Misplaced Pages

#442557

105-588: PrimeTime Players are owned by Chris Thomas, who also serves as the team head coach. After winning the first three Tobacco Road Basketball League championships (2012–14), PrimeTime are a founding member of the East Coast Basketball League . PTP have won ECBL titles in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021. Making their debut in 2015 , PrimeTime traveled to Atlanta as the 19th seed. They won their debut against top-seeded Team DBD, 94–66. The next day, PrimeTime downed HBC, 66–59, to move on to

210-905: A public transport bus service , the South East Area Transit System. Airplane facilities are provided by the Lumberton Municipal Airport in Lumberton. The Laurinburg–Maxton Airport , situated in Scotland County near the border with Robeson, serves both the Scotland city of Laurinburg and the Robeson town of Maxton. Railroads in Robeson County are operated by CSX Transportation . The longest straight stretch of railroad track in

315-453: A 0.91 percent increase in the county's population between 2020 and 2023. Robeson County is run by a commission–manager government . The county commission comprises eight members elected from single-member districts in four-year staggered terms. Presided over by a chair elected by the commissioners from among their members for one year, the commission has legislative and policy-making authority over county government. The commissioners appoint

420-484: A convention to be held in 1875 to revise the document. Elections to determine the delegates to attend were held in August. Early returns indicated that a Republican-majority convention was likely, and the final results from Robeson County were, depending on the outcome, likely to provide either party with their majority. The Democratic state chair telegrammed the local Democrat-dominated elections board, writing, "As you love

525-557: A cooperative with multiple Indian households farming common land from which profits would be attained and then divided among the members. Neither project proved successful, and by the 1940s, both faced neglect from the government, though the mutual association persisted into the 1960s before it finally collapsed. Hundreds of Indians from Robeson County fought for the United States during World War II in white units (blacks were segregated into different outfits). Many returned with

630-401: A county manager with executive authority over county administration and implement the commission's decisions. The manager appoints directors of county government departments. The county government supplies emergency services, social services, public health services, recreation, and economic development in its jurisdiction. It also maintains a water system and landfill. A local property tax funds

735-422: A high infant mortality rate led Robeson's government to organize the first county-level public health department in the United States in 1912. Following the passage of a state drainage law in 1909, many swamps in the county were drained to increase usable farmland, improve transportation, and reduce malaria cases. Work on the drainage of the nearly 22,000-acre Back Swamp was completed in 1918. Most major roads in

840-468: A loss of 17,638 people between 2010 and 2020, a decline of 13.1 percent and the largest numerical decline among North Carolina's counties. Between the 2010 and 2020 censuses, the white demographic experienced the largest decrease in size, while Hispanics and people who identify as two or more races experienced the most significant increases. The proportion of county residents under the age of 18 dropped by 22 percent. The North Carolina Rural Center reported

945-510: A new state constitution in North Carolina in 1868, nonwhites in Robeson, both black freedmen and Indians, were re-enfranchised. The Republican Party won a majority of the vote in elections in Robeson, displacing Conservative planter families who had dominated county affairs. The party relied on the electoral support of black freedmen, Indians, and poor Buckskin whites. Republican officials were reluctant to take any action concerning

1050-814: A new team called the Johnston County Nighthawks took their place in Smithfield . In October 2012, the league provisionally added the Blue Ridge Bison of Hendersonville , the Spartanburg Silver Lakers of South Carolina, the Greensboro Cobras , and a travel team, Team HoopForLyfe. They also said that the Express and Big Texas had found home venues and would play a full schedule. In December 2012,

1155-506: A prominent Indian farmer, of stealing two of his hogs and butchering them to feed Union escapees. He ordered the Lowry family to stay off his land under threat of being shot. In December, Barnes was ambushed and shot as he made his way to work. Shortly before he succumbed to his wounds, he accused William and Henry Berry Lowry , two sons of Allen, of committing the attack. The following January, Confederate Home Guard officer James Brantly Harris

SECTION 10

#1732790478443

1260-611: A similar institution, the Police Guard. In December, the Police Guard arrested Henry Berry Lowry at his wedding and held him on charges of murdering Barnes. He shortly thereafter escaped custody and avoided the authorities by hiding in swamps with a group of associates, which became known as the Lowry Gang. Although a somewhat fluid band at times numbering 20–30 men, the gang usually operated with six to eight men. The principle members were primarily relatives of Lowry, though

1365-468: A solution, local Republicans convinced Lowry to surrender himself to be tried in the postwar court system, but he shortly thereafter escaped. The Lowry Gang then killed Reuben King, the former sheriff of the county, during a robbery in January 1869, ending all attempts by Reconstruction authorities to negotiate a settlement. The gang continued its raids. As a result federal troops were dispatched to assist

1470-689: A subordinate position. Hamilton McMillan, a Robesonian member of the North Carolina House of Representatives and a Democrat, sought to switch the Indians' allegiance to solidify his party's control over the state. He convinced the General Assembly to formally recognize the Indians as "Croatoans"—arguing that they descended from English settlers of the Lost Colony who mixed with Croatan Indians. In 1887, McMillan convinced

