Former dicasteries
88-845: Former dicasteries The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples ( Latin : Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelizatione ) was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome , responsible for missionary work and related activities. It is also known by its former title, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( Latin : Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide ), or simply
176-454: A " Habesha people ". His record expounded the nature of Ethiopians, including highly proselytizing to neighboring Egypt. He denoted these people locating in the place superimposed by Nubia and Meroë, connected to the Nile river, having distinct rainy season and wonderful lake. The kingdom enlarged its territory by the half of 4th century after conquering neighbor city Meroë in 330, and entered
264-607: A "Golden Age" for the next three centuries. Aksum's power began declining at the time of the Islamic Golden Age , where they frequently countered intrusions by Arab Muslims in the South Arabia protectorate (modern Yemen ), making them to evicted more in the southern of Agaw population. In 10th century, the kingdom ultimately collapsed followed by pillage by Queen Gudit , after execution of Christians and ordered arson in church. While Aksum's existence extinguished,
352-717: A central seminary, the Collegium Urbanum , was established to train missionaries. The Congregation also operated Polyglotta , a printing press in Rome, printing catechisms in many languages. Their procurators were especially active in China from 1705, moving between Macau and Canton before finally settling in Hong Kong in 1842. In strongly Protestant areas, the Congregation's activities were considered subversive:
440-590: A less formally instituted committee of cardinals concerned with propaganda fide since the time of Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585). They were especially charged with promoting the union with Rome of the long-established Eastern Christian communities: Slavs , Greeks , Syrians , Egyptians , and Abyssinians . This was the traditional direction for the evangelization efforts of the Catholic Church. Catechisms were printed in many languages and seminarians sent to places as far as Malabar . The most concrete result
528-834: A period of isolation referred to as the Zemene Mesafint or "Age of Princes". The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by regional lords and noblemen like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray , Ras Wolde Selassie of Tigray, and by the Yejju Oromo dynasty of the Wara Sheh , such as Ras Gugsa of Yejju . Prior to the Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I had introduced the Oromo language ( Afaan Oromo ) at court, instead of Amharic. In 1855, Emperor Tewodros II sought to establish permanent Ethiopian border by solidifying
616-770: A population closely related to early Neolithic farmers from the Near-East/Anatolia. An entry by Hodgson et al. (2014) found a distinct African ancestral component in Afro-Asiatic populations in the Horn (dubbed "Ethiopic"), as well as a distinct non-African Western Eurasian component (dubbed "Ethio-Somali"), that is most likely pre-agricultural. Their data also revealed Nilo-Saharan ancestry in Afro-Asiatic populations, and "Ethiopic" ancestry in Nilo-Saharan populations, suggesting an intricate history of contact in
704-455: A process of modernization that continued into successive regimes, resurrecting the empire as a regional power. In the late 19th-century during the reign of Menelik II , against the backdrop of the Scramble for Africa , the notion of Ethiopian national integrity was strengthened by Italian efforts at colonization. The Italian invasion engendered a formidable national resistance, culminating in
792-452: A total of 459 males sampled from Ethiopia, approximately 58% of Y-chromosome haplotypes were found to belong to Haplogroup E , of which 71% (41% of total) were characterized by one of its further downstream sub lineage known as E1b1b , while the remainder were mostly characterized by Haplogroup E1b1(x E1b1b,E1b1a) , and to a lesser extent Haplogroup E2 . With respect to E1b1b , some studies have found that it exists at its highest level among
880-665: A trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Axumite state. Politically integrated, the Kingdom of Aksum was emerged independently from at least 100 BC, and its civilization grew from 1st century AD. The kingdom dominated the Red Sea , the Northeast Africa in the present location between northern Ethiopia ( Tigray Region ), eastern Sudan , Eritrea , South Arabia . It
968-624: Is 16126–16362, which is found not only in the Ethiopian highlands but also in Somalia, lower Egypt and at especially high frequency in the Nubians . The Tihama share some West Eurasian haplotypes with Africans, e.g. J and K with Ethiopians, Somali and Egyptians." Schuenemann V. J et al. (2017) found that when it came to the maternal background of 125 Ethiopians, over >60% was composed of African L lineages, while these lineages were up to 20% for
