62-796: Princess Royal Harbour is a part of King George Sound on the South coast of Western Australia , and harbour to Albany . On its northern shore is the Port of Albany . The name Princess Royal also appears in Albany in Princess Royal Fortress and Princess Royal Drive . The first European to explore the waters was George Vancouver in HMS Discovery in September 1791; he named the harbour after Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda ,
124-403: A microscope , Brown observed minute particles, now known to be amyloplasts (starch organelles ) and spherosomes (lipid organelles), ejected from the pollen grains, executing a continuous jittery motion. He then observed the same motion in particles of inorganic matter, enabling him to rule out the hypothesis that the effect was life-related. Although Brown did not provide a theory to explain
186-441: A panorama print of the view from Mount Clarence accompanied by a pamphlet describing the sound and the geography, geology, flora, fauna and native inhabitants of the immediate region. On 8 March 1836, HMS Beagle visited King George Sound and anchored there for eight days. On board was the young naturalist Charles Darwin , who collected specimens on shore. Beagle was on the homeward leg of her celebrated circumnavigation of
248-501: A 'fledgling Australian town', which features a series of small residences and a public house owned by former soldier Alexander Killam. Many wrecks exist within King George Sound. The most recent and best known is the 133 metres (436 ft) guided missile destroyer HMAS Perth , which was scuttled in 2001 in 35 metres (115 ft) of water off Seal Island , to be used as a dive-site. The former whale chaser Cheynes
310-699: A Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849. Brown was one of the seven founding members of the Royal Geographical Society which formed on 16 July 1830. In a paper read to the Linnean society in 1831 and published in 1833, Brown named the cell nucleus . The nucleus had been observed before, perhaps as early as 1682 by the Dutch microscopist Leeuwenhoek , and Franz Bauer had noted and drawn it as
372-563: A regular feature of plant cells in 1802, but it was Brown who gave it the name it bears to this day (while giving credit to Bauer's drawings). Neither Bauer nor Brown thought the nucleus to be universal, and Brown thought it to be primarily confined to Monocotyledons . After the division of the Natural History Department of the British Museum into three sections in 1837, Robert Brown became the first Keeper of
434-496: A small quota of 50 humpback whales that was eventually increased to 175. At the peak of the whaling activity in the sound the company was taking between 900 and 1100 sperm and humpback whales in a year. Humpback whaling was banned in 1963 which in turn decreased the viability of the operation. In 1978 the Cheynes Beach Whaling Company closed down after increasing environmental lobby group pressure. It
496-564: Is a sound on the south coast of Western Australia . Named King George the Third's Sound in 1791, it was referred to as King George's Sound from 1805. The name "King George Sound" gradually came into use from about 1934, prompted by new Admiralty charts supporting the intention to eliminate the possessive 's' from geographical names. The sound covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) and varies in depth from 10 to 35 metres (33 to 115 ft). Situated at its western shore
558-547: Is a Scotchman, fit to pursue an object with constance and cold mind. He was not selected, and the expedition did not end up going ahead as originally proposed, though George Caley was sent to New South Wales as a botanical collector for Banks. In 1800, however, Matthew Flinders put to Banks a proposal for an expedition that would answer the question whether New Holland was one island or several. Banks approved Flinders' proposal, and in December 1800 wrote to Brown offering him
620-461: Is recognised by naming the entrance into Princess Royal Harbour as Atatürk Entrance . There is evidence that shore-based bay whaling was carried out in Barker Bay, by James Daniels, as early as 1849. Whaling ships from Hobart also visited the area in the 2nd half of the 19th century. The Cheyne Beach Whaling Company began operating out of Frenchman Bay, located within the sound, in 1952 with
682-406: Is the city of Albany . The sound is bordered by the mainland to the north, by Vancouver Peninsula on the west, and by Bald Head and Flinders Peninsula to the south. Although the sound is open water to the east, the waters are partially protected by Breaksea Island and Michaelmas Island . There are two harbours located within the sound, Princess Royal Harbour to the west and Oyster Harbour to
