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59-463: The PlayStation VR (PS VR) is a virtual reality headset developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment , which was released in October 2016. The headset works with the company's PlayStation 4 video game console and is forwards compatible with PlayStation 5 . Sony released its successor, PlayStation VR2 , in 2023, having sold at least 5 million PlayStation VR units worldwide. The PlayStation VR has

118-468: A sensor fusion algorithm to merge the data from the IMU and any other tracking sources, typically either one or more external sensors, or " inside-out" tracking using outward facing cameras embedded in the headset. The sensor fusion algorithms that are used are often variants of a Kalman filter . VR headsets can support motion controllers , which similarly combine inputs from accelerometers and gyroscopes with

177-584: A 5.7 inch OLED panel, with a display resolution of 1080p . The headset also has a processor box which enables the Social Screen video output to the television, as well as process the 3D audio effect , and uses a 3.5mm headphone jack. The headset also has nine positional LEDs on its surface for the PlayStation Camera to track 360 degree head movement. In certain games and demos for the VR,

236-468: A 5.8 degree (angular) field of view might be advertised as having a (linear) field of view of 102 mm per meter. As long as the FOV is less than about 10 degrees or so, the following approximation formulas allow one to convert between linear and angular field of view. Let A {\displaystyle A} be the angular field of view in degrees. Let M {\displaystyle M} be

295-426: A VR controller, even though VR wasn't a commodity. As engineers, we just said it was the right thing to do. At the time, we didn't have a consumer-grade project that we could work on, but it was definitely designed with that vision in mind." Shuhei Yoshida , the president of Sony's worldwide studios, also said the project started as "grassroots" activity among engineers and programmers, which came into focus in 2010 once

354-519: A Valve engineer, the ideal latency would be 7-15 milliseconds . The graphics processing unit (GPU) also needs to be powerful enough to render the required amount of frames. Oculus cited the limited processing power of Xbox One and PlayStation 4 as the reason why they targeted the PC gaming market with their first devices. Foveated rendering is a new technique to reduce the rendering workload. It uses eye tracking hardware to determine at what point

413-494: A detector element (a pixel sensor) is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation at any one time, is called instantaneous field of view or IFOV. A measure of the spatial resolution of a remote sensing imaging system, it is often expressed as dimensions of visible ground area, for some known sensor altitude . Single pixel IFOV is closely related to concept of resolved pixel size , ground resolved distance , ground sample distance and modulation transfer function . In astronomy ,

472-401: A mode where gameplay running at 60 Hz would be displayed at 120 Hz using a motion interpolation technique called asynchronous reprojection . The interpolation would be achieved with little system resources and a small latency of under 18 milliseconds. The technique would also be utilised in the native 120 Hz mode to ensure consistent framerate. According to a Sony representative,

531-418: A particularly useful tool for training military personnel without putting them in harm's way. The virtual reality headset allows military personnel to interact with virtual reality people to make it feel real. They can talk to one another and do varying actions to make the virtual reality world feel like they are actually in the real world. There are also disadvantages and advantages when military personnel use

590-478: A real headset, mounted in a risk-free environment. Besides training purposes, augmented reality headsets are also already being used for image-guided surgery . VR headset mounted smartphones have been used to capture high-quality videos and images of the retina for documenting peripheral retinal lesions. Virtual reality headsets have been used by the United States Armed Forces . It is

649-458: A single display across a wide field of view (up to 110° for some devices according to manufacturers), the magnification factor makes flaws in display technology much more apparent. One issue is the so-called screen-door effect , where the gaps between rows and columns of pixels become visible, kind of like looking through a screen door . This was especially noticeable in earlier prototypes and development kits, which had lower resolutions than

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708-659: A smartphone with a gyroscope), such as cardboard (hence the naming). Samsung Electronics partnered with Oculus VR to co-develop the Samsung Gear VR (which is only compatible with some Samsung Galaxy devices). LG Electronics developed a headset with dedicated displays for its LG G5 smartphone known as LG 360 VR. In March 2017, Microsoft launched a platform for VR and mixed reality headsets running on Windows 10 known as Windows Mixed Reality , with VR headsets from multiple partners including PC makers Acer , Dell , HP Inc. , and Lenovo . In 2018, Oculus released

