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66-635: In 1809 it was the scene of a battle during the Napoleonic Wars , in which Franco-Italian and Austrian forces clashed. In 1918, during World War I , it was the scene of Battle of the Piave River , the last major Austro-Hungarian attack on the Italian Front, which failed. The Battle of the Piave River was a decisive battle of World War I on the Italian Front. In Italy the river is thus called Fiume Sacro alla Patria (Sacred River of

132-496: A double envelopment and inflicted about 2,000 casualties on their opponents. Franco-Italian losses were 200 to 800. Despite this defeat, Frimont kept his rear guard intact and maintained its effectiveness. The next major action was the Battle of Tarvis from 15 to 18 May. The engagement included two actions where small garrisons of Grenz infantry heroically defended two blockhouses against overwhelming Franco-Italian forces. This

198-558: A pincer attack . Under cover of the smoke from the two artilleries blasting away at each other, the French divisions struck Reisner's gun line from both flanks. While some horsemen began cutting down the gunners, the others galloped among the Austrian cavalry which was formed up behind the guns. The results of the cavalry action are not disputed. A French dragoon killed Wolfskeel in personal combat, while his second-in-command Hager became

264-453: A division to blockade Venice , his army arrived on the Adige with only about 30,000 troops, much fewer than Eugène. Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Eckmühl and the subsequent retreat of Archduke Charles , caused Emperor Francis II to order John to fall back and defend Austria. Anticipating an Austrian withdrawal, Eugène created a Light Brigade consisting of three voltigeur battalions,

330-470: A long time. The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564. Each time, the Duchy of Carinthia became part of Inner Austria and was ruled jointly with the adjacent duchies of Styria and Carniola . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II attempted to create a more unitary Habsburg state, and in 1804 Carinthia

396-474: A new location, vanished due to the river's action, or were destroyed in the Battle of the Piave River in 1918. The changes are listed as follows. Susignano is now called Susegana . Santa Maria is near the Rothenberg map location of Campana. Ponte della Priula appears to have moved from its map position to a place 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northwest, closer to Nervesa. San Nichiol has disappeared. In 1809

462-449: A prisoner. Leaderless and outnumbered, the Austrian horsemen broke and fled. The Austrians brought away ten cannons but 14 cannons were captured by their enemies. During the struggle Reisner was wounded and captured. Both Epstein and Arnold reported that Reisner was killed, but that is incorrect. Reisner lived until 1822. The French cavalry pursued the routed Austrian troopers as far as Mandra and Santa Maria (Campana), where they came upon

528-506: A relatively high number of war deaths: thirty-seven for every 1,000 inhabitants. This was higher than in most other German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (except German South Moravia ). Following the end of the war and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain stipulated the Carinthian Canal Valley stretching from Tarvisio as far as Pontafel (187 square miles) go to Italy and that

594-400: A series of clashes between 27 and 30 April, John successfully fended off Eugène's efforts to turn his north flank in the Battle of Caldiero . Austrian losses numbered 700 killed and wounded, plus 872 captured or missing. The French suffered about 1,400 casualties. On 1 May, Archduke John ordered his army to withdraw to the east. In several clashes on 2 May, the Austrian rear guard held off

660-431: A squadron of light cavalry, and two cannon. The voltigeur units were formed by taking the skirmisher companies from infantry battalions. Eugène placed this pursuit force under General of Brigade Armand Louis Debroc. Archduke John deployed his right flank behind the small Alpone River between Soave and Albaredo d'Adige , near the old Arcole battlefield , while his left flank defended the Adige south to Legnago . In

726-580: A stream or canal known as the Piavisella began near Barco and ran west to east through Mandre, Santa Maria (Campana), and Tezze di Piave before turning northeast. A dike ran east and west about 800 meters south of the Piavisella. Both the dike and stream played important parts in the battle. Two nearby canals known as the Piavesella and Piavesella di Maserada lie on the south bank of the Piave, while

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792-553: The Adige River . Once the Franco-Italian army arrived near Verona it gathered reinforcements. Eugène also reorganized his army, assigning Generals of Division Jacques MacDonald , Paul Grenier , and Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers to command his infantry corps, and General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy to lead his cavalry. Baraguey d'Hilliers halted Chasteler's drive in the upper Adige valley. Because Archduke John sent

