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84-463: Azouzetta Lake is a scheduled stop for BC Bus North. Informed by First Nations guides, a deserter from the Simon Fraser party crossed the pass in 1806. In attempts from the east in 1873 and west in 1875, surveyors Charles Horetzky and Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn , respectively, failed to rediscover the pass. Joseph Hunter was successful from the west in 1877, and George Dawson crossed with

168-419: A 33.2-mile (53.4 km) contract was awarded for the pass and its southern approach, and 1964 for the adjoining 9.2-mile (14.8 km) northern approach. By 1977, the 14-mile (23 km) section comprising the pass summit and southern approaches, previously paved in 1964, was beyond repair. The work to replace the base and repave was completed in 1978. The adjoining 13.3-kilometre (8.3 mi) section north to

252-558: A café and garage. In the 1950s, the next gas station on the way to Prince George was 137 kilometres (85 mi) away at McLeod Lake . Slightly nearer at Mile 93 (a western extremity), Windy Point Lodge opened in 1965, at Mile 97 (Mackenzie turnoff), with a café and Esso pumps. Also opened later, the Silver Sands Motel at Mile 147 received a liquor licence in 1975. For sale in 1986, the Silver Sands Lodge comprised

336-625: A change of 22.2% from its 2016 population of 19,497. With a land area of 104.71 km (40.43 sq mi), it had a population density of 227.5/km (589.2/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Squamish included: Squamish has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) with warm summers and moderately cold winters. Squamish is one of the wettest inhabited locations in Canada, with over 2,200 millimetres (87 in) of rainfall per year, often falling in long stretches through

420-417: A coffee shop, store, gas pumps, tire shop, cabins and rooms. A fire destroyed the main lodge in 2014, but spared the cabins. The Pine Valley Park Lodge was described as 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Honeymoon Creek, namely at the north end of Azouzetta Lake. Under a loan default sale in 1977, it comprised lodge accommodation, restaurant and service station. Newspaper articles sometimes appear to misname it as

504-598: A collection of books, CDs, DVDs, and magazines. It has an art for loan collection and an online historical archive of various photographs, periodicals, and other items. Nearby museums include the Britannia Mine Museum and the West Coast Railway Association . In 1998, Squamish was briefly the home of the world's first unionized McDonald's franchise, although the union was decertified by the summer of 1999. From 2010 until 2016,

588-594: A ditch, closing the highway for much of the day. Simon Fraser (explorer) Simon Fraser (20 May 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a Canadian explorer and fur trader who charted much of what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia . He also built the first European settlement in British Columbia. Employed by the Montreal -based North West Company , he had been by 1805 put in charge of all of

672-595: A mining road, but the public support was behind another option, the Monkman Pass . The positions of local members of parliament were ambiguous. In 1943, the Peace, Pine, and Monkman passes were surveyed. The following year, Premier John Hart announced the decision to reconstruct 117 miles of old road and to construct 157 miles of new road over the Pine Pass. Access to agricultural land and mineral deposits determined

756-697: A pack train of over 90 horses and mules in 1879. The Canadian Pacific Survey during 1879 favoured the Peace Pass or Pine Pass owing to the traffic readily generated by the fertile country, but being too far north, the Canadian Pacific Railway ultimately chose the Kicking Horse Pass . By the 1910s, the CPR was back surveying in the Peace and Pine passes, leaning toward the latter. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway charter specified

840-429: A property in 1952 at Mile 124 (4.8 km [3 mi] southwest of Azouzetta Lake), Katherine Winnifred Begallie and Michael Leo Begallie opened Halfway Lodge in 1955. The following year, a forest fire almost destroyed the building. In the early 1960s, a gas pump was installed, and Leo married Nora Cunningham. At the time, Halfway Lodge and Azu Village were the only accommodation in the immediate area. The pair managed

924-627: A record for the highest load in relation to its width transported on the line. The clearance in the Azouzetta Tunnel was 5 inches (130 mm). To minimize snow from clogging the track and stalling locomotives, the 1971 dynamiting at Atunatchi Creek widened the right-of-way. The impact on the Azouzetta Lake environment attracted possibly unfair criticism. When a seven-week strike ended in January, 1975, it took several days to remove