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#17327732249151056-585: Is displayed in Table 3. As can be seen graphically in Fig. 3, the mtDNA haplogroup distribution of each region is similar, with all regions displaying similar proportions of African 'L' haplogroups (Addis Ababa: 59%, Arsi: 50%, Shewa: 44%, Other: 57%). No association was found between regional origin of subjects and their mitochondrial type (v2=8.5, 15 df, P=0.9). Similarly, the mtDNA haplogroup distribution of subjects (athletes and controls) speaking languages from each family
1144-518: Is of J2 type. On the other hand, 26% of the individuals sampled in the Arsi control portion by Moran et al. (2004) were also found to belong to Haplogroup J. Another fairly prevalent lineage in Ethiopia belongs to Haplogroup A , occurring at a frequency of about 17% within Ethiopia, it is almost all characterized by its downstream sub lineage of A3b2 (M13). Restricted to Africa, and mostly found along
1232-473: Is quite different from that of the Khoisan. Thus, a portion of the current Ethiopian gene pool may be the product of in situ differentiation from an ancestral gene pool." Scott et al. (2005) similarly observed that the Ethiopian population is almost equally divided between individuals that carry Eurasian maternal lineages, and those that belong to African clades. They describe the presence of Eurasian clades in
1320-408: Is shown in Table 3. Again there was no association between language family and mitochondrial type (v2=5.4, 5 df, P=0.37). As can be seen in Fig. 4, the haplogroup distributions of each language family are again very similar. In addition, Musilová et al. (2011) observed significant maternal ties between its Ethiopian and other Horn African samples with its Western Asian samples; particularly in terms of
1408-900: Is the name of some departments in the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church . Pastor bonus (1988) includes this definition: By the word "dicasteries" are understood the Secretariat of State , Congregations, Tribunals, Councils and Offices, namely, the Apostolic Camera , the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See . Under
1496-727: The Propaganda Fide . On 5 June 2022, it was merged with the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization into the Dicastery for Evangelization . It was responsible for Latin Church pre-diocesan missionary jurisdictions: missions sui iuris , apostolic prefectures (neither entitled to a titular bishop ) and apostolic vicariates . Eastern Catholic equivalents like apostolic exarchate are
1584-766: The Battle of Adwa in 1896 which resulted in a major Ethiopian victory against the Italians. The resulting Treaty of Addis Ababa ended the Italo-Ethiopian War , and along with the nation's contemporaneous territorial expansion, largely established the modern-day boundaries of Ethiopia. Present-day Ethiopia has a diverse population with many different languages and ethnic groups. Ethiopians speak Afro-Asiatic languages ( Semitic , Cushitic , and Omotic ) and Nilo-Saharan languages . The Oromo , Amhara , Somali and Tigrayans make up more than three-quarters (75%) of
1672-570: The E1b1b1a (M78) clade, which arose later in northeast Africa (Egypt/Libya) and then subsequently back-migrated to eastern Africa. Haplogroup J has been found at a frequency of approximately 18% in Ethiopians, but with a much higher prevalence among the Amhara, where it has been found to exist at levels as high as 35%, of which about 94% (17% of total) is of the type J1, while 6% (1% of total)
1760-636: The Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which brought Ethiopia to ethnic federalist state since 1995, which was aimed to reduce internal ethnic conflicts and grant freedom of choice within every ethnic groups although, Ethiopia then faced more prolong internal conflicts and ethnic clashes in the 21st-century. Until the fall of the Derg , Amharic served as the sole official language in government administration, courts, church and even in primary school instruction; although in
1848-553: The Gondarine period in 16th and 17th century, but Ethiopia was divided into de facto autonomous regions in the mid-18th century. During this time, Ethiopia was nominally ruled by an Emperor who functioned as a puppet monarch of various regional lords and noblemen. This era was known as the Zemene Mesafint or "Era of the Princes". Emperor Tewodros II managed to unify the decentralized Ethiopian Empire in 1855 and inaugurated
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#17327732249151936-677: The HV1b mtDNA haplogroup. The authors noted: "Detailed phylogeography of HV1 sequences shows that more recent demographic upheavals likely contributed to their spread from West Arabia to East Africa , a finding concordant with archaeological records suggesting intensive maritime trade in the Red Sea from the sixth millennium BC onwards." According to Černý et al. (2008), many Ethiopians also share specific maternal lineages with areas in Yemen and other parts of Northeast Africa. The authors indicate that: "The most frequent haplotype in west coastal Yemen