858-585: The Army of Italy . On 16 April, John defeated Eugène at the Battle of Sacile near the Livenza River. During this time an Austrian force led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles advanced south from the Tyrol , capturing Trento on 23 April and Roveredo on 26 April. In the face of these two threats, Eugène's Franco-Italian army withdrew 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Sacile to

924-666: The Bohemian king Ottokar II Přemysl . In spite of being supported by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany , who defeated Ottokar II at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, Philip never gained actual power. The duchy was seized by Rudolph and Philip died a year later in 1279. Rudolf, after being elected King of the Romans and defeating King Ottokar II, at first gave Carinthia to Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol . In 1335, after

990-813: The German king Henry the Fowler . After Berthold became Duke of Bavaria in 938, both territories were ruled by him. Upon his death in 948 the Luitpoldings, though heirs of the royal Ottonian dynasty , were not able to retain their possessions, as King Otto I bought the loyalty of his younger brother Henry I with the Bavarian lands. Duke Henry's son Henry II "the Quarreller" from 974 onwards, revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II , whereupon he

1056-662: The Habsburg monarchy and of the Austrian Empire , it remained a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until 1918. By the 1920 Carinthian plebiscite in October 1920, the main area of the duchy formed the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the seventh century the area was part of the Slavic principality of Carantania , which fell under the suzerainty of Duke Odilo of Bavaria in about 743. The Bavarian stem duchy

1122-545: The House of Sponheim , who ruled as Henry IV, from 1122 to his early death the following year. The most outstanding of the Spanheim dukes was Bernhard , the first Carinthian duke who was actually described and honoured in documents as "prince of the land". The last Spanheim duke was Ulrich III ; he signed an inheritance treaty with his brother Archbishop Philip of Spanheim of Salzburg , who, however, could not prevail against

1188-530: The Napoleonic Wars . The initial Austrian invasion of Venetia succeeded in driving the Franco-Italian defenders back to Verona . At the beginning of May, news of Austrian defeats in Bavaria and inferiority in numbers caused Archduke John to begin retreating to the northeast. When he heard that his enemies were crossing the Piave, the Austrian commander turned back to give battle, intending to slow Eugène's pursuit of his army. Eugène ordered his vanguard across

1254-547: The Austrians continued their withdrawal into Carinthia (in modern-day Austria ) and Carniola (in modern-day Slovenia ). At the beginning of the 1809 conflict between the Austrian Empire and the First French Empire , General of Cavalry Archduke John led his Army of Inner Austria in an invasion of northeastern Italy. Emperor Napoleon I appointed his stepson Eugène to be Viceroy of Italy and commander of

1320-662: The Carinthian March (later Styria) since about 1000, was vested with the duchy by the last Ottonian emperor Henry II , while the Istrian march was separated and given to Count Poppo of Weimar . Adalbero was removed from office in 1035 after he had fallen out of favour with the Salian Emperor Conrad II . In 1039 Carinthia was inherited by Emperor Henry III himself, who split off the Carniolan march

1386-471: The French army commander gave the Light Division to General of Brigade Joseph Marie, Count Dessaix . On 7 May, the Austrian army camped at Conegliano , 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northeast of the river, after burning all the bridges. Eugène's cavalry reached the riverbank and scouted the crossing places. The 8th Chasseurs crossed to the east bank and did some reconnoitering. Receiving notice that

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1452-667: The French were nearby, John marched his troops back to defend the river line. The Piave River 1809 Order of Battle lists the units and organization of the Franco-Italian and Austrian armies in detail. MacDonald's corps consisted of two French infantry divisions, those of Generals of Division Jean-Baptiste Broussier and Jean Maximilien Lamarque . Grenier's corps included the French infantry divisions of Durutte and General of Brigade Louis Abbé. Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers only had General of Division Achille Fontanelli's Italian infantry division available. His other Franco-Italian division under General of Division Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca

1518-491: The French, inflicting 400 killed and wounded including Debroc wounded. Austrian losses were only 200 killed and wounded, but the French rounded up an additional 850 stragglers and sick. The Austrians paused on the Brenta River until 5 May, then continued retreating to the Piave. Eugène followed while sending the division of General of Division Pierre François Joseph Durutte along a more southerly route in order to relieve