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1008-573: A report by the Northern Development Initiative Trust pressed for a further $ 135 million worth of improvements. During 2010–2011, Cariboo Construction undertook an $ 18.5 million reconstruction of the remaining 11.2-kilometre (7.0 mi) section north of Bennett Creek to Link Creek, the only portion untouched over the previous 25 years. Replacing two major bridges over the Pine River and two minor ones over creeks,

1092-469: A wagon trail through the pass. In 1930, the district provincial engineer intimated the cheaper Pine Pass route, with an estimated $ 800,000 cost, would be chosen for a highway. An alternate Peace Pass/Finlay Forks route proposed a connection through Manson Creek to the highway under construction from Fort St. James . The latter, known as the Turgeon Highway continued to receive federal funding as

1176-491: A weapon for a dangerous purpose. Prior to his dangerous-offender assessment, he dismissed his lawyer. The hearings during 2001–02, included the victim impact statement , and noted an unsuccessful appeal, his attitude of denial, an unrelated assault on a police officer, and threatening to kill his former mother-in-law. He served a nine-year sentence. After he failed to return to his halfway house in Vancouver, as required under

1260-453: A week later. During the 1965/66 winter, a snowdrift derailed the three lead locomotives of a train near the pass. A crane came up from Squamish to lift the front diesel, and it took two days to reopen the line. Two months later, an ice buildup on the track derailed two locomotives and a freight car. In 1967, the PGE carried the 77-ton turbines for the W. A. C. Bennett Dam , which at the time set

1344-454: Is Canada's first private, non-profit, secular university, though only has an enrolment of less than 5000 students. Squamish is home to a variety of faiths. There are eleven churches and religious organizations, including several Christian denominations, as well as the Baháʼí Faith , and a Sikh temple. The Squamish Public Library is located in the downtown area, on Second Avenue. It houses

1428-582: Is a community and a district municipality in the Canadian province of British Columbia , located at the north end of Howe Sound on the Sea to Sky Highway . The population of the Squamish census agglomeration , which includes First Nation reserves of the Squamish Nation although they are not governed by the municipality, is 24,232. Indigenous Squamish people have lived in the area for thousands of years. The town of Squamish had its beginning during

1512-621: Is also a popular destination among Greater Vancouver hikers, mountaineers and backcountry skiers , who visit the large provincial parks in the surrounding Coast Mountains . The current mayor of Squamish is Armand Hurford, who won the 2022 election, after having served as a council member. Previous mayors have included Karen Elliot (2018-2022) Patricia Heintzman (2014-2018); Rob Kirkham (2011-2014); Greg Gardner (2008-2011); Ian Sutherland (2002–2008) among others. Current council members are Lauren Greenlaw, Eric Andersen, John French, Andrew Hamilton, Chris Pettingill, and Jenna Stoner. The municipality

1596-709: Is part of the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District . On the provincial level, Squamish is in the West Vancouver-Sea to Sky electoral district. The current MLA is Jeremy Valeriote (BC Green Party). He was elected in the 2024 provincial election after running and loosing to Jordan Sturdy ( BC Liberal Party ) in the 2020 provincial election by 41 votes. Federally, Squamish is a part of the West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country electoral district. It

1680-721: Is represented by Patrick Weiler of the Liberal Party of Canada , who took office after the 2019 Canadian federal election . Squamish has five English language public elementary schools: Brackendale Elementary, Garibaldi Highlands Elementary, Mamquam Elementary, Squamish Elementary, and Valleycliffe Elementary. Under the Sea to Sky Learning Connections, the public schools district also manages Sea to Sky Online, Sea to Sky Alternative, Cultural Journeys, and Learning Expeditions. The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Francophone primary school in that city:

1764-661: Is the name of an old village that was located on the Cheakamus River . St’á7mes is a community located near the south entrance to the town of Squamish, which lies below the Stawamus Chief , which gets its name from that village. Mámx̱wem is where the Mamquam River name comes from as well. Squamish territory comprises 6,732 km², though lands controlled by the Squamish Nation band government are relatively scarce, and on Indian reserves only, though

