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40-929: The Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program , formerly called the Missouri River Basin Project, was initially authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 , which approved the plan for the conservation, control, and use of water resources in the Missouri River Basin. The intended beneficial uses of these water resources include flood control , aids to navigation, irrigation , supplemental water supply , power generation , municipal and industrial water supplies, stream-pollution abatement, sediment control , preservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife , and creation of recreation opportunities. The construction of dams such as

80-637: A center of rural life for many farming communities. The commissioner of the Department of Agriculture commissioned Oliver Kelley , after a personal interview with President Andrew Johnson , to go to the Southern states and to collect data to improve Southern agricultural conditions. In the South, poor farmers bore the brunt of the Civil War and were suspicious of Northerners like Kelley. Kelley found he

120-616: A massive decline in membership. By the turn of the 20th century, the Grange rebounded and membership stabilized. The Granger movement supported efforts by politicians to regulate rates charged by the railroads and grain warehouses. It claimed credit for the ideas of the Cooperative Extension Service , Rural Free Delivery , and the Farm Credit System . The peak of their political reputation was marked by

160-929: A more unified solution to water development on the Missouri River than the merged ideas of opposing bureaucracies. Ideas for the MVA were influenced by the success of the Tennessee Valley Authority . Senator James E. Murray of Montana and Congressman John J. Cochran from Missouri developed bills for the Missouri Valley Authority. The MVA bills planned to navigate Missouri into a number of stairstep lakes linked together by locks . They would also arrange for giant reservoirs to supply irrigation and cheap hydroelectricity power, arguing that this would produce more public power and leave less condemned private land. The bills were presented in

200-403: A non-partisan organization, the Grange supports only policies, never political parties or candidates. Although the Grange was founded to serve the interests of farmers, because of the shrinking farm population the Grange has begun to broaden its range to include a wide variety of issues, and anyone is welcome to join the Grange. The Junior Grange is open to children 5–14. Regular Grange membership

240-470: A plow (aged 14 to 16 ) were encouraged to participate. The importance of women was reinforced by requiring that four of the elected positions could be held only by women. Rapid growth infused the national organization with money from dues, and many local granges established consumers' co-operatives , initially supplied by the wholesaler Aaron Montgomery Ward . Poor fiscal management, combined with organizational difficulties resulting from rapid growth, led to

280-593: A problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas , who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe , and the loss of their traditional ways of life. The construction of main-stream dams also affected other Native American tribes living along the Missouri River on the Fort Berthold , Cheyenne River , Standing Rock , Crow Creek , and Lower Brule Indian reservations. The Garrison , Oahe , and Fort Randall dams created

320-623: A reservoir that eliminated 90 percent of timber and 75 percent of wildlife on the reservations. According to Native American historian Vine Deloria Jr. , the "Pick–Sloan plan was, without doubt, the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States." Flood Control Act of 1944 The Pick-Sloan legislation managed the Missouri River with six intents: hydropower , recreation, water supply , navigation, flood control and fish and wildlife. Over 50 dams and lakes have been built due to this legislation, not just on

360-506: Is open to anyone age 14 or older. The Grange Youth, a group within the Grange, consists of members 13 1/2 to 30. In 2013, the Grange signed on to a letter to Congress calling for the doubling of legal immigration and legalization for undocumented immigrants currently in the United States. However, this position has been somewhat revised, and the Grange now emphasizes an expansion in the H-2A visa program to increase legal immigration and address

400-477: The Flood Control Act of 1944 . President Roosevelt authorized $ 200 million for the program. In its entirety, the Pick-Sloan plan arranged for 107 dams, 1,500 miles of protective levees, 4.7 million acres of irrigation systems, and 1.6 million kilowatts of electric power. Many early critics of the Pick-Sloan plan were in favor of creating a Missouri Valley Authority (MVA). They claimed that the MVA would provide

440-582: The Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office . In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 160,000, with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as

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480-693: The North Loup River and Middle Loup River in Nebraska : Six dams were constructed between 1976 and 1994: Other dams along the Missouri River that were not part of the Sloan–Pick program are Toston Dam (1940), Hauser Dam (1907), Holter Dam (1908), Black Eagle Dam (1927), Rainbow Dam (1912), Cochrane Dam (1958), Ryan Dam (1915), Morony Dam (1930) and Fort Peck Dam (1940), all located in Montana. Over 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) on

520-463: The Oahe , Garrison , and Fort Randall flooded out significant parts of many Native American reservations, including those at Standing Rock , Cheyenne River , Fort Berthold , Crow Creek , and Lower Brule . One source called the program the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States. It derives its name from the authors of the program– Lewis A. Pick , director of