1575-605: A unique name to identify their group. In 1952, the name Lumbee, inspired by the Lumbee/Lumber River, was approved by the Indians in a referendum, and the following year, the General Assembly formally recognized the label. In 1956, the United States Congress formally extended partial recognition to the Lumbee Tribe, affirming their existence as an Indigenous community but disallowing them from

1680-532: A western section of Bladen County . It was named for Thomas Robeson, a colonel who had led Patriot forces in the area during the Revolutionary War. General John Willis, owner of the Red Banks plantation, lobbied to have the county's new seat of government located on his land. The site, to be known as Lumberton , was chosen due to its central location in the county, proximity to a reliable ford of

1785-553: A willingness to pursue social change. Some of them, especially the war veterans, disliked Robeson County's segregation. In 1945, a group of Indians petitioned the governor to support the restoration of an elected municipal government in Pembroke, which had been swapped for an appointive system in 1917 at the behest of the community's white minority. Two years later, the town returned to an elected government, and Pembroke chose its first Indian mayor. Other Indian leaders lobbied to adopt

1890-480: Is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of North Carolina and is its largest county by land area. Its county seat and largest community is Lumberton . The county was formed in 1787 from part of Bladen County and named in honor of Thomas Robeson, a colonel who had led Patriot forces in the area during the Revolutionary War . As of the 2020 census , the county's population was 116,530. It

1995-548: Is a majority-minority county; its residents are approximately 38 percent Native American , 22 percent white, 22 percent black, and 10 percent Hispanic. It is included in the Fayetteville -Lumberton- Pinehurst , NC Combined Statistical Area . The state-recognized Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is headquartered in Pembroke . The area eventually comprising Robeson was initially inhabited by Native Americans, though little

2100-413: Is also one of the westernmost regular habitats in the state for American alligators . Plant life supported by the river includes bald cypress, gum, poplar, loblolly-bay , and juniper trees. Ferns, Virginia creeper , Spanish moss , pitcher plants , and Venus flytraps also reside along the river and its tributaries. As of the 2020 census , there were 116,530 people residing in the county. Lumberton

2205-405: Is known about them. By the mid-1700s, a Native community had coalesced around the swamps near Lumber River , which bisects the area. Later in the century, Scottish, English, and French settlers occupied the other lands. The population remained sparse for decades due to the lack of suitable land for farming, and timber and naval stores formed a crucial part of the early economy. The proliferation of

SECTION 20

#1732790478443

2310-488: Is land and 1.96 square miles (5.1 km ) (0.21%) is water. It is the largest county in North Carolina by area. Owing to its large size, the county was historically sometimes referred to informally as the "State of Robeson". It is bordered by the North Carolina counties of Bladen , Columbus , Cumberland , Hoke , and Scotland , and the South Carolina counties of Dillon , Horry , and Marlboro . Robeson

2415-497: Is located in the state's Coastal Plain region and is one of the state's ten counties within the Sandhills region, characterized by sandy and fertile soil. It hosts 11 major soil types, mostly sandy loams . It has a temperate climate and rarely experiences snowfall. The county hosts many pocosins , bald cypress forests, Carolina bays , creeks (including Shoe Heel and Big Shoe Heel ), and 50 swamps. The swamps feed into

2520-600: The Continental Basketball League . The Fayetteville Crossover then announced their move to this league as well. On 2 December 2011, the Carolina Gladiators and PrimeTime Players joined the league. In January 2012, the league announced the addition of three travel/exhibition teams: Team Macleem, Queen City Express, and Big Texas. After the league's first season, the Carolina Gladiators moved to Robeson County, North Carolina and

2625-552: The Fair and Equitable Tobacco Reform Act of 2004 caused deep economic and social damage, with increasing underemployment , rising poverty, growing welfare dependency , and an increase in certain types of crimes. Economic development thereafter increasingly focused on the supply of fossil fuels, poultry farming, biogas and biomass facilities, and logging. The Latino population also increased as Mexican immigrants—many of them undocumented —supplanted black agricultural workers. In 2016,

2730-558: The North Carolina Senate 's 24th district , and the North Carolina House of Representatives ' 46th and 47th district. Robeson is one of the four counties within the jurisdiction of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina . Tribal members within the county elect some members of the tribal council. Its headquarters is in Pembroke. Robeson County lies within the bounds of North Carolina's 20th Prosecutorial District,

2835-580: The University of North Carolina System the following year. In 1974 the county courthouse was demolished. It was replaced with a new structure in 1976. Robeson County became one of the top moonshine -producing counties in North Carolina in the 20th century. The prevalence of poverty enticed many Robesonians to sell moonshine to supplement their incomes, and the large number of isolated swamps and woods offered many places where stills could be concealed. Many Lumbees and Tuscaroras produced moonshine into