1584-402: The French. Deployed 800 yards from the French, these cannons were commanded by Reisner, Archduke John's chief of artillery. The artillery barrage soon caused serious casualties in the vulnerable French squares. As some French troops began to shrink from the heavy fire, couriers raced off to get help. Quickly, Eugène ordered twenty guns belonging to Broussier and Lamarque across the river. When

1650-711: The Homeland) and is mentioned in the patriotic song " La leggenda del Piave ". It was eventually followed by the Battle of Vittorio Veneto later that year. North of the city of Venice along the Piave Valley is the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) zone that makes up the Veneto wine region known as the Piave DOC. Here both red and white wine are produced, mostly as varietal wines, with Merlot being

1716-478: The IX Armeekorps defended the east flank. By 8:00 AM the Light Division was 400 meters south of the dike. Having massed virtually all his cavalry under Wolfskeel, he sent them charging at Dessaix's men. The French general reformed his soldiers into two large squares and repelled wave after wave of enemy horsemen. As Wolfskeel's disorganized troopers withdrew, a massed battery of 24 Austrian guns opened fire on

1782-697: The IX Armeekorps east to Ljubljana in Carniola and the VIII Armeekorps northeast to Villach in Carinthia . This dispersal of available Austrian troops facilitated Eugène's advance from Italy into the Austrian Empire. One authority wrote, "From the Piave to Hungary John's handling of the campaign was a failure." Frimont, who led John's rearguard made a stand at San Daniele del Friuli on 11 May with 4,000 soldiers. Eugène and Dessaix carried out

1848-479: The IX Armeekorps in line between Santa Lucia and Bocca di Strada just to the east. Eugène greatly outnumbered John, who had between 24,120 and 28,000 troops at the Piave. Understanding that his defeat at Sacile was caused by poor preparation, Eugène made sure that he had most of his army assembled. He planned to feint at the Nervesa ford with Seras' Reserve division while Dessaix's Light Division (Advance Guard) led

1914-473: The Piave, at Nervesa on the north flank, at Priula in the center, and at San Nichiol, near Cimadolmo on the south flank. The area between Conegliano and the Piave is flat, but just to the north of Nervesa and Conegliano the terrain becomes hilly. Most of the villages in Gunther E. Rothenberg 's maps of the battle can be located on modern maps. However, since 1809 a few places either changed names, moved to

1980-478: The Piavisella of the 1809 battle is located on the north bank. Believing that the bulk of Archduke John's army lay at Conegliano, Eugène planned an ambitious assault crossing of the Piave. He did not realize that the Army of Inner Austria was deployed only 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the river. In fact, Albert Gyulai's VIII Armeekorps was ranged between Susegana and Santa Lucia di Piave , while Ignaz Gyulai had

2046-697: The Slovene-speaking areas of the Meža Valley, the Drava Valley area around Unterdrauburg , which was afterwards renamed Dravograd , and the Jezersko area (128 square miles of territory) be ceded to the new SHS State. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , however, was not satisfied with these parts of the former duchy and also occupied land north of the Karawanks mountain range, including

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2112-455: The area that was ceded to Italy as a part of the claimed " Julian March " belongs to the autonomous region of Friuli–Venezia Giulia . Most of the area awarded to Yugoslavia (cf. Slovenian Carinthia ) now forms part of the larger Carinthia Statistical Region in Slovenia . Area: Population (1910 Census): According to the last Austrian Imperial census of 1910, the Duchy of Carinthia

2178-405: The attack around 10:00 AM. The Austrian cavalry trotted toward Dessaix's men in three lines. This time Sahuc's light horse and Pully's dragoons were waiting for them. The two French divisions countercharged, and the cavalry of both armies became embroiled in a terrific melee. A second account states that the French cavalry attacked first. Eugène sent Pully and Sahuc charging at the Austrian guns in

2244-473: The blockade of Venice. When he reached that city, Durutte was reinforced by 4,000 troops from the garrison and marched to join Eugène on the Piave. The Light Brigade having proved too weak to pursue effectively, Eugène strengthened it into a Light Division by adding three additional voltigeur battalions, attaching an entire cavalry regiment, and boosting its artillery complement to four cannons. Replacing Debroc,