767-449: Is a head-mounted device that uses 3D near-eye displays and positional tracking to provide a virtual reality environment for the user. VR headsets are widely used with VR video games , but they are also used in other applications, including simulators and trainers. VR headsets typically include a stereoscopic display (providing separate images for each eye), stereo sound, and sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes for tracking

826-515: Is an optional, abstractly-shaped light gun -like peripheral that was bundled with Farpoint and also sold separately for US$ 59.99. It is also compatible with a limited selection of VR shooter games, and mimics the feel of a gun more closely than a traditional gamepad. It has all the functions of a Dualshock controller, and, unlike the PS3-era Sharp Shooter accessory, does not require a PlayStation Move controller to be slotted in. It

885-444: Is capable of displaying content at 120fps. It features an FOV of 100°, 6DOF head-tracking, stereoscopic 3D, and unwarped output to a TV, either for others to view what the headset wearer sees, or a separate display to compete against the headset user using a standard PS4 controller. In September 2015, it was revealed the headset would have three rendering modes for developers to choose from: native 90 Hz, native 120 Hz, and

944-443: Is much more sensitive at night relative to foveal vision (sensitivity is highest at around 20 deg eccentricity). Many optical instruments, particularly binoculars or spotting scopes, are advertised with their field of view specified in one of two ways: angular field of view, and linear field of view. Angular field of view is typically specified in degrees, while linear field of view is a ratio of lengths. For example, binoculars with

1003-452: Is slightly larger, as you can try for yourself by wiggling a finger on the side), while some birds have a complete or nearly complete 360-degree visual field. The vertical range of the visual field in humans is around 150 degrees. The range of visual abilities is not uniform across the visual field, and by implication the FoV, and varies between species . For example, binocular vision , which

1062-453: Is the focal length , here the sensor size and f {\displaystyle f} are in the same unit of length, FOV is in radians. In microscopy, the field of view in high power (usually a 400-fold magnification when referenced in scientific papers) is called a high-power field , and is used as a reference point for various classification schemes. For an objective with magnification m {\displaystyle m} ,

1121-423: Is the basis for stereopsis and is important for depth perception , covers 114 degrees (horizontally) of the visual field in humans; the remaining peripheral ~50 degrees on each side have no binocular vision (because only one eye can see those parts of the visual field). Some birds have a scant 10 to 20 degrees of binocular vision. Similarly, color vision and the ability to perceive shape and motion vary across

1180-547: The Forte VFX1 , was announced at CES in 1994. The VFX-1 has stereoscopic displays, 3-axis head-tracking, and stereo headphones. Sony released the Glasstron in 1997, which has an optional positional sensor, allowing the wearer to view the surroundings, with the perspective moving as the user's head moves, giving a deep sense of immersion. These VR headsets gave MechWarrior 2 players a new visual perspective of seeing

1239-543: The Oculus Go , a standalone headset running capable of running VR apps on embedded mobile computing hardware, thus not needing a PC or an inserted smartphone to operate. In June 2019, Valve released their own in-house SteamVR headset, the Valve Index . In an October 2019 report, Sony, Facebook (Oculus), and HTC were identified by Trend Force as the three largest manufacturers of VR hardware. 2019 saw Facebook release

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1298-719: The UK Schmidt Telescope had a field of view of 30 sq. degrees. The 1.8 m (71 in) Pan-STARRS telescope, with the most advanced digital camera to date has a field of view of 7 sq. degrees. In the near infra-red WFCAM on UKIRT has a field of view of 0.2 sq. degrees and the VISTA telescope has a field of view of 0.6 sq. degrees. Until recently digital cameras could only cover a small field of view compared to photographic plates , although they beat photographic plates in quantum efficiency , linearity and dynamic range, as well as being much easier to process. In photography,

1357-557: The Vive , which focuses on "room-scale" VR environments that users can naturally navigate within and interact with. The headset uses Valve's " SteamVR " software platform. The Vive was released in April 2016 and PlayStation VR in October 2016. Google released a series of specifications and associated DIY kits for virtual reality viewers known as Google Cardboard ; these viewers are capable of being constructed using low-cost materials (and