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1848-529: The Battle of Bennington (1777). After the war ended, Simon's mother was assisted by her brother-in-law, Captain John Fraser, who had been appointed Chief Justice of the Montreal district. In 1789 at the age of 14, Fraser moved to Montreal for additional schooling, where two of his uncles were active in the fur trade, in which his kinsman, Simon McTavish , was the undisputed leading figure. In 1790, he

1932-709: The Canadian Northern Railway , whose intention to follow this route was publicly known. Railway companies that aborted proposals to build through the Pine Pass included: the Naas & Peace River Railway, the Pine Pass Railway, the Pacific & Hudson's Bay Railway, the Edmonton, Dunvegan & Bella Coola Railway, and the B.C. & Dawson Railway. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE)

2016-581: The Nechako River to its confluence with the Fraser. It had been Fraser's plan to navigate the length of the river which now bears his name. Fraser and others believed that this was, in fact, the Columbia River , the mouth of which had been explored in 1792 by Robert Gray . Unfortunately, Fraser's plan to begin the journey in 1806 had to be abandoned due to a lack of men and supplies as well as

2100-475: The W. A. C. Bennett Dam , the 500,000-volt transmission lines through the pass were in place by 1967. During the 1980s, replacement natural gas pipes were railed to Azu. To facilitate the transmission of higher volumes of gas, the single pipeline was upgraded to narrower pipes laid in dual formation. With new construction at the ski resort close to the 200-metre-wide transmission corridor, the safety code specified thicker pipes be installed. Westcoast Energy and

2184-739: The école Les Aiglons . There are two public secondary schools – Howe Sound Secondary School and Don Ross Middle School – as well as the board office for School District 48 Howe Sound . Squamish hosts three private schools: Squamish Montessori Elementary School , Cedar Valley Waldorf School , and Coast Mountain Academy for grades seven through 12. Coast Mountain Academy is located in the campus of Quest University. Capilano University offers post-secondary education through its Squamish campus, including diploma programs and university transfer courses. Quest University , which opened in September 2007,

2268-497: The 14th they reached a large village, possibly near Lillooet where they were able to trade for two canoes. On the 19th they reached a village at the mouth of the Thompson River , where they obtained canoes for the rest of the party. After more rapids and portages, and losing one canoe but no men, they reached North Bend where they again had to abandon their canoes. In places, they used an aboriginal path made by poles set on

2352-557: The Columbia. Fraser proved adept at establishing friendly relations with the tribes he met, being careful to have them send word to tribes downstream of his impending arrival and good intentions. For the most part, this tactic was effective, but Fraser encountered a hostile reception by the Musqueam people as he approached the lower reaches of the river at present-day Vancouver . Their hostile pursuit of Fraser and his men meant that he

2436-560: The Indigenous peoples to help with the portages, but the carrying-places were scarcely safer than the rapids. They passed the mouth of the Chilcotin River on the 5th and entered a rapid couvert where the river was completely enclosed by cliffs. The next day the river was found to be completely impassable. The canoes and superfluous goods were cached and on the 11th the party set out on foot, each man carrying about 80 pounds. On

2520-647: The PGE right-of-way. A Beech 35 made an emergency landing at Azouzetta Lake in 1967. A car crash in 1988 killed the basketball coach and five senior team members from the Bethel Christian School . In 1994, the pilot and the four-firefighter passengers, escaped unhurt from a helicopter crash north of Azu village. On a curve days later, 24 kilometres (15 mi) north of the village, a truck hauling two tanker trailers overturned, and 31,000 litres (8,200 US gal) of gasoline and more than 14,000 litres (3,700 US gal) of diesel spilled into

2604-561: The Peace Pass supporters, who at least sought a Finlay Forks spur. On December 13, 1957, the PGE track-laying machine crossed the Pine Pass summit at Mile 126, then waited at Mile 132 for blasting to finish on the approach to an unplanned one-quarter-mile (400 m) tunnel. Although the completed sections were already in commercial use (see #Pipelines_&_High_Voltage_Lines ) , the rails did not reach Dawson Creek until September 1958. An inaugural run and golden spike ceremony followed

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2688-580: The Peace Pass, Pine Pass or such other Rocky Mountains pass which was most convenient and practicable. After surveying the first two options during 1906–07, which encompassed 560,000 acres (2,300 km) of arable land east of the Rockies, the company opted for the "bleak sterile" country east of the Yellowhead Pass . No doubt motivated by the possibility of securing a "branch" line to Vancouver later (which proved unsuccessful), this decision hindered