2940-545: The cotton gin and rising demand for cotton led Robeson County to become one of the state's major cotton-producing counties throughout the 1800s. The Lowry War was fought between a group of mostly-Native American outlaws and local authorities during the latter stages of the American Civil War and through the Reconstruction era . After Reconstruction ended, a unique system of tripartite racial segregation

3045-422: The cotton gin and rising demand for cotton led it to be rapidly adopted, and Robeson County became one of the state's major cotton-producing counties throughout much of the 1800s. Wealthy white planters held the best land in the county, and often outcompeted smallholding Indian and white farmers due to the aid of enslaved labor, creating stark class divisions. Cotton demand facilitated the growth of slavery and

3150-550: The "tied mule" incidents were emblematic of this. In these scenarios, a farmer would tie his mule to an Indian's land and release some of his cattle there before bringing local authorities to the scene to accuse the Indian landowner of theft. Doubtful of a fair trial in the courts, an Indian would settle with the farmer by offering him a portion of land or free labor. By the 1860s, many Indians were landless. The legal discrimination and exploitative practices heightened racial tensions in

3255-708: The 12th seed in the Midwest Region. Their first round opponent, Always A Brave, were a collection of Bradley Braves alumni. PrimeTime advanced to the second round with a 68–64 victory. They defeated the four-seed Big X, 70–67, to earn a spot in the Super 16 in Atlanta where their journey ended, falling to the top-seeded Scarlet & Grey ( Ohio State alumni), 72–60. Seeded fourth in the 2019 Greensboro Regional, PrimeTime Players fell short in their first-round matchup against Florida TNT, 71–68. In TBT 2020 , PrimeTime

PrimeTime Players - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-668: The 16B Superior Court District, and the 16B District Court District. County residents elect a county sheriff, clerk of Superior Court , and district attorney. Judicial officials work out of the Robeson County Courthouse in Lumberton. Law enforcement is provided across the county by the sheriff's office, while the University of North Carolina at Pembroke and the towns of Lumberton, St. Pauls, Maxton, Red Springs, Rowland, Pembroke, and Fairmont retain police departments. According to an October 2021 report issued by

3465-412: The 1880s, these people were generally dubbed " mulattos " by locals and in federal documents throughout the mid-1800s to distinguish them from blacks. The original Scuffletonians were joined by some whites and blacks in the mid-1700s, including some escaping enslavement. The earliest written record of white settlement dates from 1747 land deed applications. The area eventually comprising Robeson County

3570-412: The 1970s. The trade of marijuana eventually supplanted moonshine before being overtaken by cocaine trafficking in the 1980s, which was enabled by the county's midway location between Miami and New York City along Interstate 95 . The drug trade was fueled by worsening economic prospects in the region which began with the 1970s energy crisis and increased living costs. By the mid-1980s, local agriculture

3675-514: The 1990s. In recent years commercial activity has grown along the Interstate 95 corridor, Chicken processing, pork processing, and the pellet fuel industry have supplanted much of the former textile industry. The significant presence of such high-pollution industries in the county has led some residents to describe the area as a sacrifice zone . Health care/social assistance, manufacturing, retail, education, and accommodation/food service are

3780-520: The 2016 season Lumberton Showstoppers announced that they were joining the ECBL . Seven more teams (Auburn Pro Elite Flyers, Chapel Hill Blue Force, Charlotte Elite, Greensboro Cobras , HoopForLyfe, Raleigh Revolt, Savannah Cavaliers and Wilmington Sea Dawgs ) left the league before the beginning of the season, which caused a delay to the start. Robeson County, North Carolina Robeson County ( / ˈ r ɒ b ɪ s ə n / ROB -ih-sun )

3885-639: The Confederacy was an oppressive regime. This change in attitudes was brought on by their contact with Union prisoner-of-war escapees from the Florence Stockade , 60 miles (97 km) away in South Carolina. Indians became increasingly willing to help the Union soldiers escape and avoid recapture. As time progressed, some of the swamp deserters—including Indians, blacks, and Union soldiers—formed bands to raid and steal from area farms, though this

3990-458: The Home Guard suspected that the Lowry family was primarily responsible. On March 3, 1865, a Home Guard detachment arrested Allen Lowry and several others. Following an impromptu tribunal, the guardsmen executed Allen and his son William for allegedly possessing stolen goods. The Home Guard was briefly disrupted by the incursion of Sherman's troops several days later but resumed investigating

4095-505: The Indians and blacks as " colored ". Indians and blacks nevertheless maintained separate identities. Some other county facilities were separated for "Whites", "Negroes", and "Indians", including the courthouse in Lumberton. Under this racial hierarchy, whites constituted the dominant racial caste, and blacks were socially subordinated, while the Indians formed a middle caste and, though retaining more privileges than blacks, were still subject to discrimination. The county's second rail line

4200-463: The Indians and other free persons of color for labor along the coast, especially at Fort Fisher . The Indians were usually tasked to either construct batteries or grind salt. Most found the work dangerous and monotonous, and the conditions at the labor camps were poor. Many consequently fled into the swamps of Robeson County to avoid conscription. Though some Indians still sought to serve in the army during this time, by late 1863, most had concluded that