2024-421: The Kingdom of Aksum ; Semitic , Cushitic , and Nilo-Saharan (ancestors of the modern-day Kunama and Nara ). The Kingdom of Aksum remained a geopolitically influential entity until the decline of its capital — also named Axum — beginning in the 7th century. Nevertheless, the core Aksumite civilization was preserved and continued into the successive Zagwe dynasty . By this time, new ethnic groups emerged –
2112-546: The Near East population migrated to Africa in 3,000 years ago. Other evidence concluded that Eurasian population made significant contribution as a result of back migration between 1,500 and 3,500 years ago. Nilo-Saharan peoples do not exhibit this genetic similarity; instead, their DNA shows evidence of more recent admixture (less than 1200 years ago) with other African peoples. It was thought that Hamitic people from Asia Minor had migrated before Semitic Arabian people in
2200-714: The Rift Valley from Ethiopia to Cape Town , Haplogroup A represents the deepest branch in the Human Y- Chromosome phylogeny. Finally, Haplogroup T was found at approximately 4% and Haplogroup B at approximately 3%, which make up the remainder of the Y-DNA Haplogroups found within Ethiopia. The maternal ancestry of Ethiopians is similarly diverse. About half (52.2%) of Ethiopians belongs to mtdna Haplogroups L0 , L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 , L5 , or L6 . These haplogroups are generally confined to
2288-891: The Tigrayans and Amharas . During the Solomonic period , the latter established major political and cultural influence in the Horn of Africa . In the Late Middle Ages , Muslim states were established, including the Sultanate of Ifat , and its successor the Adal Sultanate . Discontent with territory and religious dominance led to intense war between the Ethiopian Empire , the Christian state, (consisting of
2376-663: The 17th century during the Zemene Mesafint under the rule of the Warasek dynasty , the Oromo language did serve as the official language of the Ethiopian Empire 's royal court . After 1991, Amharic has been replaced in many areas by other official government languages such as Oromo , Somali and Tigrinya . English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is taught in all secondary schools. According to
2464-619: The 2007 Ethiopian census and the CIA World Fact Book, the largest first languages are: Oromo 24,929,567 speakers or 33.8% of the total population; Amharic 21,631,370 or 29.3% (federal working language); Somali 4,609,274 or 6.2%; Tigrinya 4,324,476 or 5.9%; Sidamo 4,981,471 or 4%; Wolaytta 1,627,784 or 2.2%; Gurage 1,481,783 or 2%; and Afar 1,281,278 or 1.7%. Widely-spoken foreign languages include Arabic , English (major foreign language taught in schools), and Italian (spoken by an Italian minority). According to
2552-596: The 7th century BC. In 1933, G.W.B Huntingford proposed a theory of Azanian civilization could existed in Kenya , and northern Tanzania , between the Stone Age and Islamic period . It was supposed that these people evicted from Ethiopia and Somalia by Muslim invasion to southern region in present-day Kenya and Tanzania where perished around 14th- and 15th-century. About 7000 BC, Afro-Asiatic -speaking population namely Cushitic and Omotic-speaking people grouped in
2640-502: The African continent. They also originated either in Ethiopia or very near. The other portion of the population belong to Haplogroup N (31%) and Haplogroup M1 (17%). There is controversy surrounding their origins as either native or a possible ancient back migration into Ethiopia from Asia . Passarino et al. (1998) suggested that: " Caucasoid " gene flow into the Ethiopian gene pool occurred predominantly through males. Conversely,
2728-719: The Amhara, Tigrayan, Soddo Gurage , and Agaw ethnic groups) and the Muslim state Adal Sultanate (consisting of Semitic speaking Harari formally known as the Harla people , and the Argobba ). During the 1600s, there were large-scale migrations of the Oromo from the south into the highlands and also alongside the Somali into Adal or what was known as " Hararghe " (land of the Hararis). A period of stability and peace continued through
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2816-586: The CIA Factbook the religious demography of Ethiopia is as follows; Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, and other 0.8%. The largest diaspora community is found in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , 250,000 Ethiopian immigrants lived in the United States as of 2008. An additional 30,000 U.S.-born citizens reported Ethiopian ancestry. According to Aaron Matteo Terrazas, "if
2904-539: The Caribbean and North America. The church overall has many statues and regulations in place for the overseen congregations so that they may determine the appropriate way to hold mass, perform the sacraments and spread the gospel in difficult or challenging settings. During Clement VIII's reign, in the sixteenth century, the second purpose for the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (CPF)
