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64-611: Before the advent of the Open era of tennis competitions in April 1968, only amateurs were allowed to compete in established tournaments, including the four majors . There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. However many top tennis players turned professional to play legally for prize money in the years before the open era. They played in separate professional events, mostly on tours involving head-to-head competition, but also in professional tournaments as

128-534: A basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness; the incident is also mentioned in some earlier chronicles and ballads . One of the most striking early references appears in a painting by Giambattista Tiepolo entitled The Death of Hyacinth (1752–1753), in which a strung racquet and three tennis balls are depicted. The theme of the painting is the mythological story of Apollo and Hyacinth , written by Ovid . Giovanni Andrea dell'Anguillara translated it into Italian in 1561 and replaced

192-484: A given year a pro tournament was important when it attracted the best pro players and then another year this same tournament could be a second-rank tournament because few or no leading players came. Before the open era in addition to numerous small tournaments and head-to-head tours between the leading professionals, there were some major tournaments which stood out at different periods. Some survived sporadically because of financial collapses while others temporarily rose to

256-508: A group of 17 giants in The Turke and Gowin (c. 1500). The Medieval form of tennis is termed as real tennis , a game that evolved over three centuries from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France that involved hitting a ball with a bare hand and later with a glove. By the 16th century the glove had become a racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area and

320-515: A series of 15 tournaments in Australia, North America, and Europe linked by a points system which provided a full field ranking of all the contract professionals, plus a substantial money prize for the top finisher, with Lew Hoad emerging as world No. 1. The 1959 tournament series was officially named the "Ampol Open Trophy", after the principal sponsor of the tournaments, the Ampol oil company, and

384-450: A series of 17 tournaments in U.S. and Europe with a points system, and a world No. 1 and world champion was named as a result, Ken Rosewall . This system continued in subsequent years, with Rod Laver attaining the No. 1 ranking position for the 1965, 1966, and 1967 pro tournament series. The final results of these later tournament series were not published. In 1968–69, the two pro tennis tours,

448-589: A severe chill after playing and Charles VIII after hitting his head during a game. King Charles IX granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, creating the first pro tennis 'tour', establishing three professional levels: apprentice, associate, and master. A professional named Forbet wrote and published the first codification of the rules in 1599. Royal interest in England began with Henry V (1413–22). Henry VIII (1509–47) made

512-601: Is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists). The word tennis came into use in English in the mid-14th century from French, via the Anglo-Norman term Tenez, which can be translated as 'hold!', 'receive!' or 'take!', a call from the server to his opponent indicating that he is about to serve. The first known appearance of the word in English literature is by poet John Gower in his poem titled 'In Praise of Peace' dedicated to King Henry IV and composed in 1400; "Of

576-493: Is commonly believed, mistakenly, that Wingfield obtained a patent on the game he devised to be played on that type of court, but in fact Wingfield never applied for nor received a patent on his game, although he did obtain a copyright — but not a patent — on his rules for playing it. And, after a running series of articles and letters in the British sporting magazine The Field , and a meeting at London's Marylebone Cricket Club ,

640-404: Is the direct descendant of what is now denoted real tennis or royal tennis, which continues to be played today as a separate sport with more complex rules. Most rules of (lawn) tennis derive from this precursor and it is reasonable to see both sports as variations of the same game. Most historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in northern France in the 12th century, but

704-534: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in 1877 to raise money for the club. The first Championships were contested by 22 men and the winner received a Silver Gilt Cup proclaiming the winner to be "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World". The first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules. The following year, it was recognized as

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768-986: The Austro-Hungarian Empire but suffered under English Puritanism . By the Age of Napoleon the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis was largely abandoned. Real tennis played a minor role in the history of the French Revolution , through the Tennis Court Oath , a pledge signed by French deputies on a real tennis court, which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution. An epitaph in St Michael's Church, Coventry , written circa 1705 read, in part: Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball: Was racketted, from spring to fall, With so much heat and so much hast, Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last. In England, during

832-620: The NTL and the WCT , each had a tournament series ranking list which contributed four players from each tour to a combined final tournament at the Madison Square Garden . Tony Roche won the 1968 event, and Rod Laver won the 1969 event. Beginning in 1970, the ILTF authorized Kramer to arrange a year-end championship in which the pros with the highest tournament series points competed for

896-811: The US Open , was first held in 1881 at Newport, Rhode Island . The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in Philadelphia. The tournament was made officially one of the tennis 'Majors' from 1924 by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF). Name change 1881: U.S. National Championship 1968: U.S. Open Surface change 1881: Grass 1975: Clay Har-Tru 1978: Hard DecoTurf Venue change (men's championship) 1881: Newport 1915: Forest Hills 1921: Germantown 1924: Forest Hills 1978: Flushing Meadows Tennis

