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63-658: The International String Quartet Competition "Premio Paolo Borciani" was created in 1987 in Reggio Emilia , Italy, and is dedicated to their famous fellow citizen, founder and first violin of the Quartetto Italiano . The promoter and organiser is Fondazione I Teatri in Reggio Emilia; artistic director is Paolo Cantù; founder was pianist Guido Alberto Borciani , Paolo Borciani ’s brother. The competition has been

126-550: A "total theatre of sound" and a "non-narrative, ritualistic drama" reminiscent of Stockhausen. He based the libretto for his opera Oedipus , commissioned by Deutsche Oper Berlin on the Greek tragedy by Sophocles and related texts by Friedrich Nietzsche and Heiner Müller . The premiere in October 1987, directed by Götz Friedrich , was broadcast live and recorded as DVD. Rihm's work continued in an expressionist vein. However,

189-544: A location (e.g. the Budapest Quartet ). Established quartets may undergo changes in membership whilst retaining their original name. Wolfgang Rihm Wolfgang Rihm ( German: [ˈvɔlfɡaŋ ˈʁiːm] ; 13 March 1952 – 27 July 2024) was a German composer of contemporary classical music and an academic teacher based in Karlsruhe . He was an influential post-war European composer, as "one of

252-752: A member of the World Federation of International Music Competitions since 1991. Competition results [ edit ] 1987 [ edit ] 1st Prize: not awarded 2nd Prize: Carmina String Quartet , Switzerland 3rd Prize: not awarded 1990 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Keller String Quartet , Hungary 2nd Prize: Lark String Quartet , United States 3rd Prize: ex-aequo Danubius String Quartet , Hungary and Subaru String Quartet , Japan 1994 [ edit ] 1st Prize: not awarded 2nd Prize: Mandelring String Quartet , Germany 3rd Prize: not awarded Special Prize: Mandelring String Quartet , Germany (best performance of

315-584: A number of quartets: "Beethoven in particular is credited with developing the genre in an experimental and dynamic fashion, especially in his later series of quartets written in the 1820s up until his death. Their forms and ideas inspired and continue to inspire musicians and composers, such as Wagner and Bartók ." Schubert's last musical wish was to hear Beethoven's Quartet in C ♯ minor, Op. 131 , which he heard on 14 November 1828, just five days before his death. Upon listening to an earlier performance of this quartet, Schubert had remarked, "After this, what

378-510: A number of them. Many Romantic and early-twentieth-century composers composed string quartets, including Mendelssohn , Schumann , Brahms , Dvořák , Janáček , and Debussy . There was a slight lull in string quartet composition later in the 19th century, but it received a resurgence in the 20th century, with the Second Viennese School , Bartók , Shostakovich , Babbitt , and Carter producing highly regarded examples of

441-417: A part. The British musicologist David Wyn Jones cites the widespread practice of four players, one to a part, playing works written for string orchestra , such as divertimenti and serenades , there being no separate (fifth) contrabass part in string scoring before the 19th century. However, these composers showed no interest in exploring the development of the string quartet as a medium. The origins of

504-435: A perspective] is the notion that Haydn "invented" the string quartet... Although he may still be considered the 'father' of the 'Classical' string quartet, he is not the creator of the sting quartet genre itself... This old and otiose myth not only misrepresents the achievements of other excellent composers, but also distorts the character and qualities of Haydn's opp. 1, 2 and 9". The musicologist Cliff Eisen contextualizes

567-751: A prize at the Jugend musiziert competition at age 16. He wrote his second string quartet at age 18. At the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe , he studied music theory and composition with Eugen Werner Velte  [ de ] while still attending secondary school. He took his undergraduate final exams in 1972, when he graduated from secondary school. He attended the Darmstädter Ferienkurse from 1970 and studied with Karlheinz Stockhausen in Cologne from 1972 to 1973. Rihm then enrolled at

630-556: A similar way to an instrumental soloist or an orchestra . The early history of the string quartet is in many ways the history of the development of the genre by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn . There had been examples of divertimenti for two solo violins, viola and cello by the Viennese composers Georg Christoph Wagenseil and Ignaz Holzbauer ; and there had long been a tradition of performing orchestral works one instrument to

693-499: A third soloist; and moreover it became common to omit the keyboard part, letting the cello support the bass line alone. Thus when Alessandro Scarlatti wrote a set of six works entitled Sonata à Quattro per due Violini, Violetta [viola], e Violoncello senza Cembalo (Sonata for four instruments: two violins, viola, and cello without harpsichord), this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition. The musicologist Hartmut Schick has suggested that Franz Xaver Richter invented