2992-600: The Chabu, Dassanech, and Karo) in the southwest shared more recent ancestry with Bantu and Nilotic speakers, while Afro-Asiatic speakers in the northeast shared more recent ancestry with Egyptians and other West Eurasians. Overall, the study revealed that groups belonging to the Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic branches of Afro-Asiatic in the region, still showed high genetic similarity to each other on average. A composite look at most YDNA studies done so far reveals that, out of
3080-630: The College. Other parts of the College have further minor works by Borromini. The prefect is ex officio President of the Interdicasterial Commission for Consecrated Religious and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urbaniana University . The secretary assists the cardinal-prefect in the day-to-day running of the congregation and is always an archbishop . They usually go on to hold a position in
3168-542: The Collegium Urbanum as well as to missionaries traveling cross-country to territories that the Vatican entrusted them. The press was originally called Polyglotta, and was intended to print Catholic literature in the various native languages that CPF missionaries would encounter. The press faced significant challenges when most of the equipment and machinery they used to print books was stolen and destroyed during
3256-789: The French MEP and Italian Barnabites; and on the other hand, other income came from land properties, real estate, and commercial rentals in Rome and the Pontifical States, and also inheritance and donations from benefactors – from within Italy and abroad. Currently, these efforts are the ways in which CPF obtains funds for the mission, however, the World Mission Sunday is the main resource of collection for financial support for this organization. The Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide (Pontifical Urban College for
3344-458: The Niger–Congo contribution to the Ethiopian population occurred mainly through females. While there is debate among the scientific community of what exactly constitutes "Caucasoid gene flow", the same study further stated: "Indeed, Ethiopians do not seem to result only from a simple combination of proto-Niger–Congo and Middle Eastern genes. Their African component cannot be completely explained by that of present-day Niger–Congo speakers, and it
3432-419: The Oromo, where it represented 62.8% of the haplotypes, while it was found at 35.4% among the Amhara, other studies however have found an almost equal representation of Haplogroup E1b1b at approximately 57% in both the Oromo and the Amhara. The haplogroup (as its predecessor E1b1) is thought to have originated somewhere in the Horn of Africa . About one half of E1b1b found in Ethiopia is further characterized by
3520-585: The Propaganda Fide was developed in the triangular urban block between the Via Due Macelli and the Via del Collegio di Propaganda Fide, two streets which diverged from the piazza. In 1634 a small oval chapel was built according to designs by Bernini. In 1642, Father Valerio, with Bernini, redesigned the façade to the Piazza di Spagna, and the development was continued along the Via Due Macelli by Gaspare de'Vecchio from 1639–1645. In 1648, Borromini took over and made various proposals that included demolishing Bernini's chapel, which must have been particularly galling for
3608-447: The Propagation of the Faith was established in 1622 due to the realization that the governmental structure of the episcopal structure and the decretal law was not possible. Episcopal structure and the Decretal law was government as described in the New Testament . In this new structure, missionaries would be given orders from Rome, and administrative power would be traded over to those who were titled bishops. The Sacred Congregation for
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3696-399: The Propagation of the Faith was left in charge to give faculties to the aforementioned bishops in addition to perfects, who were similar to bishops without the notoriety. On January 6, 1622 Gregory XV erected the Congregation de Propaganda Fide as central and supreme organ for the propagation of the faith to aim at the union of the Orthodox and Protestant Churches and to promote and organize
3784-410: The Propagation of the Faith) was established in 1627 by Pope Urban VIII for the purpose of training missionaries. It was located at the former Palazzo Ferratini at the Piazza di Spagna . The college prepared students for holy orders, after which they were to return to their homelands as missionaries. In 1641 Urban VIII placed it directly under the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. In 1931
3872-404: The Roman Curia that brings them membership to the College of Cardinals . The adjunct secretary, when one is appointed, is concurrently President of the Pontifical Mission Societies . Dicastery A dicastery ( / d ɪ ˈ k æ s t ə r i / ; from Greek : δικαστήριον , romanized : dikastērion , lit. 'law-court', from δικαστής , 'judge, juror')