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#1732797937901744-618: The Fanny Nicholson was being used as a whaling vessel when it ran ashore during a gale in 1872. The remains can still be seen in shallow water in Frenchman Bay . Another Tasmanian whaling barque, the Runnymede , met a similar fate when it ran aground during a storm in 1881. Two wrecks within the sound are protected under the federal Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 . These are the wooden barque Athena that sank in 1908, and
806-484: The Fifeshire Fencibles , and his regiment was posted to Ireland shortly after. In June 1795 he was appointed Surgeon's Mate . His regiment saw very little action and he had a good deal of leisure time, almost all of which he spent on botany. He was frustrated by his itinerant lifestyle, which prevented him from building his personal library and specimen collection as he would have liked, and cut him off from
868-485: The Great Southern Railway provided a quicker service. Albany Port is located on the north shore of Princess Royal Harbour adjacent to the city of Albany . The port was first established in 1826 and has been expanded regularly since. The port now has five berths able to cater to panamax class vessels. The port typically caters for loading of about 120 vessels per annum. In 1914, King George Sound
930-693: The Investigator expedition. Mount Brown in British Columbia , Canada was named for him by David Douglas . In 1938 the London County Council commemorated Brown, as well as botanists Joseph Banks and David Don , and meetings of the Linnean Society , with a rectangular stone plaque at 32 Soho Square . A small New Zealand tree Pisonia brunoniana was named in recognition of him, and Cape Brown (Greenland)
992-459: The continental shelf in the main part of the sound. The region of King George sound was featured in Kim Scott's 2010 novel, 'That Deadman Dance', which describes interaction and colonialism in 'the friendly frontier'. The story follows a number of nuanced characters, both of European and indigenous Noongar heritage. The main settlement, King George Town, at the time of the book is described as
1054-526: The leopard seal . Dolphins are also found in the area, and are occasionally caught and drowned in fishing nets or stranded. The common dolphin Delphinus delphis and the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncates have both been recorded in the area. Southern right whales and humpback whales frequent the area between July and October when they congregate to mate and calve in the protected waters of
1116-725: The Botanical Department , remaining so until his death. He was succeeded by John Joseph Bennett . He served as president of the Linnean Society from 1849 to 1853. Brown died at 17 Dean Street, Soho Square in London, on 10 June 1858. He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Brown's name is commemorated in the Australian herb genus Brunonia as well as numerous Australian species such as Eucalyptus brownii , Banksia brownii and
1178-470: The Linnean reading and then inserted it in Joseph Knight's 1809 publication On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae . In 1810, he published the results of his collecting in his famous Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen , the first systematic account of the Australian flora. Over half of New Zealand's orchid genera were first described in
1240-424: The command of Major Edmund Lockyer , arrived at King George Sound to establish a possessory military settlement. Lockyer named his settlement Fredrick Town after George III 's second son, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany , but this name never gained wide acceptance. Instead the settlement and surrounding locality were usually referred to as King George's Sound. The settlement of King George's Sound
1302-593: The copper plate Dixson had left. During this time Robert Brown (ship's botanist) and Peter Good (ship's gardener) collected samples of over 500 plant species. Nicolas Baudin arrived in the sound in February 1803 aboard Le Geographe to rendezvous with Louis de Freycinet aboard the Casuarina before doing further exploration of the Western Australian coastline. During the course of their stay
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#17327979379011364-495: The earliest studies in palynology . He also made numerous contributions to plant taxonomy, notably erecting a number of plant families that are still accepted today; and numerous Australian plant genera and species, the fruit of his exploration of that continent with Matthew Flinders . Robert Brown was born in Montrose , Scotland on 21 December 1773, in a house that existed on the site where Montrose Library currently stands. He
