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64-583: Norbert was a friend of Bernard of Clairvaux and was largely influenced by the Cistercian ideals as to both the manner of life and the government of his order. As the Premonstratensians are not monks but canons regular, their work often involves preaching and the exercising of pastoral ministry; they frequently serve in parishes close to their abbeys or priories. The order was founded in 1120. Saint Norbert had made various efforts to introduce

128-489: A Doctor of the Church . Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine , lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon , and Alèthe de Montbard , both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy . Bernard was the third of seven children, six of whom were sons. Aged nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. Bernard had an interest in literature and rhetoric. Bernard's mother died when he

192-582: A schism broke out in the Church by the election of two popes, Pope Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II . Innocent, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. King Louis VI convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes and Bernard, summoned there by the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. He decided in favour of Innocent. Bernard travelled on to Italy and reconciled Pisa with Genoa , and Milan with

256-671: A major shift, a "fundamental reorientation" into medieval theology. The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard , a collection of buildings dating from the 12th, 17th, and 19th centuries, is dedicated to Bernard and stands in his birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon . Countless churches and chapels have St. Bernard as their patron saint. The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq . Bernard's works include: His sermons are also numerous: Many letters, treatises, and other works were falsely attributed to him. These include: Leffe Leffe ( / l ɛ f / ; Dutch: [ˈlɛfə] )

320-551: A meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. Bernard then denounced Abelard to the pope and cardinals of the Curia . Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express his apprehension about confronting

384-654: A strict form of canonical life in various communities of canons in Germany ; in 1120 he was working in the now-extinct Ancient Diocese of Laon , in Picardy , northeastern France . There, in a rural place called Prémontré , he and thirteen companions established a monastery to be the cradle of a new order. As they were canons regular, they followed the Rule of St. Augustine , but with supplementary statutes that made their life one of great austerity. Common prayer and celebration of

448-696: A variety of scales (Averbode Abbey, Berne Abbey, United States , Australia ). In order to support themselves, the different communities have down the centuries, and in modern times, operated small-scale manual activities (SME) such as printing ( Averbode Abbey , Tongerlo Abbey , Berne Abbey ), farming ( Kinshasa , Ireland , Postel Abbey ), forestry ( Schlägl Abbey , Geras Abbey , Slovakia ), and cheese-making (Postel Abbey). They have also entered agreements with breweries (Tongerlo Abbey, Postel Abbey, Park Abbey, Leffe , Grimbergen ) and undertaken artistic bookbinding (in Oosterhout ). Other activities have included

512-542: Is St. Norbert College, the only Norbertine higher education institution in the world. The Order has several abbeys of women who, though technically called canonesses, follow the life of an enclosed religious order and are therefore more commonly termed Norbertine nuns . Like the Norbertine communities for men, those for women are autonomous. Unusually, within the religious communities of the Catholic Church ,

576-471: Is a beer brand owned by InBev Belgium , the European operating arm of the global Anheuser–Busch InBev brewery giant. There are several beers in the range, and they are marketed as abbey beers . They are brewed in large quantities and are widely distributed. The abbey of Leffe was founded in 1152 on the river Meuse in the province of Namur in southern Belgium. Like many monasteries across Europe ,

640-670: Is any precious vase adorning the palace of the King of Kings it is the soul of the venerable Suger." Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. Bernard died at age sixty-three on 20 August 1153, after forty years of monastic life. He was buried at Clairvaux Abbey. After its destruction in 1792 by the French revolutionary government his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral . Bernard's theology and Mariology continue to be of major importance. Bernard helped found 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe. Cistercians honour him as one of

704-427: Is common for a foundation of canonesses to have links not only with other canonesses, but also with a community of canons. The Premonstratensians were among the religious orders with their own rite who kept this rite after Pope Pius V suppressed such rites with a continuous tradition of less than two hundred years. The Premonstratensian Rite was especially characterized by a ritual solemnity. The Premonstratensian Rite