1416-607: The pose of the user's head to match the orientation of the virtual camera with the user's eye positions in the real world. AR headsets are similar to VR headsets, but AR headsets enable the user to see and interact with the outside world. Examples of AR headsets include the Apple Vision Pro and Meta Quest 3. VR headsets typically use at least one MEMS IMU for three degrees of freedom (3DOF) motion tracking, and optionally more tracking technology for six degrees of freedom (6DOF) motion tracking. 6DOF devices typically use

1475-466: The Move controller had been released. Sony also went on record to say it is mandatory for all games to have no less than 60 frames per second at all times. Project Morpheus was first announced at The 2014 Game Developers Conference . SIE Worldwide Studios president Shuhei Yoshida introduced the device on March 18, 2014, and stated Project Morpheus was "the next innovation from PlayStation that will [shape]

1534-520: The PS VR. There are currently no PlayStation 5 games announced that support it; if a PS VR supported game also has a PlayStation 5 version available, the PlayStation 4 version has to be installed instead via backward compatibility to be able to play in virtual reality. "Our biggest challenge will be to get people demoing VR. Because there's no way to sell VR until you've tried it... You can watch over

1593-549: The PlayStation VR Aim controller. Sony's interest in head-mounted display technology dates back to the 1990s. Its first commercial unit, the Glasstron , was released in 1997. One application of this technology was in the game MechWarrior 2 , which permitted users of the Glasstron or Virtual I/O's iGlasses to adopt a visual perspective from inside the cockpit of the craft, using their own eyes as visual and seeing

1652-562: The PlayStation VR would be compatible with the PlayStation 5. This is in addition to new PlayStation VR hardware to be designed for the PlayStation 5 that Sony plans to release after 2021. This was announced as the PlayStation VR2 at the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show . The prototype revealed at GDC'15 included an OLED 1920 × 1080 pixel display (providing 960 × 1080 pixels resolution per eye) with an RGB subpixel matrix, and

1711-618: The VR were far beyond expectations. On June 5, 2017, the number of PlayStation VR units sold had passed 1 million. Sony announced that the PlayStation VR had sold over 2 million units and 12.2 million games on December 3, 2017. Sony announced that PlayStation VR had sold-through more than 3 million units and 21.9 million games worldwide as of August 16, 2018, with the PlayStation VR sold-through number increasing to 4.2 million as of March 3, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, PlayStation VR has sold-through 5 million units. Virtual reality headset A virtual reality headset (or VR headset )

1770-422: The battlefield from inside the cockpit of their craft. However, these early headsets failed commercially due to their limited technology, and they were described by John Carmack as like "looking through toilet paper tubes ". In 2012, a crowdfunding campaign began for a VR headset known as Oculus Rift ; the project was led by several prominent video game developers , including John Carmack who later became

1829-550: The battlefield through their craft's own cockpit. The PlayStation VR was code named Project Morpheus during development. In early 2014, Sony Interactive Entertainment research and development engineer Anton Mikhailov said his team had been working on Project Morpheus for more than three years. According to Mikhailov, the PlayStation 3 Move peripheral, itself revealed in June 2009, was designed with unspecified, future head-mounted technology in mind. "We specced it and built it to be

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1888-541: The company expects the interpolated 120 Hz mode to be a popular choice for games. PlayStation VR games can send different perspectives to the headset and television. Shuhei Yoshida , president of SIE Worldwide Studios , explained in regards to a demo by Japan Studio , Monster Escape (in which four players playing off the TV must evade a monster controlled by a player using the headset), that this ability allowed VR to become an asymmetric "social experience", similarly citing

1947-431: The company's CTO . In March 2014, the project's parent company Oculus VR was acquired by Facebook for $ 2 billion. The final consumer-oriented release of Oculus Rift began shipping on 28 March 2016. In March 2014, Sony demonstrated a prototype headset for PlayStation 4 , which was later named PlayStation VR . In 2014, Valve demonstrated some headset prototypes, which led to a partnership with HTC to produce

2006-408: The context of human and primate vision, the term "field of view" is typically only used in the sense of a restriction to what is visible by external apparatus, like when wearing spectacles or virtual reality goggles. Note that eye movements are allowed in the definition but do not change the field of view when understood this way. If the analogy of the eye's retina working as a sensor is drawn upon,

2065-409: The corresponding concept in human (and much of animal vision) is the visual field . It is defined as "the number of degrees of visual angle during stable fixation of the eyes". Note that eye movements are excluded in the visual field's definition. Humans have a slightly over 210-degree forward-facing horizontal arc of their visual field (i.e. without eye movements), (with eye movements included it