4305-551: The Klan in Robeson County. His group burned crosses in St. Pauls and Lumberton to intimidate the Lumbee community before advertising a rally to be held at Hayes Pond, near Maxton. The rally was held on the evening of January 18, attended by about 50 Klansmen—most not from the county, and joined by several hundred armed Lumbees. The Lumbees opened fire, inflicting minor injuries and causing

PrimeTime Players - Misplaced Pages Continue

4410-628: The Klansmen to disperse. The event, dubbed by the press as the " Battle of Hayes Pond ", garnered national media attention and led Klan activity against the Lumbees to cease. Pembroke State College (formerly the Croatan Normal School) was racially integrated in the 1950s and 1960s. After 1965, the rate of black and Native American voter registration substantially increased. By 1968, black and Native voters outnumbered whites. In 1970,

4515-576: The Lowry family thereafter. These events initiated the Lowry War, a conflict which dominated Robeson County throughout the Reconstruction period. The situation in Robeson County briefly calmed with the Union victory, as locals focused on rebuilding their livelihoods. The region suffered an economic downturn brought on by an agricultural depression and the destruction of the turpentine industry by Union troops. Some white Robesonians moved down

4620-425: The Lumbee Tribe. The area also began increasingly voting for Republican state and local candidates, with Robesonians in 2016 electing their first Republican state senator since Reconstruction. In 2020, Republicans won most races in the county. As of April 2022, Robeson hosts about 70,400 registered voters, comprising about 36,500 registered Democrats, 12,300 registered Republicans and 21,300 unaffiliated. Trump won

4725-463: The Lumber River into South Carolina in search of new farmland, while others moved west. Many black freedmen turned to tenant farming . Local government in Robeson mostly continued as it had during the war, with rich white men of prominence dominating public offices, especially the justices of the peace who constituted the county court. The Home Guard was formally dissolved but was replaced by

4830-482: The Lumber River valley eventually coalesced into a series of farming communities collectively dubbed " Scuffletown " by whites but known by inhabitants as "the Settlement". The date of Scuffletown's formation is unknown as was its actual location. Some scholars believe it was in the vicinity of the later town of Pembroke while others place it at Moss Neck . Historians Adolph Dial and David K. Eliades believed it

4935-467: The Lumber River, and as it was where several roads intersected. The first county courthouse was a wooden residence sold by Willis, which was moved into place after the land was cleared. Lumberton served as county residents' primary area of commerce for much of the area's early history, as transportation links with major regional cities elsewhere were tenuous. The 1790 United States census recorded 5,356 county residents. The county's first U.S. Post Office

5040-1027: The Lumber River, which flows eastward from the northwest corner of the county to the southeast corner. Portions of the Lumber River State Park are located in Robeson, as is the entirety of the Warwick Mill Bay State Natural Area . The two state game lands in the county are Bullard and Branch Hunting Preserve and Robeson Game Land. Most of Robeson County lies within the Lumber River basin. The river and its banks support many flora and fauna. Resident mammals include deer, raccoons, muskrats, beavers, minks, and otters. The river also supports wild turkeys and several varieties of ducks. Local fish include catfish, robin, perch, pike, bluegill bream, jack, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, black crappie, and redbreast sunfish. Reptilian life includes copperhead snakes and some water snakes including cottonmouths . Robeson County

5145-563: The Neuse River Basketball Club as a replacement for the Johnston County Nighthawks and added the Palmetto Flight. Changes were put in place for the 2014-15 season, primarily with the new flex-schedule. Games are played between November 1 and April 30 against "TRBL-sanctioned" teams. League teams are free to schedule as many games as they choose. All teams who play at least 10 sanctioned games are eligible for

5250-470: The South, but Republicans remained competitive in North Carolina, and the Indian population in Robeson continued to support them. Though Republicans still made up the majority of registered voters in Robeson, disagreements caused by the Lowry War prevented them from solidifying local control. The Indians also resisted being treated the same as blacks under the new socio-political hierarchy, who were relegated to

5355-566: The State Bureau of Investigation, in 2020 Robeson experienced the highest violent crime rate of the state's counties at 1,190 incidents per 100,000 people, and the third-worst overall crime rate. Politically, Robeson County has historically been dominated by the Democratic Party. A majority of Robesonians voted for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1972 , but then voted for Democratic presidential candidates in

SECTION 50

#1732790478443

5460-508: The Super 17. Their run ended on July 24, losing to Dirty South, 76–75. PrimeTime was the South Region nine seed in 2016 , losing in the opening round to Trained To Go, 87–82. For the 2017 tournament, PrimeTime were seeded tenth in the South Region. The team eliminated Blue Zoo ( Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders alumni), 79–77, before falling in the second round to Ram Nation ( VCU Rams alumni), 96–82. In 2018 , PrimeTime Players were