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756-464: A total of five string quartets; he won Pulitzer Prizes for two of them: No. 2 and No. 3 . Three important string quartets were written by Helmut Lachenmann . The late 20th century also saw the string quartet expand in various ways: Morton Feldman's vast Second String Quartet is one of the longest ever written, and Karlheinz Stockhausen's Helikopter-Streichquartett is to be performed by the four musicians in four helicopters. Quartets written during

819-542: Is able to assert his strength and dignity against all external threats. The New York Philharmonic commissioned and premiered his Two Other Movements in 2004. Matthias Rexroth sang his Kolonos | 2 Fragments by Hölderlin after Sophokles for countertenor and small orchestra in 2008 at the Bad Wildbad Kurhaus, with Antonino Fogliani conducting the Virtuosi Brunensis. In March 2010,

882-646: Is left for us to write?" Wagner, when reflecting on Op. 131's first movement, said that it "reveals the most melancholy sentiment expressed in music". Of the late quartets , Beethoven cited his own favorite as Op. 131 , which he saw as his most perfect single work. Mendelssohn 's six string quartets span the full range of his career, from 1828 to 1847; Schumann 's three string quartets were all written in 1842 and dedicated to Mendelssohn, whose quartets Schumann had been studying in preparation, along with those of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Several Romantic-era composers wrote only one quartet, while Dvořák wrote 14. In

945-745: The BBC Symphony Orchestra featured Rihm's music in one of their 'total immersion' weekends at the Barbican Centre in London. Using recordings from that weekend, BBC Radio 3 dedicated three Hear and Now programmed to his work. On 27 July 2010, his opera Dionysos (on Nietzsche's late cycle of poems Dionysian-Dithyrambs ) was premiered at the Salzburg Festival by Ingo Metzmacher with sets designed by Jonathan Meese . In Opernwelt magazine, this performance

1008-459: The Ernst von Siemens Music Prize , as ... one of the most prolific and versatile composers of our time. With inexhaustible imagination, a vital creative drive and keen self-reflection, he has created an oeuvre rich in facets, which already comprises over four hundred compositions from all musical genres. Rihm's music manifests his belief in the indestructible existence of the creative individual, who

1071-564: The Hochschule für Musik Freiburg from 1973 to 1976, studying composition with Klaus Huber and musicology with Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht . His other teachers included Wolfgang Fortner and Humphrey Searle . The premiere of Rihm's Morphonie at the 1974 Donaueschingen Festival launched his career in the European new music scene. It was regarded as "indecently individual" ( "unanständig individuell" ). Rihm pursued expressive freedom in clear opposition to established norms. He combined

1134-613: The Lucerne Festival Academy where young musicians, directors and composers are trained in music of the 20th and 21st centuries. On 11 January 2017, the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg was inaugurated with the premiere of Reminiszenz , a song cycle for tenor and large orchestra that he composed on a commission for the occasion. Rihm wrote and dedicated Concerto en Sol to cellist Sol Gabetta in 2020. It

1197-839: The Musik for drei Streicher (1977), Zwischenblick: "Selbsthenker!" for string quartet (1983–1984), and the String Quartets Nos. 5 and 6. In these, he wrote the music with little, if any, precomposition or revision. Yves Knockaert compared his manner of writing here to the expressionist, but not the dodecaphonic, Schönberg. Rihm wrote his own libretti, based on the writings of Sophocles, Hölderlin, Nietzsche, Artaud and Müller. Rihm grouped particular themes in cycles, like Chiffre , Vers une symphonie-fleuve , Séraphin , and Über die Linie . He also experimented with writing musical fragments, like Alexanderlieder , Lenz-Fragmente , and Fetzen (Scraps). According to Bachtrack , Rihm

1260-662: The Transavantgarde (also known as Arte Cifra or Transavantguardia ) in Italy. However, Rihm did not seek to belong to any school and said that such things "must not be looked for" in his music. Nonetheless, Yves Knockaert considered that there were important philosophical and stylistic affinities, especially between Rihm's music and the work of Georg Baselitz . Rihm once said he sought "a new kind of coherence, no longer only restricted to process". He experimented with "loosening coherence" in his "Notebook Compositions":

1323-460: The classical period usually had four movements, with a structure similar to that of a symphony : The positions of the slow movement and third movement are flexible. For example, in Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn , three have a minuet followed by a slow movement and three have the slow movement before the minuet. Substantial modifications to the typical structure were already present by