2772-769: The Peace Pass/Finlay Forks route in 1923. Rumours of a possible CPR takeover of the PGE prompted speculation regarding this route being built to handle ore from the Ferguson group of mines, coal from the Peace River canyon, and Peace Country wheat. During 1930, when the Northern Alberta Railways extended westward toward Dawson Creek , the CPR was again surveying routes across the Canadian Rockies . Although Monkman Pass

2856-703: The Peace River Canyon of the Rocky Mountains. That winter Fraser and his crew pushed through the mountains and ascended the Parsnip and Pack Rivers, establishing Trout Lake Fort (later renamed Fort McLeod) at present-day McLeod Lake . This was the first permanent European settlement west of the Rockies in present-day Canada. The name given by Fraser to this territory was New Caledonia , in honor of his ancestral homeland of Scotland. Further explorations by Fraser's assistant James McDougall resulted in

2940-549: The Pine Valley Lodge. In the same vein, the Pine Valley Lodge was equally placed at Mile 144. It was renamed Azouzetta Lake Lodge, listed for sale in 2002, mothballed in 2012, and purchased by the Powder King Mountain Resort in 2016. The Pine Le Moray Provincial Park , on the northern approach, was established in 2000. During 1952, Westcoast Transmission survey crews marked a route through

3024-604: The Squamish Nation must be, like other native governments, consulted on developments within their people's territory. Residents of Indian Reserves are not governed by the District of Squamish but by the Squamish Nation. The Squamish Nation's population and Indian Reserves also include villages in North Vancouver and a number of other reserves at Gibsons and elsewhere in the general region. The name Keh Kait

3108-605: The area. According to the historian Alexander Begg , Fraser "was offered a knighthood but declined the title due to his limited wealth." Fraser was born on 20 May 1776 in the village of Mapletown, Hoosick, New York . He was the eighth and youngest child of Captain Simon Fraser (d.1779), of the 84th Highland Regiment , and Isabella Grant, daughter of the Laird of Daldregan . Captain Simon Fraser grew up at his family's seat , Guisachan ( Scottish Gaelic : 'Giùthsachan'), as

3192-493: The areas surrounding the tributaries entering Howe Sound, Burrard Inlet, and English Bay. The word Squamish derives from the name of the people which in their language is Sḵwx̱wú7mesh . The people reside primarily on a number of Indian Reserves owned and managed by the Squamish Nation in the Squamish Valley area. A few places and names in the Squamish area derive from Squamish language words and names. Ch’iyáḵmesh

3276-577: The back to access the three peaks that make up the massif, all giving views of Howe Sound and the surrounding Coast Mountains. In all, between Shannon Falls , Murrin Park , The Malamute, and the Smoke Bluffs, there are over 1500 rock-climbing routes in the Squamish area (and another 300 or so climbs north of Squamish on the road to Whistler). In recent years, Squamish has also become a major destination for bouldering , with over 2500 problems described in

3360-589: The campus of Quest University . "The Double" is an award offered annually to the participant with the fastest combined time for both the Test of Metal and Arc'teryx Squamish 50. Other tourist attractions in Squamish include Shannon Falls waterfall; river-rafting on the Elaho and Squamish rivers; snowmobiling on nearby Brohm Ridge; and bald eagle viewing in the community of Brackendale , which has one of North America's largest populations of bald eagles. Squamish

3444-575: The colony's governor, Robert Semple , and nineteen others. Though not involved in the attack, Fraser was one of the partners arrested by Lord Selkirk at Fort William . He was taken in September to Montreal where he was promptly released on bail . Fraser was back at Fort William in 1817 when the North West Company regained possession of the post, but this was evidently his last appearance in the fur trade. The following year, Fraser and five other partners were acquitted of all charges related to

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3528-623: The company's operations west of the Rocky Mountains . He was responsible for building that area's first trading posts, and in 1808, he explored what is now known as the Fraser River , which bears his name. Fraser's exploratory efforts were partly responsible for Canada's boundary later being established at the 49th parallel (after the War of 1812 ) since he, as a British subject , was the first European to establish permanent settlements in