560-738: The Republican River in the lower basin. Of the remaining dams, the Pick plan recommended construction of one on the Bighorn River in Wyoming and another on Montana's Yellowstone River . The Pick plan's third project was the creation of five multi-purpose dams on the Missouri River. Initially, the plan's total cost was estimated to be $ 490 million. The original Pick plan was supported by the National Rivers and Harbors Congress,

600-986: The Standing Rock Indian Reservation and the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota were flooded by the Oahe Dam , forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas. The Fort Randall Dam flooded 221,497 acres (89,637 ha) of Indigenous land and 220,478 acres (89,224 ha) were inundated by the Big Bend Dam. In South Dakota, politicians and other proponents of the Pick-Sloan Program and dam construction had promised 1 million acres (4.0 × 10 ^  km) of irrigation as “appropriate compensation” for lost land. As of 2016, poverty remains

640-706: The 79th Congress, but they were later brought down. Several water-control measures were introduced through the Pick–Sloan legislation that variously affected the Missouri River Valley and its environs. The Pick–Sloan program dams built between 1946 and 1966 are: Based on Pick–Sloan legislation, the Reclamation Project Authorization Act of October 20, 1972 authorized the Bureau of Reclamation to build additional dams at

680-400: The Grange ritual. The Grange is a grassroots organization; virtually all policy originates at the subordinate level. The motto of the Grange is In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas ("In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity"). Indeed, the word "grange" comes from a Latin word for grain, and is related to a "granary" or, generically,

720-537: The Grange was not a political party , Grangers were involved in several political movements in the Midwestern United States in the late 19th century, such as the Reform Party of Wisconsin. Grange membership has declined considerably as the percentage of American farmers has fallen from a third of the population in the early 20th century to less than two percent today. Between 1992 and 2007,

760-609: The Mississippi River every year, which, deposited the silt into the gulf and formed a string of barrier islands. When the silt was eliminated, the island-building stopped. Biologists sounded the alarm in the 1970s. By the 1990s, the barrier islands were almost gone, and Louisiana was left unprotected from storm surges and oil spills. National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry The National Grange , a.k.a. The Grange , officially named The National Grange of

800-826: The Mississippi Valley Association, the Propeller Club of the United States, the American Merchant Marine Conference, the Mississippi Valley Flood Control Association, and other lower-basin residents. Senators Joseph O'Mahoney (D-WY) and Eugene Millikin (R-CO) offered amendments to the plan that would also provide for the interests of people in the upper basin. The amendments created an emphasis on irrigation over river navigation and gave precedence to arid states for

840-761: The Missouri River office of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , and William Glenn Sloan , director of the Billings, Montana office of the United States Bureau of Reclamation . In May 1943, the House Flood Control Committee chose the United States Army Corps of Engineers to create a solution for extreme flooding in the Missouri Basin. Lewis A. Pick developed a proposal for the corps called

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880-724: The National Reclamation Association and the National Grange . On October 17, 1944, the Omaha Conference was scheduled for the consolidation of the Pick and Sloan plans. In total, the plans had proposed 113 different projects. Once the plans were merged, 107 of those projects remained. The combined Pick-Sloan plan allowed the Corps of Engineers jurisdiction over flood control, navigation projects and five main-stem dams. The Bureau of Reclamation

920-482: The Order of Patrons of Husbandry , is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture . The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as

960-708: The Pick Plan, Sloan's strategy was more intricate. His 211-page program involved plans for ninety irrigation and power development projects. It was proposed with a budget of $ 1.26 billion. The Sloan plan pushed for reservoir storage in upper tributaries of the Missouri River located in smaller dams, which would provide irrigation for 4.8 million acres in areas where the land suffered from drought. The Sloan plan allotted 1.3 million acres of irrigated land in North Dakota. South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska were allotted about 1 million acres each. The plan picked up support from

1000-717: The Pick plan, which was finished in August of the same year. The Pick plan introduced three different projects to be carried out by the Army Corps of Engineers. The first undertaking involved the construction of 1,500 miles of levees from Sioux City to the Mississippi River to protect from Missouri River flooding. The second proposal called for the construction of eighteen dams on Missouri's tributaries . Eleven of those dams had been previously approved by Congress. Five dams were planned to be located on tributaries of

1040-580: The Supreme Court decision in Munn v. Illinois (1877), which held that grain warehouses were a "private utility in the public interest ," and so could be regulated by public law. However this achievement was overturned later by the Supreme Court in Wabash v. Illinois (1886). The Grange also endorsed the temperance cause to avoid alcohol , the direct election of Senators and women's suffrage . While

1080-545: The building of the Garrison Dam . The project caused more than 1,500 Native Americans to relocate from the river bottoms of the Missouri river due to the flooding. The project has successfully controlled flooding throughout the Missouri River basin, provided water for irrigation and municipalities, generated baseload power throughout the central US. However, the Missouri River dumped millions of cubic feet of soil into