960-576: The 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis declined, three other racquet sports emerged: racquets , squash racquets and lawn tennis (the modern game). The lawyer and memoirist William Hickey recalled that in 1767 "in the summer we had another club, which met at the Red House in Battersea fields, nearly opposite Ranelagh.... The game we played was an invention of our own, and called field tennis, which afforded noble exercise.... The field, which

1024-562: The 1959 Forest Hills was an elimination tournament with 10 players. The Sydney version was an elimination event, while the 1958 Kooyong event was a round robin format. The 1957 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions was broadcast live nationally in the U.S.A. on the CBS television network in its entirety, the only known professional tennis tournament in the U.S.A. to achieve this status before the Open Era. (The CBS Dallas pro tennis tournament in 1965

1088-708: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club for the first lawn tennis championship, The Championships, Wimbledon in 1877. The Davis Cup , an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900. The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup , was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the International Tennis Federation , also known as

1152-714: The Australian Championships. For most of the 1970s and the early 1980s, the event lacked participation from top ranked tennis professionals. Since its move to Melbourne Park in 1988, the Australian Open has gained the popularity of the other three majors. Name change 1905: Australasian Championships 1927: Australian Championships 1969: Australian Open Tennis Pro Tours After World War II, with an increasing number of prominent professional players, there were occasionally tournament series with point systems which created official rankings for

1216-689: The French Tennis Association would not allow the event to be played at the stadium. The International Pro Championship of Britain (also known as the Southport Pro, as well as the Southport Dunlop Cup for sponsorship purposes) was a professional tennis tournament held at Victoria Park in Southport between 1935 and 1939. It was open to professional players only, amateurs were not allowed to compete. The tournament

1280-758: The French courts were decommissioned with the terror that accompanied the French Revolution . The Tennis Court Oath ( Serment du Jeu de Paume ) was a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution; it was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789. Marylebone Cricket Club 's Rules of Lawn Tennis have been official, with periodic slight modifications, ever since 1875. Those rules were adopted by

1344-669: The ITF. Promoter C. C. Pyle created the first professional tennis tour in 1926, with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences. The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen . Players turning pro could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments. In 1968 commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under

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1408-521: The Rot-Weiss club, on clay. It had a very large participation (over 80 players). According to Ray Bowers, the tournament at the time was regarded as the most prestigious professional tournament in the world. List of World Pro winners: This was a team tournament created by Bill Tilden and modeled on the Davis Cup format. In 1935, early rounds in France were hoped to be played at Roland Garros, but

1472-653: The U.S. on a grass court set up on the Estate of Col. William Appleton in Nahant, Massachusetts by James Dwight , Richard Dudley Sears and Fred Sears in 1874. In 1881, the desire to play tennis competitively led to the establishment of tennis clubs. The first American National tournament was played in 1880 at the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club in New York. An Englishman named Otway Woodhouse won

1536-515: The U.S. professional championship, and to some extent the tournament in Paris were the major professional tournaments prior to 1968." The oldest of these three tournaments was the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships , played at a variety of different venues and on a variety of different surfaces, between 1927 and 1999. The Wembley Championship , played between 1934 and 1990 at the Wembley Arena in

1600-546: The United Kingdom, was played on a wood surface through 1967. The third professional major was the French Pro Championship , where between 1930 and 1968 it was played on both clay and wood courts. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered in retrospect by later tennis writers to achieve a "Professional Grand Slam", or "Pro Slam" . In some years, professional tournaments other than

1664-679: The United States, setting up supposedly the first tennis court in the United States on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club, which was near where the Staten Island Ferry Terminal is today. The club was founded on or about 22 March 1872. She is also mistakenly said to have played the first tennis game in the U.S. against her sister Laura in Staten Island, New York on an hourglass-shaped court. However, all this would have been impossible, as

1728-633: The Warneford Hospital, founded the world's first tennis club, the Leamington Tennis Club. In December 1873 Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed an hourglass-shaped tennis court in order to obtain a patent on his court (as the rectangular court was already in use and was unpatentable). A temporary patent on this hourglass-shaped court was granted to him in February, 1874, which he never renewed when it expired in 1877. It