3960-399: The Roman Curia was reorganized and the name of the congregation was changed to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. In 2014 Sr. Luzia Premoli , superior general of the Combonian Missionary Sisters, was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, the first woman to be appointed a member of a Roman curial congregation . The Sacred Congregation for
4048-437: The Shewan kingdoms. Tewodros II is often credited with being the preliminary figure of modern Ethiopian history but his reign ended prematurely when he committed suicide during the British Expedition to Abyssinia . Emperor Menelik II done major reformations to the country by the late 1890s: under his reign, Menelik extensively conquered the rest of kingdoms nearby region, while annexing the Tigray Province , ultimately formed
4136-421: The ancestry, Pagani, Luca et al. (2012) noted this non-African component is estimated to have entered the Horn of Africa roughly ~3,000 years ago, and was found to be similar to the populations in the Levant . The paper goes on to say that this coincides with the introduction of Ethio-Semitic languages into the region. Gallego Llorente, M et al. (2015) similarly discovered extensive admixture in Eastern Africa from
4224-407: The ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from the Sabaean language , one of the South Semitic languages . As early as 2000 BCE, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea where Ge'ez developed. Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been
4312-408: The architect Francesco Borromini . The last Prefect of the Congregation was Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle from December 2019 until June 2022. The secretary was Archbishop Protase Rugambwa . The adjunct secretary and President of the Pontifical Mission Societies was Archbishop Giampietro Del Toso The under-secretary was Father Ryszard Szmydki , O.M.I. Founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV with
4400-409: The bull Inscrutabili Divinae , the body was charged with fostering the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of Catholic ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries. The intrinsic importance of its duties and the extraordinary extent of its authority and of the territory under its jurisdiction caused the Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda to be known as the "red pope". There had already been
4488-688: The case in Ethiopia too, where a similar observation has been made for the Gumuz, an Ethiopian Nilotic population that is genetically similar to South Sudan Nilotes. Northeast African Nilotes showed some distinction from an ancient Ethiopian individual (Mota, found in the Mota Cave in the southern Ethiopian highlands), which suggests population structure between northeast and eastern Africa already 4,500 years ago. The modern-day Nilotic groups are likely direct descendants of past populations living in northeast Africa many thousands of years ago." López, Saioa et al. (2021) found that when comparing Ethiopians to external populations only, Nilo-Saharan speakers (as well as
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#17327732249154576-401: The centre of the vault. The criss-cross arrangement in the Re Magi Chapel is such that an octagon is formed at the centre, embellished with a Dove of the Holy Spirit bathed in golden rays. The central door leads into the courtyard where Borromini intended a curved arcade but this was not built. Only the left hand side of the façade relates to the chapel and the right to the stair and entrance to
4664-607: The country as sequences that "are thought to be found in high numbers in Ethiopia either as a result of substantial gene flow into Ethiopia from Eurasia (Chen et al., 2000; Richards et al., 2003), or as a result of having undergone several branching events in demic diffusion, acting as founder lineages for non-African populations". The researchers further found no association between regional origin of subjects or language family (Semitic/Cushitic) and their mitochondrial type: The haplogroup distribution amongst all subjects (athletes and controls) from different geographical regions of Ethiopia
4752-412: The course of their work, the Propaganda fide missionaries accumulated the objects now in the Vatican Museum 's Ethnological Missionary Museum. The Holy See removed the United States from the jurisdiction of Propaganda Fide as mission territory in 1908, along with England, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Canada. With the publication of Pope Paul VI's Regimini Ecclesiae Universae on 15 August 1967,
4840-399: The descendants of Ethiopian-born migrants (the second generation and up) are included, the estimates range upwards of 460,000 in the United States (of which approximately 350,000 are in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area ; 96,000 in Los Angeles ; and 10,000 in New York)." A large Ethiopian community is also found in Israel, where Ethiopians make up almost 1.9% of the population. Almost