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1386-456: The "classical" string quartet around 1757, but the consensus amongst most authorities is that Haydn is responsible for the genre in its currently accepted form. The string quartet enjoyed no recognized status as an ensemble in the way that two violins with basso continuo – the so-called ' trio sonata ' – had for more than a hundred years. Even the composition of Haydn's earliest string quartets owed more to chance than artistic imperative. During

1449-533: The 1750s, when the young composer was still working mainly as a teacher and violinist in Vienna, he would occasionally be invited to spend time at the nearby castle at Weinzierl of the music-loving Austrian nobleman Karl Joseph Weber, Edler von Fürnberg. There he would play chamber music in an ad hoc ensemble consisting of Fürnberg's steward, a priest, and a local cellist, and when the Baron asked for some new music for

1512-510: The Op. 20 quartets as follows: "Haydn's quartets of the late 1760s and early 1770s [opp. 9, 17, and 20] are high points in the early history of the quartet. Characterized by a wide range of textures, frequent asymmetries and theatrical gestures...these quartets established the genre's four-movement form, its larger dimensions, and ...its greater aesthetic pretensions and expressive range." That Haydn's string quartets were already "classics" that defined

1575-719: The Quartet commissioned to Marco Stroppa ) 1997 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Artemis String Quartet , Germany 2nd Prize: not awarded 3rd Prize: ex-aequo Auer String Quartet , Hungary and Lotus String Quartet , Japan Special Prize: Lotus String Quartet , Japan (best performance of the Quartet commissioned to Luciano Berio ) 2000 [ edit ] 1st Prize: not awarded 2nd Prize: Excelsior String Quartet , Japan 3rd Prize: Casals String Quartet , Spain Special Prize: Excelsior String Quartet , Japan (best performance of

1638-678: The Quartet commissioned to Salvatore Sciarrino ) 2002 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Kuss String Quartet , Germany 2nd Prize: Pacifica Quartet , United States 3rd Prize: Auer Quartet , Hungary Special Prize: Ex-aequo Kuss Quartet and Pacifica Quartet (best performance of the Quartet commissioned to Wolfgang Rihm ) 2005 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Pavel Haas Quartet , Czech Republic 2nd Prize: Tankstream Quartet , Australia 3rd Prize: Chiara String Quartet , United States 4th Prize: €4,000, offered by Mrs Irene Steels-Wilsing (Brussels) in memory of an unforgettable week Biava Quartet , United States Special Prize for

1701-1675: The best performance of a contemporary piece: Arete Quartet, South Korea 2024 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Fibonacci Quartet , UK 2nd Prize: Eden Quartet, South Korea 3rd Prize: Elmore Quartet, UK Audience Prize: Fibonacci Quartet, UK Special Prize for the best performance of a contemporary piece: Ast Quartet, Honorary Committee [ edit ] Martha Argerich Borodin String Quartet Radu Lupu Riccardo Muti Arvo Pärt Maurizio Pollini Wolfgang Rihm Salvatore Sciarrino Marco Stroppa See also [ edit ] List of classical music competitions World Federation of International Music Competitions String quartet External links [ edit ] Fondazione I Teatri di Reggio Emilia ; Competition's venue and organizer. Sources [ edit ] Premio Borciani (in Italian) DIE ZEIT, 26 June 2008 Nr. 27 (in German) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Paolo_Borciani&oldid=1234631265 " Category : Music competitions in Italy Hidden categories: Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with German-language sources (de) String Quartet The string quartet

1764-608: The best performance of a contemporary piece: Varèse Quartet, France 2017 [ edit ] 1st Prize: not awarded 2nd Prize: Omer Quartet, United States 3rd Prize: Quartetto Adorno, Italy Audience Prize: Quartetto Adorno, Italy Special Prize for the best performance of a contemporary piece: Quartetto Adorno, Italy 2021 [ edit ] 1st Prize: not awarded 2nd Prize: Balourdet Quartet, United States; Leonkoro Quartet Third Prize and Under 20 Prize: Adelphi Quartet, Belgium, Spain, Serbia, Germany. Audience Prize: Leonkoro Quartet, Germany Special Prize for