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768-540: Is considered to be a master of Christian rhetoric: "His use of language remains perhaps his most universal legacy." He contributed lyrics to the Cistercian Hymnal . As a mariologist , Bernard insisted on Mary's central role in Christian theology and preached effectively on Marian devotions. He developed the theology of her role as Co-Redemptrix and mediator. As a master of prayer, the abbot emphasized

832-477: Is illustrious beyond all doubt." (One of Anacletus' great-great-grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Hebrew, was a Jew who had converted to Christianity - but Anacletus himself was not a Jew, and his family had been Christians for three generations). Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. Bernard later commented that Gerard

896-577: Is the only institution of higher education sponsored by the Order. Elsewhere they also sponsor/operate schools or serve in pastoral care capacities at parish schools. Schools founded or sponsored by the order include: Northern Ireland 's Historical Abuse Inquiry investigated reports that Brendan Smyth , a member of the Norbertine Order, was allowed to continue paedophilia for more than four decades, even after Smyth himself had admitted in 1994,

960-569: The Order of Cistercians . After his mother died, Bernard decided to go to Cîteaux. In 1113 he and thirty other young noblemen of Burgundy, many of whom were his relatives, sought and gained admission to the new monastery. Bernard's example was so convincing that scores (among them his own father) followed him into the monastic life. As a result, he is considered the patron of religious vocations. The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux grew rapidly. Three years after entering, Bernard

1024-603: The Petrobrusians , followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians . In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia , Bernard travelled in southern France. His preaching, aided by his ascetic looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by

1088-634: The Premonstratensian (Norbertine) canons of the Notre-Dame de Leffe abbey  [ fr ] brewed ale, starting in 1240. The abbey has been damaged by both natural and human circumstances over the years: the Meuse river flooded the brewery in 1460, and six years later a fire damaged the abbey, but by the 17th century it prospered. The brewery was confiscated by the state in 1796, and in 1809, after making beer only in limited quantities, it

1152-713: The Wends and the bringing of Christianity to the territories around the Elbe and the Oder . In time, mitigations and relaxations emerged, and these gave rise to reforms and semi-independent congregations within the Order. The Norbertines arrived in England about 1143, first at Newhouse in Lincoln, England ; before the dissolution under Henry VIII there were 35 houses. Soon after their arrival in England, they founded Dryburgh Abbey in

1216-528: The Borders area of Scotland , which was followed by other communities at Whithorn Priory , Dercongal Abbey and Tongland Abbey all in the Borders area, as well as Fearn Abbey in the northern part of the nation. Like most orders they were almost completely devastated by the successive onslaughts of the Reformation, French Revolution, and Napoleon, but then experienced a revival in the 19th century. By

1280-466: The Eucharist was to be the sustaining dynamic of the community. In 1126, when the order received papal approbation by Pope Honorius II , there were nine houses; others were established in quick succession throughout western Europe, so that at the middle of the fourteenth century there were some 1,300 monasteries for men and 400 for women. The Norbertines played a predominant part in the conversion of

1344-465: The Norbertine Order has always seen the spiritual life of the canonesses as being on an equal footing with that of its priests and lay brothers . In the Middle Ages , the Premonstratensians even had a few double monasteries , where men and women lived in cloisters located next to each other as part of the same abbey, the communities demonstrating their unity by sharing the church building. Today, it

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1408-540: The Premonstratensian Rite was the celebration of a daily votive Mass in honor of the Virgin Mary in each of its abbeys and priories. Since Norbertine abbeys (and most priories) are autonomous, practices and apostolates are different, depending on the needs of the local Church. Some houses are contemplative in character whilst others are highly active in pastoral ministry. However, each is guided by

1472-819: The Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions established by the General Chapter , which is held every six years. The general Chapter includes representatives from both male and female communities. The head of the Order, termed Abbot General, resides in Rome , and he is assisted in his duties by the Definitors (High Council) as well as commissions established for various aspects of the Order's life such as liturgy and inter-abbey communications. As of 2012, there were Premonstratensian abbeys or priories throughout