2310-404: The bridgehead. Assembling the available troops, Eugène planned to hurl MacDonald's corps, elements of Durutte's division, and Sahuc's division at the Piavisella line. Off to the right, the viceroy ordered Grenier to pin the left wing of IX Armeekorps at San Michele and Cimadolmo with Pully's and Guérin's cavalry and Abbé's infantry. The French attack got rolling in the late afternoon. Abbé's advance

2376-415: The brigade of General-Major Ignaz Splényi. John massed most of his horsemen into an ad hoc cavalry division and placed it under the command of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Christian Wolfskeel von Reichenberg with General-Major Johann Hager von Altensteig as his second in command. Anton Reisner's reserve artillery numbered 12 pieces in two 12-pound position batteries. Eugène's cavalry found three places to ford

2442-483: The brigades of Colloredo and Gajoli. Pully's troopers tried to break the Austrian infantry squares but they were unsuccessful. Unable to dent the Austrian line without support, the French horsemen fell back to the dike where they were joined by Dessaix's troops. Though the Piave began an alarming rise at this time, Eugène hewed to his plan of reinforcing the bridgehead. Around noon, MacDonald pushed three-quarters of Broussier's division and half of Lamarque's division across

2508-423: The cannons arrived, the French formed their own 24-gun battery in front of the infantry and replied to Reisner's bombardment. Wolfskeel asked for some infantry to be sent forward from the Piavisella line, but for some reason no help arrived. While Dessaix and Wolfskeel battled, Grouchy sent the divisions of Pully and Sahuc across the Piave at San Nichiol. The troopers encountered Kalnássy's IX Armeekorps brigade in

2574-561: The capital city of Klagenfurt. The Entente powers decided on a two-stage referendum, of which the first stage, the Carinthian Plebiscite was held on 10 October 1920 to determine the fate of Carinthia. The outcome in favour of Austria did not change the borders as decided upon in the Treaty of Saint-Germain. The Austrian part of the former duchy today forms the federal state of Carinthia ( German : Land Kärnten ), while

2640-584: The centuries, the name 'Carinthia' ( Kärnten ) gradually replaced former 'Carantania'. The realm of the Carinthian dukes initially comprised a vast territory including the marches of Styria ( marchia Carantana ), Carniola and Istria ; they also ruled over the Italian March of Verona in the south. Nevertheless, Henry the Younger was the first and also the last Luitpolding duke; as he chose to join

2706-401: The corps of MacDonald and Baraguey d'Hilliers across the Piave. Grenier's corps waited at San Nichiol to follow Grouchy's cavalry. At 7:00 AM, Dessaix crossed the river with nearly 5,000 troops. By this time, Archduke John's army was moving up behind the Piavisella stream, much closer than Eugène realized. The archduke posted the VIII Armeekorps on the west flank with Frimont's infantry, while

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2772-453: The death of Henry , the last male of this line, Emperor Louis the Bavarian gave Carinthia and the southern part of the Tyrol as an imperial fief to the Habsburg family on 2 May in Linz . The Habsburgs would continue to rule Carinthia until 1918. As with the other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy , Carinthia remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for

2838-423: The dominant grape of the region. Among the other grapes grown in the region are Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet franc (which can be made separately or together as a wine labelled Cabernet ), Pinot blanc , Pinot grigio , Pinot nero , Raboso , Friulano , Verduzzo Trevigiano and Verduzzo Friulano (which can be made separately or together as a wine labelled Verduzzo ). For wines to qualify for DOC labelling

2904-404: The extreme south flank, Kalnássy's brigade became separated from John's army and Grouchy's cavalry prevented him from rejoining John. Kalnássy rendezvoused with Feldmarschall-Leutnant Anton von Zach near Palmanova and the two retreated independently toward Ljubljana (Laibach) . At Sacile, Archduke John made a serious blunder. He split his army into two parts, sending Ignaz Gyulai with most of

2970-629: The following year and granted it to Margrave Poppo of Istria. In 1077, the duchy was given to Luitpold , again a member of the Eppensteiner family, which, however, became extinct with the death of Luitpold's younger brother Henry III of Carinthia in 1122. Upon his death the duchy was further reduced in area: a large part of the Eppenstein lands in what is today Upper Styria passed to Margrave Ottokar II of Styria . The remainder of Carinthia passed from Duke Henry III to his godchild Henry from