1426-584: The family moved to Edinburgh in 1790. His father died late the following year. Brown enrolled to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh , but developed an interest in botany and ended up spending more of his time on the latter than the former. He attended the lectures of John Walker ; made botanical expeditions into the Scottish Highlands , alone or with nurserymen such as George Don ; and wrote out meticulous botanical descriptions of
1488-515: The first daughter and fourth child of King George III . The harbour was surveyed by Matthew Flinders in 1802, Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1826, John Lort Stokes in 1848, and Henry Mangles Denham in 1858. The harbour was less than two metres deep until it was dredged in 1901, and its entrance was dredged in 1952. The Princess Royal Harbour was the departure location for a large convoy of Australian troops in November 1914 . The entrance to
1550-512: The grey white cushion bush, coast sword sedge, knotted club rush, sea rocket, pigface and false caper. The sound comprises a wide variety of habitats that supports an abundance of marine life. Many species of corals are present including Turbinaria frondens, Turbinaria mesenterina and Turbinaria renformis which cover an extensive area. Other coral species that can be found include Scolymia australis, Plesiastrea versipora, Coscinaraea mcneilli and Coscinaraea marshae. A large, wild mussel population
1612-532: The harbour was named Ataturk Channel in 1985 (for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ); it is also known as Atatürk Entrance . Water quality has been tested and monitored over time. The harbour is the location of a seagrass meadow of Posidonia . [REDACTED] Media related to Princess Royal Harbour at Wikimedia Commons 35°03′27″S 117°53′46″E / 35.0575°S 117.8960°E / -35.0575; 117.8960 King George Sound King George Sound ( Mineng Nyungar : Mammang-Koort )
1674-576: The headlands. King George Sound includes many islands and some islets, all comprising granitoid rocks with accumulations of soil on most. Islands of note include Breaksea Island , Michaelmas Island , Seal Island , Mistaken Island , and Green Island . . The tidal range in King George Sound (including Princess Royal Harbour and Oyster Harbour) is 0.4 metres (1 ft) with spring tidal range of 1.1 metres (4 ft). Tidal levels can remain static for periods of time. Semi-diurnal tides are frequent and diurnal tides are occasional. The temperature of
1736-438: The moss Brown's Tetrodontium Moss ( Tetrodontium brownianum ), a species which he discovered growing at Roslin near Edinburgh whilst still a student. The plant can still be found at the site of its discovery. Brown's River , south of Hobart , upon the banks of which he collected botanical samples, was named in his honour. In South Australia, Mount Brown and Point Brown (near Smoky Bay ) were named for him by Flinders during
1798-484: The most important herbaria and libraries. During this period Brown was especially interested in cryptogams , and these would be the subject of Brown's first, albeit unattributed, publication. Brown began a correspondence with James Dickson , and by 1796 was sending him specimens and descriptions of mosses. Dickson incorporated Brown's descriptions into his Fasciculi plantarum cryptogamicarum britanniae , with Brown's permission but without any attribution. By 1800 Brown
1860-577: The motion, the phenomenon is now known as Brownian motion . In recent years controversy arose over whether Brown's microscopes were sufficient to reveal phenomena of this order. Brown's discoveries were denied in a brief paper in 1991. Shortly thereafter, in an illustrated presentation, British microscopist Brian J. Ford presented to Inter Micro 1991 in Chicago a reprise of the demonstration using Brown's original microscope. His video sequences substantiated Brown's observations, suggesting Brown's microscope
1922-545: The natural order of plants called Proteaceae to the Linnean Society of London . This was subsequently published in March 1810 as On the Proteaceae of Jussieu . It is significant for its contribution to the systematics of Proteaceae, and to the floristics of Australia, and also for its application of palynology to systematics. This work was extensively plagiarised by Richard Anthony Salisbury , who had memorised much of
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1984-597: The north. Each receives excellent protection from winds and heavy seas. Princess Royal Harbour was Western Australia's only deep-water port for around 70 years until the Fremantle Inner Harbour was opened in 1897. The first reported visit to King George Sound by a European was in 1791 by the English explorer Captain George Vancouver . Vancouver named it King George the Third's Sound after