1536-566: The Second Crusade. He was for battling them "until such a time as, by God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted". A decree issued in Frankfurt stated that the letter should be proclaimed widely and read aloud, so that "the letter functioned as a sermon." The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Bernard of his own approaching end. The first to die was Suger in 1152, of whom Bernard wrote to Eugene III, "If there

1600-518: The United States of America to minister to Belgian immigrants in northern Wisconsin. De Pere, Wisconsin became the site of the first Norbertine Abbey in the new world. By their nature as canons regular the Premonstratensians have always engaged in pastoral work of various kinds, including what would now be called retreat centres (nearly everywhere), and care for pilgrims (as at Conques ) and, like many religious houses, have often run schools on

1664-508: The beginning of the nineteenth century the order had become almost extinct, only eight houses surviving, all in the Habsburg monarchy . However, there was something of a resurgence, and at the start of the twentieth century there were 20 monasteries and 1000 priests. As of 2005, the number of monasteries had increased to nearly 100 and spread to every continent. In 1893, Father Bernard Pennings and two other Norbertines from Berne Abbey arrived in

1728-529: The close of the 11th century, a spirit of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology . The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard . Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into a fire. However, Abelard continued to develop his controversial teachings. Bernard is said to have held

1792-598: The cloth used to make crosses for the new recruits. Unlike the First Crusade, the new venture attracted royalty, such as the French queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and scores of high aristocrats and bishops. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. Bernard wrote Pope Eugene a few days afterwards, "Cities and castles are now empty. There is not left one man to seven women, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands." Bernard then passed into Germany, with reported miracles contributing to

1856-502: The command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey , from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II , reigned only a short time, and then Bernard saw one of his disciples, Bernard of Pisa, known thereafter as Eugene III, raised to the Chair of Saint Peter . Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise

1920-563: The death of Pope Honorius II in 1130, a schism arose in the church. Bernard was a major proponent of Pope Innocent II , arguing effectively for his legitimacy over the Antipope Anacletus II . The eloquent abbot advocated crusades in general and convinced many to participate in the unsuccessful Second Crusade , notably through a famous sermon at Vézelay (1146) . Bernard was canonized just 21 years after his death by Pope Alexander III . In 1830 Pope Pius VIII declared him

1984-628: The debate, swaying many of them to his view. The next day, after Bernard made his opening statement, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable , where he died two years later. Bernard had occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his overcrowded monastery into Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Some of these, at

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2048-552: The end of that year. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse , and probably imprisoned for life. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. He also preached against Catharism . As abbot, Bernard often addressed his community, but he also spoke to other monastics and, in one particularly famous case, to students of Theology in Paris. He gave

2112-605: The failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, and the entire responsibility which was thrown upon him. Bernard sent an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations". There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. Bernard did not actually preach the Wendish Crusade , but he did write a letter that advocated subduing this group of Western Slavs so that they should not be an obstacle to

2176-606: The greatest early Cistercians. His feast day is 20 August. Bernard is Dante Alighieri 's last guide, in Divine Comedy , as he travels through the Empyrean . John Calvin and Martin Luther quoted Bernard several times in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide . Calvin also quotes him in setting forth his doctrine of forensic alien righteousness, or as it is commonly called imputed righteousness . Bernard introduced

2240-547: The hands of the Seljuk Turks . The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. Deputations of the bishops of Armenia solicited aid from the pope, and the King of France also sent ambassadors. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade . There

2304-423: The nobility. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg , Clermont , and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. In a letter by Bernard to German Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, "It is a disgrace for Christ that a Jew sits on the throne of St. Peter's" and "Anacletus has not even a good reputation with his friends, while Innocent

2368-458: The occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. When his brother Gerard died, Bernard was devastated, and his deep mourning was the inspiration for one of his most moving sermons. The Cluny Benedictines were unhappy to see Cîteaux gain such prominence so quickly, particularly since many Benedictines were becoming Cistercians. They criticized the Cistercian way of life. At