3612-429: The conditions of his long-term supervision order, a Canada-wide arrest warrant was issued in 2013 for the high-risk sex offender. During the 2000/01 winter, two snowmobilers died in an avalanche. In 2014, 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of the village at Stack Creek, 58 firefighters and two helicopters contained a 1,625 hectares (16.25 km) wildfire. Two years later, a semi hauling an explosive substance rolled into

3696-545: The construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway in the 1910s. It was the first southern terminus of that railway (now a part of CN ). The town remains important in the operations of the line and also the port. Forestry has traditionally been the main industry in the area, and the town's largest employer was the pulp mill operated by Western Forest Products . However, Western's operations in Squamish permanently ceased on January 26, 2006. Before

3780-565: The country west of the Rockies in 1805. Mackenzie’s expeditions had been primarily reconnaissance trips, while Fraser’s assignment, by contrast, reflected a definite decision to build trading posts and take possession of the country, as well as to explore travel routes. In the autumn of 1805, Fraser began ascending the Peace River , establishing the trading post of Rocky Mountain Portage House (present-day Hudson's Hope ) just east of

3864-444: The discovery of Carrier Lake, now known as Stuart Lake . In the heart of territory inhabited by the aboriginal Carrier or Dakelh nation, this area proved to be a lucrative locale for fur trading, so a post — Fort St. James — was built on its shore in 1806. From here, Fraser sent another assistant John Stuart west to Fraser Lake . Later the two men would build another post there which is now known as Fort Fraser . Fraser later sent

3948-661: The expedition's logbook keeper, Jules-Maurice Quesnel , up the river at the forks to see what was there and ended up naming the river after him aka the Quesnel River and lake. Fraser had found out from the Indigenous people that the Fraser River, the route by which Mackenzie had ascended the West Road River, could be reached by descending the Stuart River , which drained Stuart Lake, and then descending

4032-412: The final choice. In 1945, the project was awarded in two sections: Mile 0 ( Summit Lake ) to Mile 94 (Azouzetta Lake) for $ 1,823,555 and Mile 94 to Mile 151 for $ 1,308,940. The prime contractor for the southwest section, Campbell Construction, experienced extreme unforeseen difficulties, and abandoned the uncompleted project. After calling new tenders, the lowest bid of $ 1,446,831 from W. C. Arnett & Co.

4116-421: The gravel and cement base mixture hindered drainage, which soon caused frost heaves. During 1997–98, a 4.2-kilometre (2.6 mi) section, which adjoined to the southwest, was rebuilt. In 1998, single pass paving was laid north from Azouzetta Lake to Bennett Creek. The following year, Peters Bros. Construction repaved a crumbling 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) section to the south of the pass. Despite this investment,

4200-545: The incident in the dead colony. Fraser settled on land near present-day Cornwall, Ontario , and married Catherine McDonnell on June 2, 1820. He spent the remainder of his life pursuing various enterprises, none with much success. He served as captain of the 1st Regiment of the Stormont Militia during the Rebellions of 1837 . According to historian Alexander Begg , Fraser "was offered a knighthood but declined

4284-583: The installation of a water and sewer system at an amortized cost of $ 351,440 that was recovered from users over subsequent years. The school bus terminated at Honeymoon Creek, but Pine Pass parents were able to extend the route a further 14 miles (23 km) to the Azu community from the 1970/71 school year. When the school board withdrew the service for the 1972/73 year, because of cost, it affected less than 10 students. Withholding their children from school, an unwillingness to compromise, and lobbying, parents pressured

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4368-521: The lives of the Europeans resulted in a near mutiny by Fraser's crew, who wanted to escape overland. Quelling the revolt, Fraser and his men continued north upstream from present-day Yale , arriving in Fort George on August 6, 1808. The journey upstream took thirty-seven days. In total it took Fraser and his crew 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 months to travel from Fort George to Musqueam and back. Fraser

4452-528: The local guidebook. Kiteboarding and windsurfing are popular water sports in Squamish during the summer. Predictable wind on warm sunny days makes the Squamish Spit a top kiteboarding location in western Canada. Squamish's extensive quality trail system is a key feature of an annual 50-mile ultra trail run, the Squamish 50. Solo runners and relay teams run on many of the same trails as the Test of Metal, and pass through Alice Lake Provincial Park and