2046-423: The notice of those who could offer him a career in botany. In 1798 Brown heard that Mungo Park had withdrawn from a proposed expedition into the interior of New Holland (now Australia), leaving a vacancy for a naturalist . At Brown's request, Correia wrote to Sir Joseph Banks , suggesting Brown as a suitable replacement: Science is the gainer in this change of man; Mr Brown being a professed naturalist. He
2108-713: The plants he collected. He also began corresponding with and collecting for William Withering , one of the foremost British botanists of his day. Highlights for Brown during this period include his discovery of a new species of grass, Alopecurus alpinus , and his first botanical paper, " The botanical history of Angus ", read to the Edinburgh Natural History Society in January 1792 but not published in print in Brown's lifetime. Brown dropped out of his medical course in 1793. Late in 1794 he enlisted in
2170-413: The position of naturalist to the expedition. Brown accepted immediately. Brown was told to expect to sail at the end of 1800, only a few weeks after being offered the position. A succession of delays meant the voyage did not get under way until July 1801. Brown spent much of the meantime preparing for the voyage by studying Banks' Australian plant specimens and copying out notes and descriptions for use on
2232-630: The reigning monarch. The next Europeans to visit the sound were Captain Dennis of the Kingston , and Captain Dixson of the Elligood . Kingston and Elligood were whalers and while there caught three whales. Dixson left an inscribed piece of copper plate behind. Matthew Flinders anchored in the sound from 8 December 1801 to 5 January 1802 and explored the area. While he was there, his men found
2294-637: The ship's naturalist François Péron , collected 1060 new species of shellfish and a large number of starfish from the sound. Phillip Parker King visited the sound in 1818 aboard the cutter HMS Mermaid while en route to conduct a nautical survey of the North West Cape, and Frenchman Dumont d'Urville visited it in 1826 aboard the Astrolabe . On 25 December 1826, the New South Wales colonial government brig Amity , under
2356-532: The sound include cormorants , pied oystercatchers , sooty oystercatchers , Pacific gulls , Caspian terns , pelicans , ospreys and white-bellied sea eagles . The Western Australian south coast is formed along the edge of the southern margin of the Yilgarn craton and is fringed with prominent headlands composed of granite and gneisses formed during Proterozoic tectonic activity. Arcuate Bays that contain beaches backed by holocene dunes are found between
2418-421: The sound includes both the saltmarshes of Oyster Harbour and Princess Royal Harbour, and the sandy beach vegetation. Saltmarshes contain a variety of species including samphire , seablite , astartea , wattle , greenbush, shore rush, twig rush and saltwater paperbark . Freshwater species also occur in areas where substantial freshwater seepage occurs. Sandy beach areas contain a mix of shrubs and sedges such as
2480-485: The sound. Other whales that have been spotted in the area include minke whales , blue whales , short-finned pilot whales , false killer whales and killer whales . Sperm whales were known to visit the sound during the whaling era but none have been sighted recently, although a pod was detected further out in the Southern Ocean in 2002. The sound becomes a perfect habitat for migratory wading birds during
2542-488: The summer, when an estimated 2,000-3,000 birds flock to the area to feed in the shallow mudflats of the harbours. Some of the species that can be found during the summer months include the red-necked stint and the red knot as well as sandpipers , grey plovers , red capped plovers , lesser sand plovers , grey-tailed tattlers , Eurasian whimbrels , common greenshanks , yellow-billed spoonbill , white-faced heron and stilts . Other birds that are commonly seen around
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2604-818: The use of Kew Gardens ; the miner John Allen , appointed as mineralogist ; the landscape artist William Westall ; and the astronomer John Crosley , who would fall ill on the voyage out and leave the ship at the Cape of Good Hope , being belatedly replaced at Sydney by James Inman . Brown was given authority over Bauer and Good, both of whom were instructed to give any specimens they might collect to Brown, rather than forming separate collections. Both men would provide enthusiastic and hard-working companions for Brown, and thus Brown's specimen collections contain material collected by all three men. HMS Investigator sailed from London on 18 July. They made brief landfalls at Bugio Island ( Desertas Islands ) and Madeira , but Brown
2666-800: The vicinity of the Congo . In 1822, he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 1827 he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, three years later he became associated member. When the institute became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1851 Brown joined as foreign member. He was elected