2432-399: The often-quoted De consideratione . Its main argument is that church reform ought to start with the pope. Temporal matters are merely accessories; Bernard insists that piety and meditation were to precede action. Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. Henry of Lausanne , a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of

2496-788: The pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. This action gave rise to a quarrel between the White Monks and the Black Monks which lasted 20 years. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. Bernard had returned to France in June and

2560-542: The pope. The same year Bernard was again at the Council of Reims at the side of Innocent II. He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching William X, Duke of Aquitaine , from the cause of Anacletus. Germany had decided to support Innocent through Norbert of Xanten , who was a friend of Bernard's. Pope Innocent, however, insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor . Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among

2624-401: The preeminent logician. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. In 1141, at the urgings of Abelard, the archbishop of Sens called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have a chance to clear his name. Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before

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2688-542: The rescue of the Holy Land. The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard to denounce them. This he did, but when the campaign continued, Bernard travelled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problems in person. He then found Radulf in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by

2752-571: The running of an astronomical observatory (Mira, Grimbergen). In 2015 there were some 1000 male and 200 female members of the Order. The Feast of All Norbertine Saints and Blesseds is celebrated internally on November 13. The Norbertines have also had a major presence in the area of Green Bay, Wisconsin , owning WBAY television and radio stations until the mid-1970s. The Nobertines ran two local boys high schools until 1990 and still run four local schools in De Pere and Green Bay. Among these schools

2816-401: The same time the most active man of his age," Bernard described the disparate parts of his personality when he called himself the " chimera of his age." In addition to successes, Bernard also had his trials. Once, when he was absent from Clairvaux, the prior of the rival Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and convinced Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon , to become a Benedictine. This was

2880-535: The same year that he was jailed for his crimes, that "Over the years of religious life it could be that I have sexually abused between 50 and 100 children. That number could even be doubled or perhaps even more." Reviewers of the case agree that there was a deliberate plot to conceal Smyth's behaviour, incompetence by his superiors at Kilnacrott Abbey. Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux , O.Cist. ( Latin : Bernardus Claraevallensis ; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard ,

2944-553: The schism ended. In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran , in which the surviving adherents of the schism were definitively condemned. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy , Primate of All Ireland , and a very close friendship formed between them. Malachy wanted to become a Cistercian, but the pope would not give his permission. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Towards

3008-575: The sermon Ad clericos de conversione (to clerics on conversion) in 1139 or early 1140, to a group of scholars and student clerics. His many sermons on the Song of Songs belong to the often-studied sermons he addressed to the monks at Clairvaux. News came at this time from the Holy Land that alarmed Christendom . Christians had been defeated at the Siege of Edessa and most of the county had fallen into

3072-463: The solicitation of William of St.-Thierry , Bernard defended the Cistercians with his Apology . Peter the Venerable , abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his admiration and friendship. In the meantime, Cluny launched a reform and Bernard befriended Abbot Suger . Although acknowledged as "a difficult saint," Bernard has remained influential in the centuries since his death and

3136-537: The success of his mission. King Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa , received the cross from the hand of Bernard. Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. As in the First Crusade, the preaching led to attacks on Jews ; a fanatical French monk named Radulf was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne , Mainz , Worms , and Speyer , with Radulf claiming Jews were not contributing financially to

3200-467: The title of "Doctor of the Church". He wrote at this time his sermons on the Song of Songs . In 1137, he was again forced to leave the abbey by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. He also silenced the final supporters who sustained the schism. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him,

3264-475: The value of personal, experiential friendship with Christ. Bernhard made a self-confident impression and had an undeniable charisma in the eyes of his contemporaries; "his first and greatest miracle," wrote the historian Holdsworth, "was himself." He defended the rights of the church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier , archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis , bishop of Paris. When Honorius II died in 1130,