2124-537: The device's screen is viewed through lenses acting as a stereoscope , rather than using dedicated internal displays. VPL Research was a company that made early VR headsets in the 1980s. The Sega VR was announced in 1991 and seen in early 1993 at the Winter CES . It was never released for consoles, but was utilized for the Sega VR-1 motion simulator arcade attraction in 1994. Another early VR headset,

2183-410: The display of 360-degree photos and video . Other features, such as Share Play and Live from PlayStation, are also compatible within the headset. It can also be used to watch 3D movies on Blu-ray 3D . The PlayStation VR is compatible with the PlayStation 5 via backward compatibility using a USB to PlayStation Camera adapter that is shipped for free by Sony to anyone who has previously purchased

2242-566: The existing game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes as another example of a VR-compatible game that emphasizes interaction. On November 10, 2017, Sony released the CUH-ZVR2 model of the PlayStation VR which included minor changes, like a slimmer, more streamlined connection cable with different connectors from the CUH-ZVR1 model, and integrated stereo headphones. The newer processor unit also supports HDR video pass through. The Aim Controller

2301-465: The field of view is that part of the world that is visible through the camera at a particular position and orientation in space; objects outside the FOV when the picture is taken are not recorded in the photograph. It is most often expressed as the angular size of the view cone, as an angle of view . For a normal lens focused at infinity, the diagonal (or horizontal or vertical) field of view can be calculated as: where f {\displaystyle f}

2360-799: The field of view is usually expressed as an angular area viewed by the instrument, in square degrees , or for higher magnification instruments, in square arc-minutes . For reference the Wide Field Channel on the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope has a field of view of 10 sq. arc-minutes, and the High Resolution Channel of the same instrument has a field of view of 0.15 sq. arc-minutes. Ground-based survey telescopes have much wider fields of view. The photographic plates used by

2419-497: The first-generation Oculus Quest , a successor to the Oculus Go concept which supports motion controllers and positional tracking with 6DOF. There are different optics and visual qualities that affect how an individual perceives the image quality and how they experience the virtual world. The image clarity depends on the display resolution, optic quality, refresh rate, and field of view. Because virtual reality headsets stretch

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2478-671: The future of games." On September 15, 2015, it was announced that Project Morpheus would be officially named PlayStation VR. Later in 2015, Sony acquired SoftKinetic , a tech startup whose focus includes visual depth-sensing gesture recognition, for an undisclosed amount. On October 13, 2016, Sony released the PlayStation VR with the price of $ 399 in the US, €399 in Europe, £349 in the UK, and ¥44,980 in Japan . On April 16, 2019, Mark Cerny confirmed that

2537-431: The headset's motion tracking system. Most headsets are reliant on a personal computer to operate. Some "standalone" headsets are based on a mobile operating system and smartphone -like hardware, allowing VR apps to run directly on the device, while also allowing VR applications to be streamed from a PC over a USB or Wi-Fi connection. Virtual reality headsets and viewers have also been designed for smartphones, where

2596-499: The headset. The disadvantage is the headset is made for an indoor area, with a cool environment, and away from any heat, so when military personnel has just the headset on, no military equipment, it is not like their basic training. The advantages consist of repeating the situations multiple times and the cost of having the headset is less, due to no military equipment being needed. [REDACTED] Media related to Virtual reality headsets at Wikimedia Commons Field of view In

2655-408: The image resolution (one determining factor in accuracy). Working distance is the distance between the back of the lens and the target object. In tomography , the field of view is the area of each tomogram. In for example computed tomography , a volume of voxels can be created from such tomograms by merging multiple slices along the scan range. In remote sensing , the solid angle through which

2714-436: The lens will be broken down into sections, allowing the individual to have a wider range of view. The issue seen with the lens consists of seeing the ridges of the lenses when the headset is not properly aligned on the head. The lenses introduce distortion and chromatic aberration , which are typically corrected in software . The lenses can also be adjusted dynamically to account for a user's eyeglass prescription so that

2773-407: The linear field of view in millimeters per meter. Then, using the small-angle approximation : In machine vision the lens focal length and image sensor size sets up the fixed relationship between the field of view and the working distance. Field of view is the area of the inspection captured on the camera’s imager. The size of the field of view and the size of the camera’s imager directly affect