1792-697: The Wembley Pro, was held at the Wembley Arena , in London. This professional event ran from 1934 to 1967 and was originally played on a wood surface placed over the top of a drained pool. It was officially known as the "London Indoor Professional Championships" from 1951 through 1967. Source: The Championships at Wimbledon , the U.S. Championships , the French Championships , and the Australian Championships were typically

1856-543: The ancient game of discus in the original text with pallacorda or tennis, which had achieved a high status at the courts in the middle of the 16th century. Tiepolo's painting, displayed at the Museo Thyssen Bornemisza in Madrid , was ordered in 1752 by German count Wilhelm Friedrich Schaumburg Lippe, who was an avid tennis player. The game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy and

1920-698: The ball was then struck with the palm of the hand, hence the name jeu de paume ( lit.   ' game of the palm ' ). It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use and the game began to be called 'tennis'. It was popular in the Kingdom of France as well as in England, where Henry VIII of England was a notable enthusiast of the game, which is now referred to as 'real tennis'. Many original tennis courts remain, including courts at Oxford, Cambridge, Falkland Palace in Fife where Mary Queen of Scots regularly played, and Hampton Court Palace . Many of

1984-456: The biggest events on the pro tour. Professional tournaments, in particular the professional majors, usually only had a men's draw. In addition to the head-to-head tours , there were also major pro events, where the world's top professional male players often played. These tournaments held with a certain tradition and longevity. According to Ellsworth Vines, "the Wembley tournament in London...,

Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-512: The biggest impact as a young monarch, playing the game with gusto at Hampton Court on a court he had built in 1530. It is believed that his second wife, Anne Boleyn , was watching a game when she was arrested and that Henry was playing when news of her execution arrived. During the reign of James I (1603–25) London had 14 courts. Real tennis is mentioned in literature by William Shakespeare , who mentions "tennis balles" in Henry V (1599), when

2112-516: The complete field of pros. The tournament ranking series were held in 1946, 1959 and 1960 and there were also World Championship tours in these same three years involving only a few pros. The last World Championship two-man tour was held in 1963, featuring a final set of matches of Ken Rosewall against Rod Laver . From 1964 until 1967, a tournament series with a point system determined the pro No. 1 player. Some shorter two-man or four-man tours continued to be held from 1964 onward, as there had been since

2176-518: The court only, and the service had to bounce beyond the service line instead of in front of it. He adopted the rackets-based system of scoring where games consisted of 15 points (called 'aces'). None of these quirks survived the Marylebone Cricket Club 's 1875 Rules of Lawn Tennis that have been official, with periodic slight modifications, ever since then. Those rules were adopted by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club for

2240-413: The first Lawn Tennis Championship, at Wimbledon in 1877 (the men who devised those rules were members of both clubs). Wingfield does deserve great credit for popularizing the game of lawn tennis, as he marketed, in one boxed set, all the equipment needed to play his or other versions of it, equipment that had been available previously only at several different outlets. Because of this convenience, versions of

2304-545: The game for the amusement of his guests at a weekend garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan , Wales in 1874, but research has demonstrated that even his game was not likely played during that country weekend in Wales. He had likely based his game on both the evolving sport of outdoor tennis and on real tennis. Much of modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, for Wingfield and others borrowed both

2368-563: The game spread like wildfire in Britain, and by 1875 lawn tennis had virtually supplanted croquet and badminton as outdoor games for both men and women. Mary Ewing Outerbridge played the game in Bermuda at Clermont, a house with a spacious lawn in Paget parish. Innumerable histories claim that in 1874, Mary returned from Bermuda onboard the ship S.S. Canima and introduced lawn tennis to

2432-400: The game. Wingfield did patent his hourglass court in 1874, but not his eight-page rule book titled "Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis", but he failed in enforcing his patent. In his version, the game was played on an hourglass-shaped court, and the net was higher (4 feet 8 inches) than it is in official lawn tennis. The service had to be made from a diamond-shaped box in the middle of one side of

2496-795: The highest levels of competition when other tournaments weren't held. These include: Sometimes labelled "Professional Championships of France" this tournament was held on the French Riviera at Menton, at Cannes. This event was held in October on clay courts, at the Queen's Club in London. In 1928 Myers of the Daily Telegraph wrote that "this was the best pro tournament ever held in England." List of Queen's Club Pro winners: The World Pro Championship were held in 1932 and 1933 in Berlin at

2560-407: The increasing number of prominent professional players in the post-World War II period. In 1946, there was a professional tournament series of 18 events in the U.S. under the organization of the P.P.A.T. (Professional Players Association of Tennis) linked by a points system won by Bobby Riggs , which he relied upon as evidence of his mastery of the entire pro field. In 1959, Jack Kramer established