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3328-1356: The world: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the USA. There are seven circaries (Premonstratensian term for an ecclesiastical province ): Anglica Circary Bohemica Circary Brabantica Circary Gallica Circary Germanica Circary Hungarica Circary Portuguesa Circary Norbertine Blesseds include Beatrice of Engelport (+1275, f. Mar. 12/13) Bronislava of Poland (or of Zwierzniec) (+1259, f. Aug. 30), Gerlach of Valkenburg (+1172, Jan. 5), Gertrude of Aldenberg (Altenburg), Abbess (+1297, f. Aug. 13), Hugh of Fosse (+1164, f. Feb. 10), Hroznata of Teplá (+1217, f. Jul. 14), Jakob Kern of Geras (+1924, f. Oct. 20), Oda of Bonne Rivreuille (+1158, f. Apr. 20), Peter-Adrian Toulorge of Blanchelande , Martyr (+1793, f. Oct. 13), and Ricvera of Clastres (+1136, f. Oct. 29). Norbertines celebrate "all Norbertine Saints and Blesseds" on Nov. 13. St. Norbert College in De Pere, Wisconsin , United States,

3392-403: Was a youth. During his education with priests, he often thought of becoming one. In 1098, a group led by Robert of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey , near Dijon , with the purpose of living according to a literal interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict . They established new administrative structures among their monasteries, effectively creating a new order, known, after the first abbey, as

3456-664: Was also characterized by an emphasis on the Paschal mystery unique among the Latin rites. This was especially seen in the solemnity with which the daily conventional High Mass and office was celebrated during the Easter octave, especially vespers which concluded with a procession to the baptismal font, a practice paralleled among the Latin rites only in similar processions still found in the Ambrosian Rite . Another unique practice of

3520-561: Was an abbot , mystic , co-founder of the Knights Templar , and a major leader in the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Order . He was sent to found Clairvaux Abbey only a few years after becoming a monk at Cîteaux . In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes , at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar , which soon became an ideal of Christian nobility. On

3584-441: Was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay , making "the speech of his life". When he had finished, many of his listeners enlisted; they supposedly ran out of

3648-502: Was closed. The old kettles were melted down for the weapons industry during World War 1. The production of beer was resumed in 1952 when Father Abbot Nys, helped by brewer Albert Lootvoet, brought a brown ale to market. The brewery was later bought by the international beer company Interbrew (now AB InBev ). Leffe was then brewed in Mont-Saint-Guibert until Interbrew closed that brewery. Now Leffe brands are brewed at

3712-607: Was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. Bernard invited William to the Mass which he celebrated in the Church of La Couldre. At the Eucharist , he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". William yielded and the schism ended. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily

3776-461: Was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan . For this, he was offered, and he refused, the see of Milan . He then returned to Clairvaux. Believing himself at last secure in his cloister, Bernard devoted himself to the composition of the works which won him

3840-504: Was founded in the diocese of Châlons ; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun ; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins . In Bernard's lifetime, more than sixty abbeys followed, though some were not new foundations but transferals to the Cistercians. Bernard spent extended time outside of the abbey as a preacher and a diplomat in the service of the pope. Described by Jean-Baptiste Chautard as "the most contemplative and yet at

3904-526: Was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. After persuading Gerard, Bernard travelled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine . He was the hardest for Bernard to convince. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny,

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3968-479: Was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. In 1953, on the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII devoted the encyclical Doctor Mellifluus to him. He labeled the abbot "the last of the Fathers ." In opposition to the rational approach to understanding God used by the scholastics , Bernard preached in a poetic manner, using appeals to affect and conversion to nurture a more immediate faith experience. He

4032-403: Was professor of theology at Notre Dame of Paris and the founder of St. Victor Abbey in Paris . The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were austere and Bernard even more so. He had often been ill since his noviciate, due to extreme fasting. Nonetheless, candidates for the monastic life flocked to him in great numbers. Clairvaux soon started founding new communities. In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey

4096-401: Was sent with a group of twelve monks to found a new house at Vallée d'Absinthe, in the Diocese of Langres . This Bernard named Claire Vallée , or Clairvaux , on 25 June 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. Bernard was made abbot by William of Champeaux , Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne . From then on a strong friendship grew between the abbot and the bishop, who

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