3036-520: The main attack at the Priula ford. He ordered Grouchy to cross with three divisions of cavalry at the San Nichiol crossing and swing left to help Dessaix's effort. To provide the Light Division sufficient fire support, Eugène massed several batteries on the south bank and placed them under the command of his artillery chief Sorbier. If Dessaix successfully carved out a bridgehead, Eugène planned to send

3102-577: The north bank, with Baraguey d'Hilliers, Seras' division, the Italian Guard, and part of Durutte's division remaining on the south bank. If the battle turned against the French, they would be trapped with an unfordable river at their backs. But with the bulk of his badly shaken and outnumbered horsemen still rallying in the rear, Archduke John elected not to expose his foot soldiers to cavalry attack by ordering them forward. By this time, there were approximately 27,000 to 30,000 Franco-Italian troops in

3168-506: The open and hustled the Austrians back to Cimadolmo and San Michele, where they took up a strong defensive position. Guérin d'Etoquigny's division crossed around 9:00 AM, allowing the other two divisions to move to the left in support of Dessaix. By this time, the French artillery fire began to slacken. In their haste to help Dessaix, the French gunners had left their reserve ammunition behind. There are two accounts about what happened next. Having reorganized his horsemen, Wolfskeel returned to

3234-548: The pursuit on a line from Vazzola to Susegana. Archduke John retreated to Conegliano that night and soon had his troops on the road for Sacile . He managed the retrograde movement well. Eugène halted his advance at Bocca di Strada, deciding to wait until he could reunite his army. The French admitted only 700 casualties, but 2,000 is a more likely figure. The Austrians suffered 3,896 casualties, including 398 killed, 697 wounded, 1,681 captured, and 1,120 missing. The French captured 15 artillery pieces. The dead included Wolfskeel. On

3300-529: The red wine varieties is permitted provided the wine is aged at least two years prior to release and attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 12.5%. This article on a location in Veneto is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Piave River (1809) The Battle of Piave River

3366-464: The river early in the morning. It soon ran into vigorous Austrian resistance, but the arrival of French cavalry stabilized the situation by mid-morning. Rapidly rising waters hampered the buildup of French infantry reinforcements and prevented a significant portion of Eugène's army from crossing at all. In the late afternoon, Eugène launched his main attack which turned John's left flank and finally overran his main line of defense. Damaged but not destroyed,

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3432-459: The river. While MacDonald began probing the Piavisella line, Grenier got part of Abbé's division across the river at San Nichiol. With Eugène trying to get more troops across the Piave before it drowned the fords and Archduke John organizing his defenses, the fighting died down after 1:00 PM. By 3:00 PM Eugène had to suspend all troop crossings because of dangerous high water conditions. By this time, all his cavalry and only half his infantry reached

3498-595: The stated variety, they must make up at least 95% of the blend from grapes that are harvested within a maximum yield restriction—11 tonnes / hectare for the Cabernets, Verduzzos and Friulano varieties, 12 tonnes/ha for the Pinots, 13 tonnes/ha for Merlot and 14 tonnes/ha for Raboso. The finished wines also must meet a minimum alcohol level —11.5% for all varieties except Merlot and Friulano which only need to reach 11% alcohol by volume. A separate riserva bottling for

3564-743: The unsuccessful War of the Three Henries against Emperor Otto II , he lost Carinthia two years later and was succeeded by the Emperor's nephew Otto I , a scion of the Salian dynasty . Though Henry once again managed to regain the ducal title in 985, Carinthia upon his death in 989 fell back to the Imperial Ottonian dynasty in Bavaria. Carinthia, however, remained a separate entity, and in 1012 Count Adalbero I of Eppenstein , Margrave of

3630-530: The western part of Austria-Hungary (see History of Austria ). Over the centuries, the German language , which carried more prestige, expanded at the expense of Slovene , but the fact that in the 16th century the Estates of Carinthia could still point out that Carinthia was "a Windic Archduchy ", i.e. a sovereign Slovene principality, shows that the Carinthian people were aware of their ancient and pre-German roots. During World War I , Carinthia experienced

3696-592: Was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia . It was separated from the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, and was the first newly created Imperial State after the original German stem duchies . Carinthia remained a State of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, though from 1335 it was ruled within the Austrian dominions of the Habsburg dynasty. A constituent part of