4536-477: The lodge and café, with Norman and Linda Davis taking over the latter in 1968. Several investors owned the Azu Ski Village, which opened in 1965 and eventually grew into four runs with a T-bar and an 4.5-hectare (11-acre) weekend cottage subdivision. The earlier dormitory accommodation, dining facilities, and day lodge, were augmented in 1969 with motel units and a new day lodge. Ferdinand (Ferry) Stroble,

4620-764: The municipality hosted the Squamish Valley Music Festival . Usually taking place in August, the event has hosted artists such as Eminem , Bruno Mars , Macklemore , and Arcade Fire . Squamish has been a filming location for a number of media works and is a very popular place to film movies and TV shows. Examples include the films Free Willy 3: The Rescue (1997), Insomnia (2002), Before I Fall (2015), Walking Tall (2004), Chaos Theory (2008), The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 (2011), The 12 Disasters of Christmas (2012), Star Trek Beyond (2016), Woody Woodpecker (2018),

4704-476: The northern Peace protested. With the narrow, precipitous, and loose shale conditions ultimately ruling out the Peace Pass, the Pine Pass option became a certainty, but the selection was theoretically left open by tendering the construction only as far north as the Parsnip River . However, within months, the government let the grading contracts south and north of Azouzetta Lake. The Pine Pass decision angered

4788-481: The occurrence of local famine. Fraser would not be resupplied until the autumn of 1807, meaning that his journey could not be undertaken until the following spring. In the interval, Fraser contented himself with a journey to the confluence of the Nechako and Fraser Rivers. There he established a new post named Fort George (now known as Prince George ), which would become the starting point for his trip downstream. From

4872-475: The outset, the aboriginal inhabitants warned Fraser that the river below was nearly impassable. A party of twenty-four left Fort George in four canoes on May 28, 1808. They passed the West Road River where Mackenzie had turned west and on the first of June ran the rapids of the Cottonwood Canyon where a canoe became stranded and had to be pulled out of the canyon with a rope. They procured horses from

4956-519: The pass for a natural gas pipeline to the lower mainland. In 1955, the company was granted a two-year extension for completing the $ 162-million 650-mile (1,050 km) line, and permission to increase the 24-inch (61 cm) pipeline diameter to 80-inch (2.0 m). To construct an oil pipeline through the pass, pipes were railed there over the recently completed section of the PGE in early 1958. Western Pacific Products and Crude Oil Pipelines connected Taylor and Kamloops in late 1961. Extending from

5040-424: The proprietor, requested his ashes be spread on the mountain when he died at 81. By 1974, the location possessed a liquor licence and gas pumps. Sold in 1979 to Kerry O’Connor, Powder King was launched on an adjacent site to the north. Opened in the early 1950s and for sale in 1963, the Pine Valley Lodge, operating at Mile 171 (an eastern extremity, 39 km [24 mi] west of Chetwynd ), comprised cabins,

5124-447: The province shared the cost of relocating a 25-kilometre (16 mi) section of gas pipelines in 1990. With the 2011 heavy rain and flooding, Pembina temporarily shut down its oil pipeline as a proactive measure before rectifying erosion and assessing the line for damage. In the late 1950s, the relay transmitter station for the PGE's new microwave radio system was located at Azouzetta Lake. Third parties leased channels not required by

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5208-412: The province to resume the service, which lapsed when no longer required. When a family of four moved to Azouzetta Lake in 1977, the school board agreed to increase the travel allowance to $ 7.60 per day to cover the parent's drive to connect with the bus, however, efforts continued to restore a 100 percent subsidy from the province for a bus service. For the 1989/90 year, despite nine or 10 children living in

5292-414: The pulp mill, the town's largest employer had been International Forest Products ( Interfor ) with its sawmill and logging operation, but it closed a few years prior to the pulp mill's closing. In recent years, Squamish has become popular with Vancouver and Whistler residents escaping the increased cost of living in those places, both less than one hour away by highway. Tourism is increasingly important in