1120-493: The ceremony of each degree relates to the seasons and various symbols and principles. During the last few decades, the Grange has moved toward public meetings and no longer meets in secret. Though the secret meetings do not occur, the Grange still acknowledges its rich history and practices some traditions. The Grange is a hierarchical organization ranging from local communities to the National Grange organization. At

1160-628: The crisis-level labor shortage in agriculture. They support the enforcement of immigration law but urge discretion with regard to the impact on labor availability. When the Grange first began in 1867, it borrowed some of its rituals and symbols from Freemasonry, including oaths, secret meetings , and special passwords necessary to keep railroad spies out of their meetings. It also copied ideas from Greek, Roman and Biblical mythology. Small, ceremonial farm tools are often displayed at Grange meetings. Elected officers are in charge of opening and closing each meeting. There are seven degrees of Grange membership;

1200-804: The interests and rights of the States in determining the development of the watersheds within their borders and likewise their interests and rights in water utilization and control. The Act was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on December 22, 1944. It was named for General Lewis A. Pick , head of the Army Corps of Engineers , and W. Glenn Sloan of the Interior Department's Bureau of Reclamation . The Lakota , Dakota and Nakota tribes lost 202,000 acres (820 km ). The Three Affiliated Tribes , specifically, lost 155,000 acres (630 km ) in their Fort Berthold Reservation due to

1240-406: The local level are community Granges, otherwise known as subordinate Granges . All members are affiliated with at least one subordinate. In most states, multiple subordinate Granges are grouped together to form Pomona Granges . Typically, Pomona Granges are made up of all the subordinates in a county. Next in the order come State Granges, which is where the Grange begins to be especially active in

Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-522: The mainly affected river but also on tributaries and other connected rivers. Nebraska , as an example, has seen more than eight new lakes created due to the damming of the Missouri and tributaries. The Act also recognized the legitimate rights of states, through the Governor, to impact flood control projects. See 33 US section 701-1 which declared it to be the policy of the Congress to recognize

1320-639: The need for an organization that would bring people together from across the country in a spirit of mutual cooperation. After many letters and consultations with the other founders, the Grange was born. The first Grange, Grange #1, was founded in 1868 in Fredonia , New York . Seven men and one woman co-founded the Grange: Oliver Hudson Kelley , William Saunders , Francis M. McDowell , John Trimble , Aaron B. Grosh , John R. Thompson , William M. Ireland , and Caroline Hall . In 1873

1360-472: The number of Grange members fell by 40%, largely due to the National Grange no longer offering insurance for its members. Washington has the largest membership of any state, at approximately 13,000. In 2022, the National Grange reported a net gain in membership for the first time in almost seven decades. As of 2024 , the Grange continues to press for the causes of farmers, including issues of free trade and farm policy. In its 2006 Journal of Proceedings ,

1400-441: The organization was united under a National Grange in Washington, D.C. Paid agents organized local Granges and membership in the Grange increased dramatically from 1873 (200,000) to 1875 (858,050). Many of the state and local granges adopted non-partisan political resolutions, especially regarding the regulation of railroad transportation costs. The organization was unusual at this time, because women and any teen old enough to draw

1440-577: The organization's report on its annual convention, the organization lays out its mission and how it works towards achieving it through fellowship, service, and legislation: The Grange provides opportunities for individuals and families to develop to their highest potential in order to build stronger communities and states, as well as a stronger nation. In February 2024, the National Grange revised their Mission Statement: Strengthening individuals, families, and communities through service, education, nonpartisan grassroots advocacy, and agricultural awareness. As

1480-425: The political process. State Masters (Presidents) are responsible for supervising the administration of Subordinate and Pomona Granges. Together, thirty-five State Granges, as well as Potomac Grange #1 in Washington, D.C., form the National Grange. The National Grange represents the interests of most Grangers in lobbying activities similar to the state, but on a much larger scale. In addition, the National Grange oversees

1520-506: The use of basin water. O'Mahoney and Millikin's amendments also called for Congress to inform any states associated with proposed watershed development. The amendments were later added to the Pick plan. The Sloan plan was developed by William G. Sloan , the assistant director at the Bureau of Reclamation's regional office who had previously worked for the Corps of Engineers. The plan was submitted on May 4, 1944, to Congress. In contrast to

1560-416: Was able to overcome these sectional differences as a Mason . With Southern Masons as guides, he toured the war-torn countryside in the South and was appalled by the outdated farming practices. In the western states, Kelley deplored the lack of "progressive agriculture", with illiterate "ignorant" farmers who were "using a system of farming [that] was the same as that handed down by generations gone by". He saw

1600-651: Was granted permission to build 27 dams in the Yellowstone Basin. In addition, the Corps of Engineers and the Reclamation Bureau were both given authority to develop hydroelectric power on the Missouri River. The newly merged Pick Sloan plan was accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It was officially titled as the Missouri River Basin Development Program and was presented in conjunction with

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