1827-662: The best performance of the new quartet commissioned to Giovanni Sollima : Quiroga String Quartet, Spain 2011 [ edit ] 1st Prize: not awarded Finalist Prize: Amaryllis Quartet , Germany; Meccorre Quartet , Poland; Voce Quartet , France Audience Prize: Voce Quartet, France Special Prize for the best performance of the new quartet commissioned to Giya Kancheli : ex aequo Meccorre Quartet, Poland and Cavaleri Quartet , UK 2014 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Kelemen Quartet, Hungary 2nd Prize: Mucha Quartet, Slovakia 3rd Prize: Varèse Quartet, France Audience Prize: Mucha Quartet, Slovakia Special Prize for

1890-460: The best performance of the quartet commissioned to Sir Peter Maxwell Davies : Pavel Haas Quartet , Czech Republic 2008 [ edit ] 1st Prize: Bennewitz String Quartet , Czech Republic 2nd Prize: Doric String Quartet , [1] Great Britain 3rd Prize: ex aequo Ardeo String Quartet, France and Signum String Quartet, Germany Special Prize Irene Steels-Wilsing: Amaryllis String Quartet, Germany/Switzerland Special Prize for

1953-616: The difference between one masterpiece and the next." The musicologist Roger Hickman has however demurred from this consensus view. He notes a change in string quartet writing towards the end of the 1760s, featuring characteristics which are today thought of as essential to the genre – scoring for two violins, viola and cello, solo passages, and absence of actual or potential basso continuo accompaniment. Noting that at this time other composers than Haydn were writing works conforming to these 'modern' criteria, and that Haydn's earlier quartets did not meet them, he suggests that "one casualty [of such

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2016-413: The early "quartets" are actually symphonies missing their wind parts. They have five movements and take the form: fast movement, minuet and trio I, slow movement, minuet and trio II, and fast finale . As Ludwig Finscher notes, they draw stylistically on the Austrian divertimento tradition. After these early efforts, Haydn did not return to the string quartet for several years, but when he did so, it

2079-554: The end. But I'm not at the end of my creative energy." Rihm died in a hospice in Ettlingen on 27 July 2024, at the age of 72, after battling cancer for many years. Rihm composed more than 500 works and was particularly known for his operas. 460 of his works were published, and manuscripts are held by the Paul Sacher Foundation . Despite this productivity, he said he never found composing easy; rather, he

2142-459: The finales of nos. 2, 5 and 6. After Op. 20, it becomes harder to point to similar major jumps in the string quartet's development in Haydn's hands, though not due to any lack of invention or application on the composer's part. As Donald Tovey put it: "with Op. 20 the historical development of Haydn's quartets reaches its goal; and further progress is not progress in any historical sense, but simply

2205-459: The genre by 1801 can be judged by Ignaz Pleyel 's publication in Paris of a "complete" series that year, and the quartet's evolution as vehicle for public performance can be judged by Pleyel's ten-volume set of miniature scores intended for hearers rather than players – early examples of this genre of music publishing . Since Haydn's day, the string quartet has been prestigious and considered one of

2268-566: The genre, and it remains an important and refined musical form. The standard structure for a string quartet as established in the Classical era is four movements , with the first movement in sonata form , allegro, in the tonic key; a slow movement in a related key and a minuet and trio follow; and the fourth movement is often in rondo form or sonata rondo form , in the tonic key. Some string quartet ensembles play together for many years and become established and promoted as an entity in

2331-575: The genre. During his tenure as Master of the Queen's Music , Peter Maxwell Davies produced a set of ten entitled the Naxos Quartets (to a commission from Naxos Records ) from 2001 to 2007. Margaret Jones Wiles composed over 50 string quartets. David Matthews has written eleven, and Robin Holloway both five quartets and six "quartettini". Over nearly five decades, Elliott Carter wrote

2394-430: The group to play, Haydn's first string quartets were born. It is not clear whether any of these works ended up in the two sets published in the mid-1760s and known as Haydn's Opp. 1 and 2 ('Op. 0' is a quartet included in some early editions of Op. 1, and only rediscovered in the 1930s), but it seems reasonable to assume that they were at least similar in character. Haydn's early biographer Georg August Griesinger tells

2457-593: The influence of Luigi Nono , Helmut Lachenmann , and Morton Feldman , amongst others, affected his style significantly. At Walter Fink 's invitation, Rihm was the fifth composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 1995. The same year, he contributed Communio (Lux aeterna) to the Requiem of Reconciliation . The Free University of Berlin awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1998. In 2003 Rihm received

2520-470: The inner conflict of a poet's soul. The premiere of his opera Oedipus at Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1987 was broadcast live and recorded as DVD. When his opera Dionysos was first performed at the Salzburg Festival in 2010, it was voted World Premiere of the Year by Opernwelt . He was commissioned to compose a work for the opening of the Elbphilharmonie , and created the song cycle Reminiszenz which