2832-454: The player wearing the headset acts separately from other players without the headset. The PlayStation VR system can output a picture to both the PlayStation VR headset and a television simultaneously, with the television either mirroring the picture displayed on the headset, or displaying a separate image for competitive or cooperative gameplay. PlayStation VR works with either the standard DualShock 4 controller, PlayStation Move controllers or

2891-410: The possibility of enabling use of the PlayStation VR in connection with a PC. This would allow the device to work with platforms extending further than the PlayStation 4. Reviews from most publications were positive; critics praised the PS VR's physical design, ease of use, and availability. Compared to other headsets that require high-end computers, the PlayStation VR only required a PS4. Most criticism

2950-577: The retail versions. The lenses of the headset are responsible for mapping the up-close display to a wide field of view, while also providing a more comfortable distant point of focus . One challenge with this is providing consistency of focus: because eyes are free to turn within the headset, it is important to avoid having to refocus to prevent eye strain . Fresnel lenses are commonly used in virtual reality headsets due to their compactness and lightweight structure. The lenses do not use multiple pieces of material in their lenses like other lenses, but

3009-404: The retina, together with a larger representation in the visual cortex – in comparison to the higher concentration of color-insensitive rod cells and motion-sensitive magnocellular retinal ganglion cells in the visual periphery, and smaller cortical representation. Since rod cells require considerably less light to be activated, the result of this distribution is further that peripheral vision

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3068-436: The shoulder, you can read articles, but – and I mean this genuinely – everybody that I know who has tried PlayStation VR has taken off their headset with a smile, and said 'wow'. So you've got to try it. That's the challenge." — Michael Ephraim, SIE Australia Prior to release, Sony predicted that interest in the headset would build steadily over time, through word of mouth. PlayStation VR

3127-506: The skills needed to perform surgeries on real patients. It also allows the students to revisit the surgeries from the perspective of the lead surgeon . Traditionally, students had to participate in surgeries and often they would miss essential parts. Now, with the use of VR headsets, students can watch surgical procedures from the perspective of the lead surgeon without missing essential parts. Students can also pause, rewind, and fast-forward surgeries. They also can perfect their techniques in

3186-412: The user can use the headset without corrective eyeglasses. Virtual reality headsets have significantly higher requirements for latency —the time it takes from a change in input to have a visual effect—than ordinary video games. If the system is too sluggish to react to head movement, then it can cause the user to experience virtual reality sickness , a kind of motion sickness. According to

3245-460: The user is looking and reduces rendering resolution farther from the user's gaze. This can be unnoticeable to the user because human peripheral vision is far less sensitive than the fovea . Virtual reality headsets are being currently used as a means to train medical students for surgery . It allows them to perform essential procedures in a virtual, controlled environment. Students perform surgeries on virtual patients, which allows them to acquire

3304-417: The visual field; in humans color vision and form perception are concentrated in the center of the visual field, while motion perception is only slightly reduced in the periphery and thus has a relative advantage there. The physiological basis for that is the much higher concentration of color-sensitive cone cells and color-sensitive parvocellular retinal ganglion cells in the fovea – the central region of

3363-516: Was aimed at the system's performance, noting the PS4 offers less compute power than the high-end PCs required to run "PCVR" games, even though it offers "near to PC-quality performance". As of February 19, 2018, PlayStation VR had sold over 915,000 units. Andrew House , the President and Global CEO of Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE), the company behind the PlayStation VR, stated that the sales of

3422-640: Was first demonstrated on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and as a playable concept during E3 2014 . The device was also featured at Sony's PlayStation Experience Expo in Las Vegas in December 2014. Sony announced new information regarding Project Morpheus at the 2015 Game Developers Conference , in line with the official schedule posted on their website and released updated specifications. In an interview with Nikkei Japan in March 2016, Sony indicated

3481-510: Was praised by IGN as "a must-have for VR shooter fans on PlayStation". In March 2016, Sony said there were 230 developers actively working on content for PlayStation VR, with 50 titles available by the end of the year. Existing, non-VR games can be played within PlayStation VR via "Cinematic Mode", which renders the content on a simulated projection screen in a 3D space. The mode has three screen size options, ranging up to 226 inches (18.8 ft) in virtual size. PlayStation VR also supports

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