4928-535: The early 4th century, construction of stone-fitted palace and public buildings, and erection of large obelisks around the capital Axum. These all are milestones that culminate in the rise of Ethiopian identity where the Greek exonym "Ethiopians" came to use by the kingdom under king Ezana 's reign in the 4th century. The first century BCE Greek historian Diodorus Siculus claimed the Ethiopian nativity as "true natives", "most pious and righteous" in his record. This assertion resonated by locality of declaring themselves
5016-458: The entire community are members of the Beta Israel community. There are also large number of Ethiopian emigrants in Saudi Arabia , Italy , Lebanon , United Kingdom , Canada , Sweden and Australia . . Wilson et al. (2001), conducted a DNA study based on cluster analysis that looked at a combined sample of Amhara and Oromo , examining a single enzyme variant: drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) loci. They found that 62% of Ethiopians fall into
5104-642: The first missionary to be killed was in Grisons , Switzerland , in April 1622, before the papal bull authorizing its creation had been disseminated. In Ireland after Catholic emancipation (1829) while the established church was still the Anglican Church of Ireland , the Catholic Church in Ireland came under the control of the Congregation in 1833, and soon reformed itself with a devotional revolution under Cardinal Cullen . These "Cardinals in General Congregation" met weekly, keeping their records in Latin until 1657, then in Italian . The minutes are available in microfilm (filling 84 reels) at large libraries. In
5192-459: The follow-up kingdom of Zagwe likely of a continuation of its civilization and revival of Christianity, and a new multi-ethnic empire-state was formed in title of "king of kings". The successful integration of Agaw and Semitic groups in the north prolonged over millennium and eventually forms Tigrayans and Amhara people . The Zagwe kingdom capital, relocated to Lalibela , and sparked a new cultural life. The most notable churches in this period
5280-444: The invasion of Rome in the Napoleonic Wars , 1809 (New Catholic Encyclopedia 11, 751). Later in 1926, the Polyglotta Press was absorbed by the Vatican Printing Press under the leadership of Pope Pius X . The Congregation was originally housed in a small palace, the Palazzo Ferratini, donated by the Spanish priest Vives. The building is located in the Rione Colonna, at the southern end of Piazza di Spagna . The architectural complex of
5368-489: The late first millennium BC, the Agaws occupied the northern Ethiopian region, as the Sidamo occupied the central and southern parts of Ethiopia, making inaugural historical development of Ethiopia . Afro-Asiatic languages were present in Africa and the Middle East by the eighth to sixth millennium BCE. This language family includes various modern and extinct African and Asian languages such as Oromo, Somali, Egyptian, Berber, Hausa, Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, and Akkadian. Ge'ez
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#17327732249155456-399: The latter as he could see the building from his house on Via Mercede. The Re Magi chapel, dedicated to the Three Kings , has a plan with four side chapels and galleries above. The wall pilasters are continued in the vault as ribs that criss-cross and unite the space, unlike his design at the Oratory of Philip Neri Oratorio dei Filippini where the ribs are interrupted by the oval fresco at
5544-529: The mission among non-Christians. The goal of this was to regulate missionary work through structural accountability. According to Fernando Cardinal Filoni, "The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples has jurisdiction over 186 archdioceses, 785 dioceses, 82 vicariates apostolic, 39 prefectures apostolic, 4 apostolic administrations, 6 missiones sui iuris, 1 territorial abbacy, and 6 military ordinariates," in today's modern organization. The Congregation has jurisdiction over missions in Asia, Africa, Latin America,
5632-599: The modern border of Ethiopia. His reign brought sharp solidification of the current Ethiopian national identity. The Battle of Adwa was a 1896 colonial resistance battle between the Ethiopian Empire led by Menelik and Kingdom of Italy led by General Oreste Baratieri , involving respective 100,000 and 17,700 troops, where Ethiopian armies decisively defeated them and secured sovereignty. The battle became signature national pride among Ethiopians, and beyond for Pan-Africanism . The Treaty of Addis Ababa (1896) settled an end of Italo-Ethiopian War , and modern border of Ethiopia
5720-420: The most important era for Christian and Muslim insight, and the resultant of religious war was in the mid-16th century of Ethiopian–Adal War , involving the Amhara, Tigrayan and Agaw force allied to the Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinia) and the Muslim states composed mostly of Harari and Somali people, together forms the Adal Sultanate . The Oromo people additionally took an advantage of the war and occupied much
5808-420: The name of the congregation was changed to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. The early congregation was established in the Palazzo Ferratini, donated by Spanish cleric Juan Bautista Vives, to the south of the Piazza di Spagna . Two of the foremost artistic figures of Baroque Rome were involved in the development of the architectural complex; the sculptor and architect Gianlorenzo Bernini and