2583-469: The modern era, the string quartet played a key role in the development of Schoenberg (who added a soprano in his String Quartet No. 2 ), Bartók , and Shostakovich especially. After the Second World War , some composers, such as Messiaen questioned the relevance of the string quartet and avoided writing them. However, from the 1960s onwards, many composers have shown a renewed interest in

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2646-401: The most original and independent musical voices" there, composing over 500 works including several operas. The premiere of Rihm's Morphonie for orchestra at the 1974 Donaueschingen Festival won him international recognition. Rihm pursued a freedom of expression, combining avant-garde techniques with emotional individuality. His chamber opera Jakob Lenz was premiered in 1977, exploring

2709-469: The philosopher Peter Sloterdijk , said in an interview: "In a certain way he was an anti-ascetic character", taking pleasure in living. About cooking for friends, Sloterdijk said: "There was always a certain level of form and a certain inventive height. He never just cooked a simple recipe. He was always improvising and inventing." Rihm was diagnosed with cancer in 2017. He said in an interview in 2020: "Of course, like every person, I'm physically approaching

2772-454: The progressive aims of the Op. 20 set of 1772, in particular, makes them the first major peak in the history of the string quartet. Certainly they offered to their own time state-of-the art models to follow for the best part of a decade; the teenage Mozart , in his early quartets, was among the composers moved to imitate many of their characteristics, right down to the vital fugues with which Haydn sought to bring greater architectural weight to

2835-564: The pursuit of the more advanced quartet style found in the eighteen works published in the early 1770s as Opp. 9, 17, and 20 . These are written in a form that became established as standard both for Haydn and for other composers. Clearly composed as sets, these quartets feature a four-movement layout having broadly conceived, moderately paced first movements and, in increasing measure, a democratic and conversational interplay of parts, close-knit thematic development, and skilful though often restrained use of counterpoint. The convincing realizations of

2898-910: The story thus: The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in Weinzierl , several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, and Albrechtsberger (a brother of the celebrated contrapuntist Albrechtsberger ) in order to have a little music. Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn, then eighteen years old [ sic ], took up this proposal, and so originated his first quartet which, immediately it appeared, received such general approval that Haydn took courage to work further in this form. Haydn went on to write nine other quartets around this time. These works were published as his Op. 1 and Op. 2; one quartet went unpublished, and some of

2961-535: The string quartet can be further traced back to the Baroque trio sonata , in which two solo instruments performed with a continuo section consisting of a bass instrument (such as the cello) and keyboard . A very early example is a four-part sonata for string ensemble by the Italian composer Gregorio Allegri that might be considered an important prototype. By the early 18th century, composers were often adding

3024-477: The string quartet: Further expansions have also produced works such as the String octet by Mendelssohn , consisting of the equivalent of two string quartets. Notably, Schoenberg included a soprano in the last two movements of his second string quartet , composed in 1908. Adding a voice has since been done by Milhaud , Ginastera , Ferneyhough , Davies , İlhan Mimaroğlu and many others. Another variation on

3087-563: The techniques of then-contemporary classical music with the emotional volatility of Gustav Mahler and the musical expressionism of Arnold Schönberg . Rihm later cited Claude Debussy , saying that Debussy and the expressionist Schönberg combined "minimal formalism and system with the maximal expression". Many regarded this as a revolt against the early Darmstadt School generation of Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez . His Dis-Kontur (1974) has been described as "rusty and brutal", "channeling primal acoustic violence". When Sub-Kontur (1975)

3150-449: The time of Beethoven's late quartets, and despite some notable examples to the contrary, composers writing in the twentieth century increasingly abandoned this structure. Bartók's fourth and fifth string quartets, written in the 1930s, are five-movement works, symmetrical around a central movement. Shostakovich's final quartet , written in the 1970s, comprises six slow movements. Many other chamber groups can be seen as modifications of

3213-550: The traditional string quartet is the electric string quartet with players performing on electric instruments . Notable works for string quartet include: Whereas individual string players often group together to make ad hoc string quartets, others continue to play together for many years in ensembles which may be named after the first violinist (e.g. the Takács Quartet ), a composer (e.g. the Borodin Quartet ) or

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3276-469: The true tests of a composer's art. This may be partly because the palette of sound is more restricted than with orchestral music, forcing the music to stand more on its own rather than relying on tonal color ; or from the inherently contrapuntal tendency in music written for four equal instruments. Quartet composition flourished in the Classical era. Mozart , Beethoven and Schubert each composed