5565-520: The United States, spanning 78.86 miles, passes through Robeson. The Public Schools of Robeson County (PSRC) operates public schools, with its jurisdiction being the entire county. As of 2022, the system operates 36 schools and serves about 23,000 students. The state classifies the PSRC as a low-performing district. The county hosts two post-secondary institutions: the University of North Carolina at Pembroke and Robeson Community College . Additionally,

5670-422: The age of 25 lacked a high school diploma , and the local unemployment rate was higher than the state average. Native Americans and blacks suffered disproportionately from the lack of prosperity, and many Native Americans partook in the drug trade. Narcotics-related activities led to murders and stoked social unrest, political tensions, and police corruption. Robeson's homicide rate grew to four times worse than

5775-440: The area as late as the 1860s. English and a few French settlers moved into the eastern portion of the eventual county. Despite the increase in settlement, population levels in the Lumber River valley remained low for many years, as swamps and thick vegetation divided arable land and made transportation difficult. The production of timber and naval stores formed a key part of the area's early economy, with logs being floated down

5880-476: The area. In 1848, a new county courthouse was constructed to replace the original building. Lumberton was formally incorporated four years later. In 1860, the Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Railroad was laid through the county as its first railway. By April 1861, the line reached the town of Shoe Heel—later known as Maxton . The introduction of the railroad facilitated the creation of new towns in

5985-464: The assignment of black staff and white and black students to their institutions. In early 1973, dozens of buildings in the county, most of them owned by whites, were set ablaze. In March, Old Main , a historic building on Pembroke State's campus, which had symbolic importance to the Native American community, was burned. In 1974, a federal court ruled that the "double voting" system used by

6090-540: The bands became predominantly Indian. Union forces entered Lumberton on March 9, burning two bridges and a depot. They also foraged off the locals' goods, seizing draft animals, cattle, and crops. The bulk of Confederate forces surrendered at Appomattox , Virginia shortly thereafter. On May 15, enslaved people in Robeson were declared emancipated. In 1864, during the latter stages of the Civil War, Confederate postmaster James P. Barnes accused some sons of Allen Lowry,

6195-454: The completion of Interstate 95 within several years accelerated industrialization. By 1990, fewer than 2,300 Robesonians worked in agriculture, and manufacturing accounted for a third of the county's employment. The tobacco and manufacturing sectors rapidly declined in the 1990s and 2000s, with manufacturing especially adversely impacted by several national free trade agreements. The Robeson County Office of Economic Development determined that

6300-503: The county again in 2024. With an estimated voter turnout rate of 59 percent, the county had the lowest turnout of any county in the 2024 elections. Robeson County largely relied on the textile and tobacco industries throughout the 20th century. Agriculture predominated in employment in 1960, and the county earned the second-highest agriculture-related revenue among all Southern counties, though its per-capita income remained low. By 1970, agriculture had been overtaken by manufacturing, and

6405-650: The county government. Several county departments are headquartered in the Robeson County Administration Center in Lumberton. Robeson County is a member of the Lumber River Council of Governments , a regional planning board representing five counties. The county also has a Soil and Water Conservation District led by an elected supervisor. Robeson County is located in North Carolina's 7th congressional district ,

SECTION 60

#1732790478443

6510-415: The county school board, whereby both county residents and municipal residents could vote for board members—despite the latter not being served by the county school system, was unconstitutional. Following a bitter 1986 referendum which received national attention, the municipal systems were merged with the county system in 1988. Pembroke State College was elevated to university in 1971 and was grouped under

6615-467: The county school system and declining state education subsidies led the county school board to close nine schools in 2019. During the 2020 presidential election , President Donald Trump held a rally in Robeson County, marking the first time a sitting president had ever held a formal appearance there. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 949.26 square miles (2,458.6 km ), of which 947.30 square miles (2,453.5 km )

6720-467: The county was impacted by Hurricane Matthew , leading to record flooding in Lumberton. In 2018, the county was struck by Hurricane Florence , which broke the record. The storms heavily damaged thousands of residences throughout the county, and entire streets in south and west Lumberton were left abandoned. The destruction of significant affordable housing accelerated a population decline in the county, which had begun in 2013. Falling student enrollments in

6825-453: The county were paved with state support between the 1920s and 1947. In 1929, Robeson became the first county in the United States to appoint a county manager . Like the rest of the country, local agriculture suffered throughout the 1920s following World War I due to decreased demand and limited crop market opportunities. The Great Depression led to a severe decline in tobacco prices. Area farmers responded by increasing their output, but

6930-415: The county's primary textile center. In the early 1900s, farmers organized a trade association and convinced the county government to appoint a local commissioner for agriculture. In 1909, Robeson County's third courthouse was constructed. Two years later a portion of the county was split off and combined with a section of Cumberland County to form Hoke County . Bouts of typhoid, hookworm, smallpox, and

7035-836: The county. North Carolina seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America to fight in the American Civil War . Many Indians and Buckskin whites were unenthusiastic about the war; most local supporters of the Confederate cause were wealthy or well-educated. Some Indian men enlisted in the Confederate States Army , though it is unknown whether they were accepted as recognized Indians or passed as white. Major white enslavers were exempted from service, as were those wealthy enough to pay for surrogates to serve in their place. In 1863, Confederate authorities began conscripting