5896-459: The native inhabitants of Ethiopia , as well as the global diaspora of Ethiopia. Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups , many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of the Horn of Africa . The first documented use of the name "Ethiopia" from Greek name Αἰθίοψ , Aithíops was in the 4th century during the reign of Aksumite king Ezana . There were three ethnolinguistic groups in
5984-537: The new Pontifical Urban University opened on the Janiculum . The Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide relocated from the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide to the renovated former hospital of Santa Maria della Pietà, also on the Janiculum, and serves as a residence for seminarians studying at the Urbania. The congregation needed to mass-produce literature for their missions so they established their own printing press four years after their founding in 1626 (New Catholic Encyclopedia 11, 751). The press contributed it literature to
6072-499: The new structure of the Roman Curia created by Praedicate evangelium ( effective since 5 June 2022), the former congregations and pontifical councils are replaced with dicasteries. As of 2022, there are sixteen dicasteries: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] This Catholic Church –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . People of Ethiopia Ethiopians are
6160-550: The north of the country (Oromo, Amhara, Tigray, and Gurage), estimate approximately 40% of their autosomal ancestry to be derived from an ancient "non-African" back-migration from the Near East and about 60% to be of native African origin (from a population indigenous or "autochthonous" to the Horn of Africa). Pickrell et al. (2014) found that the West Eurasian ancestry peaks in the Amhara and Tigrayans at 49% and 50%, respectively. Walsh, Sandra et al. (2020) which sampled 119 genome-wide-samples of Ethiopian populations similarly outlined
6248-415: The northern highland zone of the Amhara empire in the Oromo migrations . The Oromo remained predominantly pastoral life who dominated the Amhara empire of Abyssinia for the rest of era. A blossom life continued throughout early modern period with the founding of capital Gondar in the early 18th century, by Emperor Fasilides , commencing a "Gondarine period". Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia experienced
6336-423: The population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members. Archaeologist found remains of early hominins, one of the most specimen was Australopithecus afarensis , also called "Lucy", which was discovered in the country's Awash Valley , so-called Hadar in 1974. It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old. In October 2015, scientists discovered
6424-515: The present day of Ethiopia after which diversification thrived in the area and allowed the other local groups, the Agaws , Somali , Oromo , and numerous Omotic-speaking groups to unify. Originally a hunter gatherers, those people began domesticating indigenous plants thereafter, including the grasses teff , eleusine , enset , root crop, and domestication of cattles and other animals to fill agricultural livelihoods that still contemporary followed. By
6512-474: The proportion of West Asian ancestry , their data showed that: “The masked West Asian component measures the proportion of West Asian ancestry in each population. The Amhara and Oromo populations have the highest amount (54 and 51%, respectively), Wolayta and Somali show 43 and 44%, respectively, while in contrast the Gumuz show the low amount of 0.7%. These values agree with previous estimates." In characterizing
6600-573: The region. However, the Ethiopian Nilo-Saharan groups and the endogamous Aari blacksmith caste were found to have little to no Eurasian admixture. Aari blacksmiths may descend from the "Ethiopic" hunter-gatherers who were assimilated as other populations expanded into the region, or they may be a subset of a single population recently marginalized for their occupation. According to Hollfelder et al. (2017): "The Nilotic populations have stayed largely un-admixed, which appears to be
6688-546: The remains of a man called "Mota" in a cave in south-central Ethiopia, he lived 4,500 years ago. Atypical of Euroasians, who were believed to have reached the region after him, Mota's genetic variants did not include traits such as "light-colored eyes or skin," resembling the modern Aari tribes that live in the southern area of the country. Other research suggests Euroasians that arrived in the region resemble modern-day Sardinians , or likely LBK culture of antiquity. By proofing Mota has no European genome, archeologist theorized
