. After Bülow resigned in 1885, Strauss served as that orchestra's primary conductor for five months before being appointed to the conducting staff of

7470-440: Was in the army unit, and asked Strauss to compose an oboe concerto. Initially dismissive of the idea, Strauss completed this late work, his Oboe Concerto , before the end of the year. The metaphor " Indian summer " has been used by journalists, biographers, and music critics, notably Norman Del Mar in 1964, to describe Strauss's late creative upsurge from 1942 to the end of his life. The events of World War II seemed to bring

7560-540: Was intercepted by the Gestapo and sent to Hitler. Strauss was subsequently dismissed from his post as Reichsmusikkammer president in 1935. The 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics nevertheless used Strauss's Olympische Hymne , which he had composed in 1934. Strauss's seeming relationship with the Nazis in the 1930s attracted criticism from some noted musicians, including Toscanini, who in 1933 had said, "To Strauss

7650-441: Was just six years old and lasted until his death nearly eighty years later. His first tone poem to achieve wide acclaim was Don Juan , and this was followed by other lauded works of this kind, including Death and Transfiguration , Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks , Also sprach Zarathustra , Don Quixote , Ein Heldenleben , Symphonia Domestica , and An Alpine Symphony . His first opera to achieve international fame

7740-403: Was met with scorn and was Strauss's first major failure. In spite of the failure of his first opera, Strauss's tenure in Weimar brought about several important successes for his career. His tone poem Don Juan premiered in Weimar on 11 November 1889 to tremendous critical response, and the work quickly brought him international fame and success. This was followed by another lauded achievement,

7830-485: Was preparing for war, they presented Friedenstag ( Peace Day ), a one-act opera set in a besieged fortress during the Thirty Years' War . The work is essentially a hymn to peace and a thinly veiled criticism of the Third Reich. With its contrasts between freedom and enslavement, war and peace, light and dark, this work has a close affinity with Beethoven 's Fidelio . Productions of the opera ceased shortly after

7920-421: Was principal conductor of the Berlin State Opera from 1898 to 1913. From 1919 to 1924 he was principal conductor of the Vienna State Opera , and in 1920 he co-founded the Salzburg Festival . In addition to these posts, Strauss was a frequent guest conductor in opera houses and with orchestras internationally. In 1933 Strauss was appointed to two important positions in the musical life of Nazi Germany : head of

8010-499: Was recorded with approval by the French critic Romain Rolland in his diary for October 1914: "Declarations about war and politics are not fitting for an artist, who must give his attention to his creations and his works." In 1924 Strauss's son Franz married Alice von Grab-Hermannswörth, daughter of a Jewish industrialist, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Franz and Alice had two sons, Richard and Christian. In March 1933, when Strauss

8100-456: Was said, "reorganized" by amateurs and ignorant place-seekers. Strauss privately scorned Goebbels and called him "a pipsqueak". However, in 1933 he dedicated an orchestral song, " Das Bächlein " ("The Little Brook"), to Goebbels, to gain his cooperation in extending German music copyright laws from 30 years to 50 years. Also in 1933, he replaced Arturo Toscanini as director of the Bayreuth Festival after Toscanini had resigned in protest against

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