7140-485: The expanded agricultural supply only lowered crop prices. Robesonians dubbed the time period the " Hoover Days". In response to the downturn, in 1936, the federal government created Pembroke Farms, a resettlement community for struggling Indian farmers. In 1938, the government offered loans for the establishment of a second project, the Red Banks Mutual Association. The association served as

7245-647: The expansion of plantations. By 1850, the county had a population of 7,290 whites, 4,365 enslaved people, and 1,171 free persons of color . In 1835 a new Constitution of North Carolina was ratified, which restricted the ability of "free persons of color" and "free persons of mixed blood" to vote and bear arms. While having previously enjoyed the same political rights as white people, the new constitution disenfranchised Native Americans. White farmers in Robeson County also sought ways to obtain Native Americans' land or labor. According to Indian oral tradition,

7350-461: The federal government ordered the county school board to integrate its institutions. The board responded by dissolving special Native American districts and consolidating Native students with black and white schools. This did not affect most white students in the county, who were largely served by independent municipal school districts. Feeling a loss of control over their traditional schools, many Lumbees and Tuscaroras protested integration and resisted

7455-476: The gang also included two blacks and a poor white. They usually stayed in improvised shelters in Back Swamp, a ten-mile-long stretch of sparsely-traveled land near Allen Lowry's homestead. Throughout 1866 and 1867, the gang conducted raids "in retaliation" for previous wrongs inflicted upon them, but no people were killed. Following the passage of federal Reconstruction Acts in 1867 and the ratification of

7560-529: The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement led to the closure of 32 manufacturing facilities and the loss of over 6,000 jobs between 1995 and 2005. From 1997 to 2007, the county lost 22,860 acres in farmland. Tobacco is still grown in the county, as are corn, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and cotton. Some local landowners raise pine trees and sell them as timber. Poultry farming has also rapidly increased since

7665-540: The land had been inhabited continuously from 12,000 BCE in the early Paleo-Indian period through the Archaic and Woodland periods and up to the present. The earliest written mention of Native Americans in the area is a 1725 map compiled by John Herbert, which identified four Siouan -speaking communities near Drowning Creek—later known as the Lumber River . The Native American/American Indian-descent people in

7770-517: The largest police corruption investigation in state history and led to 22 officers, including the sheriff, being convicted for various crimes. Following the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1992, Robeson County lost thousands of manufacturing jobs, followed shortly by a knock-on loss of employment in other sectors. Deindustrialization coupled with the decline in the tobacco industry prompted by

7875-495: The largest-employing sectors in Robeson County. According to the 2022 American Community Survey one-year estimate, the median household income was $ 38,610. As of 2023, 28 percent of local residents are impoverished, making Robeson one of the poorest counties in the state. In its 2024 county economic tier ratings, the North Carolina Department of Commerce classified Robeson as tied with two other counties for

7980-486: The lawlessness in Robeson since prosecuting former Home Guardsmen for their extrajudicial killings would harm their law and order campaign, while targeting the Lowry Gang would split their local base of support. Despite this, the new Republican Governor of North Carolina , William Woods Holden issued a declaration of outlawry against Lowry and some of his associates, dividing the local Republican Party and threatening their hold on county politics. In an attempt to broker

8085-710: The league announced venues for Greensboro and the Hub City Lakers (renamed from the Spartanburg Silver Lakers), added the Bull City Legacy as a provisional team, and noted that Johnston County would be a travel team. It also said that the league would move to divisional play for the 2013 season. In October 2013, the league announced four additions, promoting the Bull City Legacy and South Carolina All-Stars to full members, after both having played 2013 as travel teams. The league added

8190-507: The legislature to appropriate money to establish a Croatan Normal School to train teachers who could staff new Indian schools. As a result, most Robeson Indians began to vote for Democrats, and their voting rights were preserved when blacks were disenfranchised by constitutional amendment in 1900. This distinction birthed a system of tripartite segregation which was unique in the American South . However, whites generally regarded both

8295-489: The local authorities. In February 1872, the Lowry Gang committed their largest heist, stealing two safes from downtown Lumberton. Shortly thereafter, Henry Berry Lowry disappeared. Over the next two years, bounty hunters tracked down the remaining gang members, and the war ended when the last active one was killed in February 1874. Dissatisfied with the 1868 Reconstruction constitution, Conservatives/ Democrats pushed for

8400-408: The national average and the county had the highest numbers of drug-related arrests in the state in 1985 and 1986. In February 1988, two Tuscaroras held the staff of the county newspaper, The Robesonian , hostage to protest local corruption. Shortly thereafter, Lumbee judicial candidate Julian Pierce was murdered under disputed circumstances, and the father of basketball player Michael Jordan