3762-629: Was composed of the following linguistic communities: Total: 396,228 The Austrian censuses did not count ethnic groups , nor the mother tongue , but the "language of daily interaction" ( Umgangssprache ). Total: 396,228 Luitpoldings Salian dynasty Luitpoldings Ottonian dynasty Salian dynasty House of Eppenstein Salian dynasty Elder House of Welf Ezzonids House of Zähringen House of Eppenstein Přemyslid dynasty House of Habsburg Carinthia

3828-492: Was counterattacked by squadrons of the Archduke Josef Hussar Regiment, the last unbroken Austrian horsemen on the field. Pully and Guérin quickly repulsed the gallant Austrian riposte and Kalnássy evacuated San Michele and Cimadolmo before Grenier's pressure. Kalnássy fell back to Tezze where he sturdily held his ground until evening, suffering 1,200 casualties during the battle. MacDonald's attack

3894-412: Was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia . At the same time Emperor Otto II created a sixth duchy in addition to the original stem duchies , the new Duchy of Carinthia. He reverted the possession of the territories to the Luitpoldings, when he split Carinthia from the Bavarian lands and installed the former Duke Berthold's son Henry the Younger as duke in 976. Over

3960-661: Was detached. Grouchy's cavalry reserve included General of Division Louis Michel Antoine Sahuc 's light cavalry division, General of Division Charles Randon de Pully's dragoon division, and Grouchy's own dragoon division which was led by General of Brigade François Guérin d'Etoquigny. In addition to Dessaix's Advance Guard, Eugène held three units in reserve under his personal command. These were General of Division Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier 's reserve artillery, General of Division Jean Mathieu Seras' French infantry division, and General of Brigade Teodoro Lecchi's 2,500-man Italian Guard. Feldmarschall-Leutnant Albert Gyulai 's VIII Armeekorps

4026-581: Was followed by an Austrian disaster at the Battle of Sankt Michael on 25 May. Eugène pursued John into Hungary where he defeated him at the Battle of Raab on 14 June before joining Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July. The last action of note in the theater was the Battle of Graz from 24 to 26 June. The following items are excellent sources for the full names of Austrian and French generals. Duchy of Carinthia The Duchy of Carinthia ( Latin : Ducatus Carinthiae ; German : Herzogtum Kärnten ; Slovene : Vojvodina Koroška )

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4092-573: Was fought on 8 May 1809 between the Franco-Italian army under the command of Eugène de Beauharnais and an Austrian army led by Archduke John of Austria . The Austrian commander made a stand behind the Piave River but he suffered a defeat at the hands of his numerically superior foes. The combat took place near Nervesa della Battaglia , Italy during the War of the Fifth Coalition , part of

4158-708: Was incorporated into the Carolingian Empire when Charlemagne deposed Odilo's son Duke Tassilo III in 788. In the 843 partition by the Treaty of Verdun , Carinthia became part of East Francia under King Louis the German . From 889 to 976 it was the Carinthian March of the renewed Bavarian duchy, though in 927 the local Count Berthold of the Luitpolding dynasty was vested with ducal rights by

4224-539: Was integrated into the newly established Austrian Empire under Francis II/I . According to the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn , the Upper Carinthian territories around Villach formed part of the short-lived Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces ; Carinthia as a whole remained a part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Illyria until its dissolution in 1849. In 1867, the duchy became a crown land of Cisleithania ,

4290-416: Was made up of the infantry brigades of Generals-Major Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld and Anton Gajoli. Albert's brother Feldmarschall-Leutnant Ignaz Gyulai commanded the larger IX Armeekorps. This formation included the infantry brigades of Generals-Major Johann Kalnássy, Franz Marziani, Alois von Gavasini , Johann Peter Kleinmayer, and Ignaz Sebottendorf. Frimont's Advance Guard counted only

4356-567: Was preceded by a bombardment from 24 guns. His attack breached the IX Armeekorps line and John was forced to commit his last reserve, Kleinmayer's grenadier brigade. These elite troops attacked, but were unable to halt MacDonald's offensive. On the left flank, Dessaix and Sahuc seized Barco while Macdonald took Santa Maria (Campana) and drove toward Bocca di Strada. On the right, Grenier finally dislodged Kalnássy from Tezze and let loose his two dragoon divisions. John's army finally broke and streamed north into Conegliano. As darkness fell, Eugène suspended

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