2624-506: The late 1920s, but without a world title at stake. Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: Secondaries: (final) (3rd place) (final) (3rd place) There were occasionally important professional tournament series which were referred to as establishing full field rankings, necessitated by

Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-412: The name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis, and applied them to their variations of real tennis. In the scholarly work Tennis: A Cultural History , Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, Wingfield had written to Harry Gem, commenting that he had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis for a year and a half. Gem himself had largely credited Perera with the invention of

2752-687: The name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis: The four majors or Grand Slam tournaments, the four biggest competitions on the tennis circuit, are Wimbledon , the US Open , the French Open , and the Australian Open . Since the mid-1920s they became and have remained the more prestigious events in tennis. Winning these four tournaments in the same year is called the Calendar Grand Slam (a term borrowed from bridge ). The Championships, Wimbledon , were founded by

2816-535: The official British Championships, although it was open to international competitors. In 1884 the Ladies Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles Championships were inaugurated, followed by the Ladies and Mixed Doubles in 1913. Name 1877: The Championships Surface 1877: Grass Venue change 1877: Worple Road, Wimbledon 1922: Church Road, Wimbledon Tennis was first played in

2880-413: The official rules of lawn tennis were promulgated by that Club in 1875, which preserved none of the aspects of the variations that Wingfield had dreamed up and named Sphaeristikè ( Greek : σφαιριστική , that is, "sphere-istic", an ancient Greek adjective meaning "of or pertaining to use of a ball, globe or sphere"), which was soon corrupted to "sticky". Wingfield claimed that he had invented his version of

2944-596: The pro majors had stronger fields and offered more prize money. Jack Kramer designated the four major professional tournaments for the 1958/1959 seasons as follows; Forest Hills, Kooyong, L.A. Masters, Sydney. The U.S. Pro Tennis Championship, also known as the US Pro, and officially known as the Cleveland International Pro or Cleveland World Pro Tennis Championships between 1951 and 1962, was an annual tournament, later known as MFS Pro Championships. It

3008-548: The rules had stabilized. Real tennis spread in popularity throughout royalty in Europe, reaching its peak in the 16th century. In 1437 at the Blackfriars, Perth , the playing of tennis indirectly led to the death of King James I of Scotland , when the drain outlet, through which he hoped to escape assassins, had been blocked to prevent the loss of tennis balls. James was trapped and killed. Francis I of France (1515–1547)

3072-708: The singles match. There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in NY. On 21 May 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis Association ) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions. The U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now

3136-471: The table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the Open Era, in which all players could compete in all tournaments and top players were able to make their living from tennis. With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its upper/middle-class English-speaking image (although it

3200-493: The tenetz to winne or lese a chase, Mai no lif wite er that the bal be ronne". (Whether a chase is won or lost at tennis, Nobody can know until the ball is run). Tennis is mentioned in literature as far back as the Middle Ages. In The Second Shepherds' Play (c. 1500) shepherds gave three gifts, including a tennis ball, to the newborn Christ. Sir Gawain , a knight of King Arthur 's round table, plays tennis against

3264-590: The tennis equipment she is said to have brought back from Bermuda was not available in Bermuda until 1875, and her next trip to Bermuda, when it was available there, was in 1877. In fact, lawn tennis was first introduced in the United States on a grass court on Col. William Appleton's Estate in Nahant, Massachusetts by Dr. James Dwight ("the Father of American Lawn Tennis"), Henry Slocum, Richard Dudley Sears and Sears' half-brother Fred Sears, in 1874. Wingfield borrowed both

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3328-509: The top events, where amateur players could compete for the title, albeit without prize money. Since the professional circuit was less organized and somewhat less popular than the amateur circuit, the professional events hierarchy changed each year. In 1934 the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all top ranked pro players whereas in 1936 it was a meeting between pro teachers without any leading pro players. A tournament could even be canceled at any time due to poor attendance. Consequently, for

3392-423: The trophy awarded to the winner. The 1959 tournament series was referred to as "the world series" in Kramer's brochure and a newspaper report. In 1960, Kramer again established a tournament series with a points system, but both Gonzales and Hoad withdrew from the field and the final results are unknown. In 1964, under Kramer's advice, the I.P.T.P.A. (International Professional Tennis Players Association) established

3456-413: Was a prominent professional tennis tournament series between 1957 and 1959. The tournament was held on the grass-courts of Forest Hills, New York, between 1957 and 1959, and an Australian version of the Tournament of Champions was held on grass at White City , Sydney in 1957 and 1959, and at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in 1958. The 1957 and 1958 Forest Hills tournaments had a round robin format, while