8505-742: The next nine elections. The local Republican Party grew in the early 21st century, fueled by prevailing religious conservatism in the county and discontent with the loss of manufacturing jobs. Many of the Democrats who remained with their party were conservative . Democrats continued to win state and local races by large margins in the 2000s but their margins of victory in presidential and congressional races decreased. In 2016 and 2020, county voters favored Republican Donald Trump , who won over majorities of white and Lumbee voters by championing socially conservative issues, criticizing free trade agreements, and declaring his support for full federal recognition of

8610-709: The playoffs. As a result of the change, five members (Carolina Gladiators, Fayetteville Crossover , PrimeTime Players , Queen City Express, and South Carolina All-Stars) left the league. Those teams would go on to form the East Coast Basketball League . In August 2015 the Premier Basketball League and TRBL announced an expanded partnership which included six TRBL teams to compete as the PBL South East Division. Teams included are Cary Invasion , Charlotte Elite, Durham Legacy , Huntersville HoopForLyfe and Wilmington Sea Dawgs . After

8715-495: The races, 11,757 people identified as Hispanic or Latino. In proportions, the county was approximately 38 percent Native American, 22 percent white, 22 percent black, and 10 percent Hispanic. It is a majority-minority county and proportionately has the largest Native American population of any North Carolina county and the smallest white population. Robeson County is included in the Fayetteville -Lumberton- Pinehurst , NC Combined Statistical Area . Robeson County experienced

8820-626: The river for sale in Georgetown, South Carolina , in the late 1700s. During the American Revolutionary War , control over the Lumber River valley was heavily contested by British Loyalists and Patriots . Tensions raised by the war caused some whites to migrate out of the area, moving as far away as Canada . Robeson County was created by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1787 out of

8925-494: The state, hold Robeson." The board then voted to certify the elections without counting results from four Republican-majority precincts, giving the county's two Democratic delegate candidates a slim margin of victory. With their narrow majority at the convention, the Democrats reversed many of the reforms instituted in the 1868 constitution, making it harder for Republicans and blacks to hold office. With Reconstruction thus ended, Democrats reasserted their dominance over politics in

9030-552: The supply of fossil fuels, poultry farming, biogas and bio-mass facilities, and logging. Robeson continues to rank low on several statewide socioeconomic indicators. Indigenous people have lived in the region as early as 20,000 BCE, though little is known about those who lived there in the pre-colonial and early colonial eras. Archeological excavations in the area eventually encompassing Robeson County have uncovered glass beads —often used by Native Americans in trade, pottery, and clay pipes. Archeologist Stanley Knick concluded that

9135-517: The third-most economically distressed county in the state. Robeson County is served by Interstate 95 , which travels north–south through the county; and Interstate 74 (incomplete), which travels east–west. The two routes intersect to the southwest of Lumberton. It is also served by U.S. Route 74 ( Alt. ) ( Bus. ), US 301 , US 501 , and North Carolina Highways 20 , 41 , 71 , 72 , 83 , 130 ( Bus. ), 211 , 295 (to become I-295 ), 710 , 711 , and 904 . County government supports

9240-623: The towns of Fairmont and Rowland retained significant black labor forces. In 1913 the General Assembly reclassified the Indians as Cherokees . Following the stagnation of cotton prices in the 1890s, farmers in Robeson County began rapidly adopting tobacco as a regular crop. Many tobacco warehouses were built, and the town of Fairmont became the county's primary market town for the crop. Significant tobacco markets were also established in Rowland and Lumberton. The county's first cotton mill opened in 1897, and St. Pauls subsequently developed as

9345-663: The use of federal funds and services available to other Native American groups. Other Indians rejected the Lumbee designation and identified themselves as Tuscarora—stressing a connection to the Tuscarora people who had populated North Carolina in the 1700s—intending to secure a better chance at full federal recognition. In 1954, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Brown v. Board of Education , ruling that racial segregation in public schools

9450-475: Was a mobile community. Others still believe the name applied broadly to any concentration of Indians in the area. Culturally, the Scuffletonians were similar to other Europeans in their dress and style of homes. They were Protestant Christians and spoke English, though they spoke an "older form", which set them apart from later settlers. Not viewed as Native Americans by the state of North Carolina until

9555-868: Was a professional men's basketball minor league in the United States that began play in April 2012. The league is centered in the Carolinas . In November 2014 the TRBL entered into an affiliation agreement with the Premier Basketball League (PBL). In 2011, the Wilmington Sea Dawgs and the Cary Invasion announced the formation of the Tobacco Road Basketball League and their membership therein, thus leaving

9660-431: Was ambushed and shot following his involvement in the deaths of three Lowrys. Fearing Harris' death would lead to retaliation from the Home Guard, local Indians began preparing for violence. Short on food and weapons, they started stealing from white-owned farms and plantations. Supplies intended for the guard were stolen from the courthouse in Lumberton. White citizens were infuriated by the decline in law and order, and

9765-587: Was established in 1884 by the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railway , connecting Lumber Bridge , Red Springs , and Maxton. In 1892, the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad built a north–south line through the county, intersecting with the Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Railroad at the site of Campbell's Mill. A train station was subsequently built, and a strong trading community was established. It