2728-406: The voyage. Though Brown's brief was to collect scientific specimens of all sorts, he was told to give priority to plants, insects, and birds, and to treat other fields, such as geology, as secondary pursuits. In addition to Brown, the scientific staff comprised the renowned botanical illustrator Ferdinand Bauer ; the gardener Peter Good , whose task was to collect live plants and viable seed for
2790-566: The water in the sound is slightly different from that of the open sea. The salinity level within the Sound remains relatively constant ranging between 34.8 and 35.5 ' ‰ ', the lower levels occurring during heavy winter rain events when large volumes of freshwater enter the sound from the King and Kalgan rivers . The Leeuwin Current exerts some influence in the sound as it flows eastwards along
2852-615: The wooden boat Elvie that sank in 1923. In 1868, Northumberland , a wooden barque laden with 2000 tonnes of coal, grounded on a reef off Bald Head near the entrance to King George Sound. The ship was freed and sailed into the sound with a broken rudder, the crew eventually abandoned ship and took to the life boats. Northumberland foundered and sank between Cape Vancouver and Breaksea Island . [REDACTED] Media related to King George Sound at Wikimedia Commons Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose) Robert Brown FRSE FRS FLS MWS (21 December 1773 – 10 June 1858)
2914-565: The work. That year, he succeeded Jonas C. Dryander as Sir Joseph Banks ' librarian, and on Banks' death in 1820 Brown inherited his library and herbarium . This was transferred to the British Museum in 1827, and Brown was appointed Keeper of the Banksian Botanical Collection . In 1818 he published Observations, systematical and geographical, on the herbarium collected by Professor Christian Smith, in
2976-475: The world, having already stopped off at Sydney . Until the construction of Fremantle Harbour in 1897, King George Sound contained the only deepwater port in Western Australia, and so was the favoured location for delivery of mail and supplies from abroad to Western Australia. These were then transported to Perth and Fremantle by road or coastal shipping until the early 1890s, when the completion of
3038-710: Was Australia's last coastal whaling company. Installation of a shark barrier was commenced and completed in March 2016 at Middleton Beach at the north western end of the sound. Dense seagrass beds still exist in King George Sound, although they have been adversely affected by increased nutrient levels and industry in the area. Some of the seagrasses present in the sound include Posidonia australis , Posidonia robertsoneae, Posidonia kirkmanii, Posidonia sinuosa, Posidonia denhartogii, Posidonia ostenfeldii , Amphibolis antarctica , Amphibolis griffithii , Halophila australis , Halophila ovalis , Ruppia megacarpa and Heterozostera tasmanica . The fringing vegetation around
3100-473: Was a Scottish botanist and paleobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope. His contributions include one of the earliest detailed descriptions of the cell nucleus and cytoplasmic streaming ; the observation of Brownian motion ; early work on plant pollination and fertilisation , including being the first to recognise the fundamental difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms ; and some of
3162-412: Was disappointed to collect almost nothing of note from either site. They arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 16 October, staying a little over two weeks, during which time Brown made extensive botanical expeditions and climbed Table Mountain at least twice. Many years later he would write to William Henry Harvey , who was considering emigrating there, that "some of the pleasantest botanizing he ever had
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#17327979379013224-669: Was firmly established amongst Irish botanists and was corresponding with a number of British and foreign botanists, including Withering, Dickson, James Edward Smith and José Correia da Serra . He had been nominated to the Linnean Society of London ; had contributed to Dickson's Fasciculi ; was acknowledged in a number of other works; and had had a species of algae , Conferva brownii (now Aegagropila linnaei ) named after him by Lewis Weston Dillwyn . He had also begun experimenting with microscopy . However, as an army surgeon stationed in Ireland there seemed little prospect of him attracting
3286-547: Was first named by Cuvier in 1829 as Sillago punctata , based on an individual taken from King George Sound. Seals are known to inhabit the sound in various locations along the coast and on the islands. The species that are sighted most often are the Australian sea lion and the New Zealand fur seal . Species that have been sighted, but are considered to be occasional visitors, include the subantarctic fur seal and