5376-424: The rail tunnel was rebuilt and repaved in 1985 at a cost of $ 12 million. During 1990–91, three bridges were replaced as part of a widening and straightening project. Throughout 1994–96, TNL Paving undertook a $ 10 million reconstruction of the 11.4-kilometre (7.1 mi) Bijoux Falls to Azouzetta Lake section, applying a porous three-inch diameter gravel foundation. When the road was previously rebuilt during 1977–78,

5460-401: The railway. During the late 1980s, the Ministry of Health installed repeater stations in the pass to address reception problems experienced by first responders. BC Hydro extended the power lines from Honeymoon Creek to connect Azu to the electrical grid. Upfront customer contributions and amortization over a five-year period recovered the $ 272,000 project cost. The regional district approved

5544-409: The river. During the 1997–98 highway reconstruction project, Dale Rolland Alexander assaulted a flagperson on duty in the early hours of the morning, but was not located and remanded in custody until 15 months later. Bail denied, his trial commenced in due course, and he was found guilty of sexual assault causing bodily harm, sexual assault with a weapon, kidnapping, uttering threats and possession of

5628-410: The second son of William Fraser (d.1755), 8th Laird of Guisachan and 3rd Laird of Culbokie , by his wife Catherine, daughter of John McDonell, 4th Laird of Ardnabie . The Frasers of Guisachan and Culbokie were descended from a younger brother of the 10th Chief of the Frasers of Lovat . Simon's father came with his regiment to North America in 1773 and died in prison after being captured during

5712-399: The side of the gorge (probably somewhere near Hells Gate ). On the 28th they left the Fraser Canyon near Yale where the river becomes navigable. Escorted by friendly Indigenous people and well-fed on salmon, they reached the sea on the second of July. Fraser took the latitude as 49°. Since he knew that the mouth of the Columbia was at 46° it was clear that the river he was following was not

5796-628: The snow and ice buildup in the pass before services resumed. In 1982, an avalanche risk delayed the removal of a derailed snow plow, which also left two trains stranded in the area. During the 1990s, 14 empty tank cars derailed 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of Azu village. A 23-car derailment spilled 2,100 tonnes of sulphur, which the railway sought to bury. Another 13-car derailment included six liquid natural gas tankers. A grain-hauling agreement between BC Rail and CNR established equal shipping rates for Peace area grain to Vancouver and Prince Rupert ports. A 1923 B.C. Department of Lands map showed

5880-408: The spring of 1955, the section south of the pass to the Parsnip River was approaching impassibility, with three stretches negotiated by Highway Department equipment towing all traffic. In 1962, work around Mount Le Moray at the northern end of the pass brought the road up to a standard for grading. Despite promises regarding the imminent paving of the complete Hart Highway, it was not until 1963 that

5964-424: The television series Men in Trees , The Guard , A&E's U.S. adaptation of The Returned , the Hallmark Channel 's Aurora Teagarden mysteries, and Netflix's Lost in Space reboot. Sneaky Sasquatch , an Apple Arcade game, is also based there. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Squamish had a population of 23,819 living in 9,191 of its 9,906 total private dwellings,

6048-948: The title due to his limited wealth." He had nine children altogether; one died in infancy. Fraser was one of the last surviving partners of the North West Company when he died on August 18, 1862. His wife died the next day, and they were buried in a single grave in the Roman Catholic cemetery at St. Andrew's West. Begg quotes Sandford Fleming in an address to the Royal Society of Canada in 1889 as saying that Fraser died poor. An account of Fraser's explorations can be found in his published journals: W. Kaye Lamb, The Letters and Journals of Simon Fraser, 1806-1808 . Toronto, The MacMillan Company of Canada Limited, 1960. Squamish, British Columbia Squamish ( IPA: [skwɔːmɪʃ] ; Squamish : Sḵwx̱wú7mesh , IPA: [ˈsqʷχʷuː.ʔməʃ] ; 2021 census population 23,819)

6132-501: The total cost was $ 40 million. In 2011, a two-day stretch of heavy rain caused washouts at 15 sites. More than 100 workers, and more than 60 pieces of equipment, took nearly two weeks to reopen the highway to single-lane traffic. Five years later, damage from torrential downpours closed the highway for almost a week. Established in 1956, the Bijoux Falls Provincial Park is on the southern approach. Purchasing