9870-452: Was established there by 1796. That year settlers moved up the Lumber River and established Robeson's second white community, Princess Anne. Much of the county's geography was not officially understood by surveyors until the early 1800s. The county's boundaries were modified and remarked several times between 1788 and 1832. Initially, wheat, corn, rice, sugar cane, and potatoes were popular crops among Robesonian farmers. The proliferation of

9975-404: Was in decline; reliance on mechanized agriculture and the consolidation of smallholding farms into larger corporate operations led to the loss of work for many farmers and their laborers. Newer manufacturing jobs did not provide residents sufficient employment and stability to make up for the shift. Over a quarter of county residents lived below the poverty threshold , over half of adults over

10080-616: Was incorporated in 1895 as the town of Pembroke , and in 1909, the Croatan Normal School was moved there from its original location in Pates . Pembroke became a center for Indian commercial activity. Due to the Indians' predominance in the community, the town lacked strict adherence to many Jim Crow norms common in the rest of the county and the wider South in the early-to-mid 20th century. St. Pauls and Red Springs developed as white-majority towns hostile to nonwhites, while

10185-548: Was initially not included in the field of 24, reduced in size due to the COVID-19 pandemic . However, the No. 20 seed, Mid-American Unity, had one of their players test positive, although he was asymptomatic. That team withdrew from the tournament and was replaced by PrimeTime. PrimeTime faced team CP3, the No. 13 seed, in the opening round. PrimeTime led for most of the game, but ultimately were defeated, 76–74. In TBT 2021 , PrimeTime

10290-427: Was instituted in the county to separate whites, blacks, and Native Americans. In the early 20th century, Robeson developed significant tobacco and textile industries while many of its swamp lands were drained and roads were paved. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the county experienced tensions over racial desegregation. During the same period, local agriculture mechanized, and the manufacturing industry grew. The new sector

10395-539: Was mostly out of a desire to survive and had little to do with challenging the Confederacy. The Indians' aid to the Union escapees and their attempts to dodge labor conscription drew the attention of the Confederate Home Guard , a paramilitary force tasked with maintaining law and order in the South during the war. In early March 1865, Union troops led by General William Tecumseh Sherman entered North Carolina . The Union escapees left to join them, and

10500-585: Was murdered in Robeson in 1993. The county's reputation among North Carolinians suffered due to these events. Political action motivated by discontent led to an increasing number of blacks and Native Americans to run for office. In 2002, the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation opened an inquiry into corruption allegations in the Robeson County Sheriff's Office. Their subsequent Operation Tarnished Badge became

10605-578: Was not heavily settled by whites until about ten years before the American Revolution , when Highland Scots moved into the area. They formed a separate community from the Scuffletonians. The immigrants encompassed a range of class distinctions, from literate and aristocratic English-speaking families to poorer Scottish Gaelic -speakers, many of whom were indentured servants. The latter were called "Buckskins" due to their reputation for wearing pants made of deer leather. Gaelic remained spoken in

10710-982: Was seeded eighth in the West Virginia Regional. The team faced ninth-seeded Fort Wayne Champs and were defeated, 72–61. 2nd Round: won vs HBC 66-59 Super 17: lost vs Dirty South 76-75 Conference final: Won vs Carolina Crusaders 131-119 Championship: Won vs Carolina Thunder 125-108 Second Round: lost vs Ram Nation 96-82 Conference final: Won vs Carolina Thunder 146-107 Championship: Won vs Hickory Hoyas 134-18 Second Round: won vs Big X 70-67 Super 16: lost vs Scarlet & Grey 72-60 Conference final: Won vs Carolina Crusaders 126-93 Championship: Won vs Winston-Salem Wolves 103-99 Conference final: Won vs Carolina Thunder 160-148 Championship: Won vs North Carolina Coyotes 130-128 Super Cup: Won vs Western Mass Zombies 133-129 Conference Finals: Loss vs Carolina Thunder 112-128 Tobacco Road Basketball League The Tobacco Road Basketball League (TRBL)

10815-402: Was the most populous community, with 19,025 residents. About 51 percent of county residents were women. Racially, 30,041 identified as white, 26,424 identified as black or African American, 44,871 identified as American Indian, 908 identified as Asian, and 79 identified as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 8,192 identified as other, and 6,015 identified as two or more races. Of the total among

10920-448: Was unable to provide stable enough employment to locals, and by the 1980s, Robeson was heavily afflicted by cocaine trafficking. The narcotics trade fueled violence, social unrest, political tensions, and police corruption and caused the county's statewide reputation to suffer. The county's economy was further damaged by significant declines in the tobacco and textile industries in the 1990s and early 2000s, which have now been supplanted by

11025-449: Was unconstitutional. The ruling sparked a significant amount of pro-segregation activity among whites in the South, including a resurgence in white supremacist Ku Klux Klan (KKK) activity. Klan activity and violence increased in Robeson in the early 1950s before being suppressed under pressure from the district solicitor and the federal government. In early 1958, Klan leader James W. "Catfish" Cole of South Carolina attempted to revive

#442557