3520-429: Was an enthusiastic player and promoter of real tennis, building courts and encouraging play among the courtiers and commoners. His successor, Henry II (1547–59), was also an excellent player and continued the royal French tradition. In 1555 an Italian priest, Antonio Scaino da Salothe, wrote the first known book about tennis, Trattato del Giuoco della Palla . Two French kings died from tennis related episodes— Louis X of

3584-473: Was filmed and broadcast one match at a time in a weekly series.) The 1959 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions offered the largest winners' cheques of the year. The current designation by the West Side Tennis Club of the 1957–59 Forest Hills TOC is "WCT Tournament of Champions". Kramer's contemporary brochures described the Ampol series, of which the 1959 Forest Hills TOC was a part, with the term "World Championship Tennis". The 1958 Kooyong Tournament of Champions

3648-438: Was first held in 1930, held by the "Association Française des Professeurs de Tennis (AFPT)", entitled "Championnat International de France Professionnel" (French Pro Championships) on June 18–22, 1930. From 1930 the French Pro Championship was always played at Paris , on outdoor clay at Roland Garros except from 1963 to 1967 where it was held at Stade Pierre de Coubertin on indoor wood. The Wembley Championship, also known as

3712-474: Was first organized by player Vincent Richards when promoter C. C. Pyle withdrew interest in the project. It was first played on the Notlek courts located at 119th Street and Riverside Drive, Manhattan . The tournament was held at various locations in several states until 1964, when it moved to the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. In both 1951 and 1954 there are two U.S. Pro tournaments listed here for each year. The French Pro Championship

3776-408: Was first played in 1905 as The Australasian (Australia and New Zealand) Championships. Because of its geographic remoteness, historically, the event did not gain attendance from the top tennis players. It became one of the major tennis tournaments starting in 1924 (designated by the ILTF). In 1927, because of New Zealand tennis authorities releasing their commitments to the tournament, it became known as

3840-625: Was held in June 1966 on the grass courts of the West Side Tennis Club using the VASSS Scoring System. Forest Hills Pro winner: The Wimbledon World Professional Championship, also known as the Wimbledon Pro , was held in August 1967. It was first time that professional tennis players played on Centre Court at Wimbledon. The tournament was sponsored and broadcast by the BBC to mark the invention of colour television. Wimbledon Pro winner: Tennis open era The racket sport traditionally named lawn tennis, invented in Edgbaston , Warwickshire , England, now commonly known simply as tennis ,

3904-421: Was held on outdoor En-tout-cas , "all-weather" artificial clay. List of International Pro Championship of Britain winners: In LA; the only significant pro tournament of the last year of World War II, although missing Frank Kovacs and Welby Van Horn. The Australian Pro was a men's professional tournament held in 1954 and it was billed as the Australian Professional Championships. The Tournament of Champions

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3968-477: Was of sixteen acres in extent, was kept in as high an order, and smooth as a bowling green ." The modern sport is tied to two separate inventions. Between 1859 and 1865, in Birmingham, England, Major Harry Gem , a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera , a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the game of racquets and a ball of wind and played it on a croquet lawn in Edgbaston. In 1872, both men moved to Leamington Spa and in 1874, with two doctors from

4032-902: Was predominantly a sport of the English-speaking world, dominated by Great Britain and the United States. It was also popular in France, where the French Open dates to 1891 as the Championat de France International de Tennis. This tournament was not recognised as a Major or Grand Slam tournament until it was opened to all nationalities in 1925. Name change 1891: Championnat de France 1925: Championnats Internationaux de France 1928: Tournoi de Roland Garros Surface change 1891: Clay and Sand 1909: Clay Venue change 1891–1908: shared by Tennis Club de Paris/Ile de Puteaux, Paris/Racing Club de France 1909: Societe Athletique de la Villa Primrose, Bordeaux 1910: Racing Club de France, Paris 1925: Stade Français, Paris 1926: Racing Club de France, Paris 1927: Stade Français, Paris 1928: Stade Roland Garros , Paris The Australian Open

4096-491: Was the richest tournament of the series, with a prize money of 10,000 Australian pounds (US$ 24,000). List of Tournament of Champions winners: Forest Hills (New York) White City (Sydney) and Kooyong (Melbourne) Round Robin in Los Angeles, held from 1956 to 1960, and again in 1964, 1965, and 1967. The Ampol Masters Pro was held at White City in Sydney in 1958. Masters Pro winners: A team format tournament. Madison Square Garden Pro winners: The Forest Hills Pro

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