6776-754: The responsibility of the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches . However many former missionary jurisdictions - mainly in the Third World - remain, after promotion to diocese of (Metropolitan) Archdiocese, under the Propaganda Fide instead of the normally competent Congregation for Bishops , notably in countries/regions where the Catholic church is too poor/small (as in most African countries) to aspire self-sufficiency and/or local authorities hostile to Catholic/Christian/any (organized) faith. It
6864-476: The same cluster of Ashkenazi Jews , Norwegians and Armenians based on that gene, and only 24% of Ethiopians cluster with Bantus and Afro-Caribbeans, 8% with Papua New Guineans , and 6% with Chinese . An investigation by Tishkoff et al. (2009) identified fourteen ancestral population clusters which correlate with self-described ethnicity and shared cultural and/or linguistic properties within Africa, in what
6952-520: Was by far powerful empire and trading nation between Roman Empire and India . The Aksumite lingua franca was Greek evolved from Hellenistic period in 330–305 BC and officially adopted in the first century. It was soon replaced by Ge'ez in the 4th century. Politically and culturally influenced partially with Byzantine Empire , the Aksumite achieved major historical grounds, Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity introduced and has been state religion in
7040-399: Was constructed with unique rock-hewn architecture . A dominant group, Amhara, continues to expand its territory in so-called Solomonic period after the downfall of Zagwe in 1270, and by the late 13th century, they reached to southern Shewa. Since then, centralized military unit was buildup while frequently engaged war with Sidama kingdom in the west and Muslim population to the east. One of
7128-645: Was created as a background of ceased foreign external pressure against the sovereignty of Ethiopia. Ethiopia, along with Liberia , became the only independent African survivors against the European colonization . An Italian occupation of Ethiopia following Second Italo-Ethiopian War brought legacy of ethnic marginalization of major ethnic groups: the Oromos, Amharas, Tigrayans, and Somalis. Ethiopia underwent series civil clashes under communist military junta Derg . Ethnic nationalism and similar policies implemented by
7216-489: Was developed around sixth century BCE and evident by inscriptions of contemporary kingdom of D'mt. The language dominance was eclipsed by 1000 AD, but the highland inhabitants used it as written scholar and liturgical language between 300s and 1800s. In 980 BCE, Dʿmt was established in present-day Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia, straddling South Arabia in present-day of Yemen . This polity's capital
7304-497: Was distributed among the remnant (9) Associated Ancestral Clusters (AAC's) found in Sub-Saharan Africa. The "Cushitic" cluster was also deemed "closest to the non-African AACs, consistent with an East African migration of modern humans out of Africa or a back-migration of non-Africans into Saharan areas and Eastern Africa." Other studies conducted on Ethiopians belonging to Semitic and Cushitic ethnic groups mostly from
7392-487: Was for the organization to procure financial support for their missions – both in domestic and international territory. Each territory would have procurators, where these individuals would ensure that mail, funds, and merchandise could be sent via any route, and Swedish, Danish, and English ships were preferred for their reliability. Most of CPF missions were run and funded by religious orders which were affiliated with this organization, but they were financially independent, like
7480-544: Was founded by Pope Gregory XV in 1622 to arrange missionary work on behalf of the various religious institutions, and in 1627 Pope Urban VIII established within it a training college for missionaries, the Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide . When Pope Paul VI reorganized and adjusted the tasks of the Roman Curia with the publication of Regimini Ecclesiae Universae 15 August 1967,
7568-517: Was located at Yeha , in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was Sabaean -influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the Red Sea. Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local Agaw peoples and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia. However, Ge'ez ,
7656-424: Was the largest autosomal study of the continent at the time. The Burji, Konso and Beta Israel were sampled from Ethiopia. The Afroasiatic speaking Ethiopians sampled were cumulatively (Fig.5B) found to belong to: 71% in the "Cushitic" cluster, 6% in the "Saharan/Dogon" cluster, 5% in the "Niger Kordofanian" cluster, 3% each in the "Nilo-Saharan" and "Chadic Saharan" cluster, while the balance (12%) of their assignment
7744-474: Was the union with Rome of the Ruthenian Catholic communion, most concentrated in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus ; the union was formalized at Brest in 1596. The death of Pope Gregory XV the following year did not interrupt the organization, because Cardinal Barberini, one of the original thirteen members of the congregation, became the next pope as Urban VIII (1623–1644). Under Urban VIII,
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