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19-691: The Pillersee Valley is characterised, like its neighbouring valleys, by a concise valley-floor watershed near St. Jakob in Haus , where the two river valleys of the Pillerseetal meet: The northern valley branch drains through the Grieselbach , Pillersee and Loferbach (Haselbach) streams into the Saalach / Salzach , and is bounded by the Öfenschlucht gorge (the Teufelsklamm ), part of

38-934: A key problem in such canals is ensuring a sufficient water supply. Important examples are the Chicago Portage , connecting the Great Lakes and Mississippi by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , and the Canal des Deux Mers in France, connecting the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The name is enshrined at the Height of Land Portage on the route from the Great Lakes in the Atlantic drainage basin to

57-488: A landscape border, usually motivated by demarcating treaty -designated political boundaries, goes against nature by modifying the borderland's natural geography. For one, China's Song Dynasty built an extensive defensive forest in its northern border to thwart the nomadic Khitan people . In Chapter IV of his 1916 book The New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction , British historian Arnold J. Toynbee criticized

76-610: A low point on a divide where it is possible to portage a canoe from one river system to another. Drainage divides can be divided into three types: A valley-floor divide occurs on the bottom of a valley and arises as a result of subsequent depositions, such as scree , in a valley through which a river originally flowed continuously. Examples include the Kartitsch Saddle in the Gail valley in East Tyrol , which forms

95-986: A major policy goal for a number of states. For example, the Roman Republic , and later, the Roman Empire expanded continuously until it reached certain natural borders: first the Alps , later the Rhine river, the Danube river and the Sahara desert. From the Middle Ages onwards until the 19th century, France sought to expand its borders towards the Alps, the Pyrenees , and the Rhine River. Natural borders can be

114-624: A source of territorial disputes when they shift. One such example is the Rio Grande , which defines part of the border between the United States and Mexico , whose movement has led to multiple conflicts . Natural borders are not to be confused with landscape borders, which are also geographical features that demarcate political boundaries. Although landscape borders, like natural borders, also take forms of forests, water bodies, and mountains, they are manmade instead of natural. Installing

133-576: Is a low drainage divide that runs across a valley , sometimes created by deposition or stream capture . Major divides separating rivers that drain to different seas or oceans are continental divides . The term height of land is used in Canada and the United States to refer to a drainage divide. It is frequently used in border descriptions, which are set according to the "doctrine of natural boundaries ". In glaciated areas it often refers to

152-784: Is difficult to find a meaningful definition of a watershed. A bifurcation is where the watershed is effectively in a river bed, in a wetland, or underground. The largest watershed of this type is the bifurcation of the Orinoco in the north of South America , whose main stream empties into the Caribbean , but which also drains into the South Atlantic via the Casiquiare canal and Amazon River . Since ridgelines are sometimes easy to see and agree about, drainage divides may form natural borders defining political boundaries, as with

171-431: Is elevated terrain that separates neighboring drainage basins . On rugged land, the divide lies along topographical ridges , and may be in the form of a single range of hills or mountains , known as a dividing range . On flat terrain, especially where the ground is marshy , the divide may be difficult to discern. A triple divide is a point, often a summit , where three drainage basins meet. A valley floor divide

190-824: The Strubtal valley of the Loferbach stream near Waidring . In the south, the entire east–west running valley of the Rothache and Fieberbrunner Ache (Pillersee Ache) rivers, from the Grießen Pass in the east to the parish boundary between Fieberbrunn and St. Johann in Tirol in the west, also counts as part of the Pillersee Valley. St. Johann, where the Fieberbrunner Ache empties into

209-901: The Großache (Kitzbühler-/Kössenerache, eventually becoming the Tiroler Ache tributary of the Inn ), is the junction with the Leukental valley of the River Großache. The Grießen Pass is the transition to the east into the Salzburg Leogang . The Pillersee Valley is bordered by the Loferer Steinberge mountains and the eastern foothills of the Leoganger Steinberge ( Kirchel, Buchensteinwand ) in

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228-1008: The Hudson Bay drainage basin . Natural boundaries A natural border is a border between states or their subdivisions which is concomitant with natural formations such as rivers or mountain ranges . The "doctrine of natural boundaries" developed in Western culture in the 18th century being based upon the "natural" ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and developing concepts of nationalism . The similar concept in China developed earlier from natural zones of control. Natural borders have historically been strategically useful because they are easily defended . Natural borders remain meaningful in modern warfare even though military technology and engineering have somewhat reduced their strategic value. Expanding until natural borders are reached, and maintaining those borders once conquered, have been

247-882: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 in British North America which coincided with the ridgeline of the Appalachian Mountains forming the Eastern Continental Divide that separated settled colonial lands in the east from Indian Territory to the west. Another instance of a border matching a watershed in modern times involves the western border between Labrador and Quebec , as arbitrated by the privy council in 1927. Drainage divides hinder waterway navigation . In pre-industrial times, water divides were crossed at portages . Later, canals connected adjoining drainage basins;

266-734: The Salzburg-Tyrolean Railway (both from Saalfelden run through the southern part of the valley; the former to St. Johann, the latter to Kitzbühel – Wörgl ). To the north the Pillerseestraße is the link to the Loferer Straße (B 178, Little German Corner –Wörgl). 47°29′11″N 12°31′51″E  /  47.48639°N 12.53083°E  / 47.48639; 12.53083 Valley-floor watershed A drainage divide , water divide , ridgeline , watershed , water parting or height of land

285-867: The Vosges Mountains in 1871 but during World War I , some Germans began to advocate for even more western natural borders—specifically ones that extend all of the way up to Calais and the English Channel —conveniently justifying the permanent German retention of those Belgian and French territories that Germany had just conquered during World War I. As an alternative to the idea of natural borders, Toynbee proposes making free trade, partnership, and cooperation between various countries with interconnected economies considerably easier so that there would be less need for countries to expand even further—whether to their natural borders or otherwise. In addition, Toynbee advocated making national borders based more on

304-478: The concept of natural borders. Specifically, Toynbee criticized this concept as providing a justification for launching additional wars so that countries can attain their natural borders. Toynbee also pointed out how once a country attained one set of natural borders, it could subsequently aim to attain another, further set of natural borders; for instance, the German Empire set its western natural border at

323-781: The east and by the Kirchbergstock (also part of the Leoganger und Loferer Steinberge mountains) in the west. In the south the edge of valley is delineated by the Kitzbühel Alps . As a result, the Pillersee Valley lies on the geological boundary between the Northern Limestone Alps and the Slate Alps (Tyrolean " grass mountains "), made of grauwacke , in the south. The municipalities in the Pillersee Valley are: The Hochkönigstraße (B 164) and

342-783: The watershed between the Drau and the Gail, and the divides in the Toblacher Feld between Innichen and Toblach in Italy , where the Drau empties into the Black Sea and the Rienz into the Adriatic . Settlements are often built on valley-floor divides in the Alps. Examples are Eben im Pongau , Kirchberg in Tirol and Waidring (In all of these, the village name indicates the pass and

361-719: The watershed is even explicitly displayed in the coat of arms). Extremely low divides with heights of less than two metres are found on the North German Plain within the Urstromtäler , for example, between Havel and Finow in the Eberswalde Urstromtal . In marsh deltas such as the Okavango , the largest drainage area on earth, or in large lakes areas, such as the Finnish Lakeland , it

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