3348-768: Was known to exist in the sound, and now commercial mussel farms operate within the area that grow and harvest Blue mussels . It is estimated that 203 species of fish inhabit the Oyster Harbour, Princess Royal Harbour and King George Sound, with Australian pilchards Sardinops sagax neopilchardus making up 97% of the total fish catch. Other species that are commonly found include Australian herring , leatherjackets, cobbler, tailor, Australian anchovy, garfish, sand trevally, tarwhine, flathead, tuna, snapper, Australian salmon, yellowtail scad, sea mullet, striped trumpeter, long-toothed flounder, dusky morwong and long-finned goby. The King George whiting ( Sillaginodes punctatus )
3410-851: Was lost when Porpoise was wrecked en route to England. Brown remained in Australia until May 1805. He then returned to Britain where he spent the next five years working on the material he had gathered. He published numerous species descriptions; in Western Australia alone he is the author of nearly 1200 species. The list of major Australian genera that he named includes: Livistona , Triodia , Eriachne , Caladenia , Isolepis , Prasophyllum , Pterostylis , Patersonia , Conostylis , Thysanotus , Pityrodia , Hemigenia , Lechenaultia , Eremophila , Logania , Dryandra , Isopogon , Grevillea , Petrophile , Telopea , Leptomeria , Jacksonia , Leucopogon , Stenopetalum , Ptilotus , Sclerolaena and Rhagodia . In early 1809 he read his paper called On
3472-491: Was named by William Scoresby (1789–1857) in 1822 in his honour. Specimens collected by Brown are cared for at the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria . The standard author abbreviation R.Br. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name . In 1827, while examining grains of pollen of the plant Clarkia pulchella suspended in water under
3534-671: Was on Devil's Mountain , near Cape Town , and he thought I could not pitch on a more delightful field of study." Amongst the plants collected at the Cape were two new species of Serruria ( Proteaceae ), S. foeniculacea and S. flagellaris . Investigator arrived in King George Sound in what is now Western Australia in December 1801. For three and a half years Brown did intensive botanic research in Australia, collecting about 3400 species, of which about 2000 were previously unknown. A large part of this collection
3596-590: Was part of New South Wales – a semi-exclave of New South Wales – from its establishment until 7 March 1831. It then was made part of the Swan River Colony , which from 1833 has been known as Western Australia. In 1832, Governor of Western Australia Captain (later Admiral) James Stirling declared the settlement a town and renamed it Albany , but the broader locality continued to be referred to as King George's Sound for many years. In 1834 Robert Dale published in London
3658-566: Was sold for scrap in 1961 and was subsequently sunk between Michaelmas Island and the northern shoreline of the sound. Another chaser in the fleet, Cheynes II , was blown ashore on Geak Point near Quaranup in Princess Royal Harbour in 1990 and is still there, approximately 290 metres (951 ft) off-shore. The Lady Lyttleton sank in the Emu Point channel when repairs were attempted in 1867. A Hobart wooden barque,
3720-506: Was sufficient to allow him to see motion. Physicist Phil Pearle and colleagues presented a detailed discussion of Brown's original observations of particles from pollen of Clarkia pulchella undergoing Brownian motion, including the relevant history, botany, microscopy, and physics. For a list of Brown's publications, see Wikisource . Joel Schwartz. Robert Brown and Mungo Park: Travels and Explorations in Natural History for
3782-554: Was the last Australian anchorage for the fleet taking the first Australian and New Zealand soldiers, later to become known as Anzacs , to Egypt. A memorial to the Anzacs of the Desert Mounted Corps has been established on top of Mount Clarence . Albany was where the first commemorative dawn service was held on Anzac Day , 25 April 1923. The contribution of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , president of Turkey from 1923 until 1938
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#17327979379013844-517: Was the son of James Brown , a minister in the Scottish Episcopal Church with Jacobite convictions so strong that in 1788 he defied his church's decision to give allegiance to George III . His mother was Helen Brown née Taylor, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. As a child Brown attended the local Grammar School (now called Montrose Academy ), then Marischal College at Aberdeen , but withdrew in his fourth year when
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