6216-408: The town's economy, with an emphasis on outdoor recreation. The Squamish people are an indigenous people whose homeland includes the present day area of Squamish, British Columbia. Oral stories and archaeological evidence show that they have lived there for thousands of years. They have inhabited an area of southwestern British Columbia that includes North and West Vancouver, Howe Sound, Whistler,

6300-522: The village, the school bus connection further withdrew to the Mackenzie turnoff, 25 miles (40 km) away. From the 1990/91 year, the bus terminus was restored once more to Azu village (Powder King), but was returned to the Mackenzie turnoff from the 1997/98 year, because of low ridership. The board rejected a parental plea in 2000 to restore the service. In 1959, a solo commercial pilot experiencing engine trouble, died on crashing near Mount Le Moray and

6384-715: The winter. Carbon Engineering , a company focusing on the commercialization of direct air capture technology, is headquartered in Squamish. A $ 5.1 billion electric liquefied natural gas export facility is being built in the area. Public transportation is provided by the Squamish Transit System ; this service is free over the summer to students at school age (elementary and secondary). Regional flights are operated from Squamish Airport (YSE) with daily bus service to Vancouver International Airport (YVR) provided by YVR Skylynx for international departures. Neighbourhoods of Squamish include: Squamish has

6468-434: Was accepted. Fred Mannix & Co. completed their northeast section in 1948. Owing to significant changes to the contract with respect to labour-related issues, both Campbell and Mannix sued the province and reached settlements. The modest gravel highway was usable by the fall of 1951, but was barely passable during that winter. The route officially opened the following summer, but could be challenging even in fine weather. In

6552-644: Was apprenticed to the North West Company. In 1789, the North West Company had commissioned Alexander Mackenzie to find a navigable river route to the Pacific Ocean . The route he discovered in 1793 — ascending the West Road River and descending the Bella Coola River — opened up new sources of fur but proved to be too difficult to be practicable as a trading route to the Pacific. Fraser was given responsibility for extending operations to

6636-415: Was expected to route through the Pine Pass, and the Pine Pass Railway might have been a section of this proposal, or a Canadian Northern Railway one. A movement lobbying for a Wapiti Pass route gained no traction. When the company surveyed the Peace and Pine passes during 1920, the former's circuitous route through Finlay Forks was a recognized deterrent. When the PGE advance stalled, CPR engineers surveyed

6720-719: Was in charge of the Mackenzie River District. After this, he was assigned to the Red River Valley area, where he was caught up in the conflict between the North West Company and Thomas Douglas , Lord Selkirk, a controlling shareholder of the Hudson's Bay Company who had established the Red River Colony . The conflict culminated in the Battle of Seven Oaks in June 1816, resulting in the death of

6804-543: Was just thirty-two years old when he completed the establishment of a permanent European settlement in New Caledonia through the epic journey to the mouth of the river that would one day bear his name. He would go on to spend another eleven years actively engaged in the North West Company's fur trade, and was reassigned to the Athabasca Department, where he remained until 1814. For much of this time, he

6888-470: Was the shortest distance, a more northerly route better served the agricultural lands and mining prospects of the Peace Country. The greater engineering difficulties of the Pine Pass made Finlay Forks preferable. In 1945, the PGE formally filed plans for the Pine Pass route, because it was 100 miles (160 km) shorter, but lobbying for Finlay Forks continued. When Monkman Pass was later considered,

6972-468: Was the traditional name for the site of downtown Squamish. Squamish is known for mountain biking , hiking , climbing , kiteboarding , and more. Attractions include the Stawamus Chief , a huge cliff-faced granite massif favoured by rock climbers. As well as over 300 climbing routes on the Chief proper, a majority of which require traditional climbing protection , there are steep hiking trails around

7056-506: Was unable to get more than a glimpse of the Strait of Georgia on July 2, 1808. A dispute with the neighboring Kwantlen people led to a pursuit of Fraser and his men that was only broken off near present-day Hope . Returning to Fort George proved to be an even more perilous exercise, as the hostility Fraser and his crew encountered from the aboriginal communities near the mouth of the river spread upstream. The ongoing hostility and threats to

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