3339-546: Was a composition professor at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe, succeeding his teacher Velte. Rihm followed Velte's approach of educating in open dialogue with the individual student, cultivating freedom of thought. His opera Die Hamletmaschine , composed between 1983 and 1986 based on Heiner Müller's play, Hamletmachine , premiered at the Nationaltheater Mannheim in 1987. It was described as

3402-481: Was born in Karlsruhe on 13 March 1952. His parents were Julius Rihm, a treasurer for the Red Cross , and Margarete, a homemaker. He grew up with a sister, Monika. The boy began to compose at age eleven, and wrote a plan for a mass the following year. He was an enthusiastic choir singer, and he often improvised on the organ, creating "sound orgies" in the style of French organists. His cello sonata earned him

3465-688: Was dedicated to his work. Tom Service described Rihm's music as comprising a "bewildering variety of styles and sounds" in The Guardian . Jeffrey Arlo Brown described it as a "forceful, shape-shifting" œuvre in The New York Times . In the late 1970s and early 1980s, his name was associated with the movement called New Simplicity (Neue Einfachheit) , a term popularized by Aribert Reimann . Writing in 1977, Rihm suggested instead New Multiplicity (Neue Vielfalt) or New Clarity (Neue Eindeutigkeit) , since he felt his music

3528-468: Was developed into its present form by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn , whose works in the 1750s established the ensemble as a group of four more-or-less equal partners. Since that time, the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form; writing for four instruments with broadly similar characteristics both constrains and tests a composer. String quartet composition flourished in the Classical era , and Mozart , Beethoven and Schubert each wrote

3591-704: Was in 2022 in the Top 10 of the most performed living contemporary composers in the world. He was acclaimed for his independence and continuous self-invention, which Brown said "reinvigorated" contemporary classical music. In 2013, the Wolfgang-Rihm-Forum was opened at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe, a multi-functional auditorium with 400 seats. Rihm's students included Rebecca Saunders , David Philip Hefti , Márton Illés , and Jörg Widmann . Saunders said about his teaching that "he fought steadily and consequently against polemic thinking, and he encouraged

3654-458: Was not well described as simple. His music was sometimes also described as Neoromantic . In the 1980s, Rihm's music was newly described as representing "New Subjectivity" or Neo-expressionism , with its "free figuration, emotional pathos, ... and ... clear individualization", sometimes in relation to contemporaneous art schools like Junge Wilde (also known as Neue Wilde ) in Germany or

3717-644: Was premiered in 2017. Rihm was professor of composition at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe from 1985, with students including Rebecca Saunders and Jörg Widmann . He was composer in residence for the BBC , at the Lucerne Festival and the Salzburg Festival. He was honoured as an officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2001 and received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize in 2003. Rihm

3780-584: Was premiered in Donaueschingen (1976), the audience complained about Rihm's "brutal noise". Some critics called it a "fecal piece". But positive reviews of his early work led to many commissions in the following years. His chamber opera Jakob Lenz premiered in 1977; it explores the inner conflict of a poet's soul without following a linear narrative. In 1978 he became a lecturer at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse. From 1985 onward, he

3843-477: Was reviewed as a radiant musical portrait. Among his last works were a Stabat Mater and the song cycle Terzinen an den Tod . Rihm lived in Karlsruhe and Berlin. He was married to Johanna Feldhausen-Rihm; they had a son, Sebastian. The marriage ended in divorce. He married Uta Frank in 1992; they had a daughter, Katja. They separated, and Uta Frank died in 2013. He married Verena Weber in 2017. His friend,

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3906-496: Was to make a significant step in the genre's development. The intervening years saw Haydn begin his employment as Kapellmeister to the Esterházy princes, for whom he was required to compose numerous symphonies and dozens of trios for violin, viola, and the bass instrument called the baryton (played by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy himself). The opportunities for experiment which both these genres offered Haydn perhaps helped him in

3969-569: Was voted by critics World Premiere of the Year. The Trio Accanto premiered his Gegenstück (2006, rev. 2010) for bass saxophone, percussion, and piano on 16 August 2010, celebrating the 80th birthday of Walter Fink. Anne-Sophie Mutter and the New York Philharmonic premiered his violin concerto Lichtes Spiel ( Light Games ) in Avery Fisher Hall on 18 November 2010. In 2016 Rihm became artistic director of

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