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110-765: According to Pope Francis in Evangelii gaudium in 2013: "the XIII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops gathered from 7–28 October 2012 to discuss the theme: The New Evangelization for the Transmission of the Christian Faith. The Synod reaffirmed that the new evangelization is a summons addressed to all and that it is carried out in three principal settings". The three settings were: 1) ordinary pastoral ministry (to inflame

220-546: A cardinal , assigning him the title of cardinal priest of San Roberto Bellarmino , a Jesuit church. Bergoglio was installed there on 14 October. During his trip to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited their father's hometown in northern Italy. As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the Roman Curia . He was a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and

330-587: A chemist and working as a technician in a food science laboratory. After recovering from a severe illness of pneumonia and cysts , he was inspired to join the Jesuits in 1958. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was the Jesuit provincial superior in Argentina. He became the archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II . He led

440-627: A mandate for missions and evangelism and this accompanies the church into the new, Third Millennium . In the very first sentence of its Constitution on the Church, Lumen gentium , the Second Vatican Council affirmed that Christ had sent the church to preach the gospel to every creature (LG 1; cf. Mk 16:15). Evangelism is a theme in multiple Vatican II documents. These documents mentioned "gospel" 157 times, "evangelize" 18 times, and "evangelization" 31 times. For several decades,

550-829: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem but his stay was shortened by the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War . After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the rector of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel where he had studied. Before taking up this new appointment, he spent the first three months of 1980 in Ireland to learn English, staying at the Jesuit Centre at the Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy , Dublin. He served at San Miguel for six years until 1986 when, at

660-632: A "communist turd." His disparaging comments sparked controversy among Catholics. However, following his inauguration, Milei softened his position and formally invited Francis to Argentina. Milei visited the Vatican on 11 February 2024, the day Francis canonized María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa , the first female Argentine saint. Elected at 76 years old, Francis was reported to be healthy and his doctors have said his missing lung tissue, removed in his youth, does not significantly affect his health. The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had

770-578: A Theological Institute for the New Evangelization, which offers a Master's of Theological Studies for the New Evangelization. Despite being located at a seminary, the program is designed for laity, deacons, and professed religious. In 2012, Franciscan University of Steubenville established the Father Michael Scanlan Chair of Biblical Theology and the New Evangelization. In 2012, The Catholic Bishops' Conference of

880-481: A bishop he was no longer subject to his Jesuit superior. From then on, he did not visit Jesuit houses and was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" until after his election as pope. Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and consecrated on 27 June 1992 as titular bishop of Auca , with Cardinal Antonio Quarracino , archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator. He chose as his episcopal motto Miserando atque eligendo . It

990-430: A changing approach to formalities at the Vatican. During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica , he wore a white cassock , not the red, ermine-trimmed mozzetta used by previous popes. He also wore the same iron pectoral cross that he had worn as archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors. After being elected and choosing his name, his first act

1100-407: A chemical technician's diploma. In that capacity, he spent several years working in the food section of Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory, where he worked under Esther Ballestrino . Earlier, he was a bouncer and a janitor. When he was 21 years old, after life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts , Bergoglio had part of a lung excised. Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he

1210-613: A collective apology for his church's failure to protect people from the Junta during the Dirty War. When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by canon law . Still, as he had no coadjutor archbishop, he stayed in office, waiting for an eventual replacement appointed by the Vatican. On 21 February 2001, Pope John Paul II made Archbishop Bergoglio

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1320-571: A diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave. According to the Italian journalist Andrea Tornielli , this number of votes had no precedent for a Latin American papabile . La Stampa reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him. According to Tornielli, Bergoglio made this request to prevent

1430-504: A general assembly of the Synod of Bishops on The New Evangelization for the Transmission of the Christian Faith . On June 29, 2013, Pope Francis released a related apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium (English: The Joy of the Gospel) on "the church's primary mission of evangelization in the modern world". In its opening paragraph, Pope Francis urged the entire church "to embark on

1540-578: A new chapter of evangelism". As of April 2019, Pope Francis was reported to be planning a reorganization of the Curia that will make evangelization its principal focus. A final draft of his apostolic constitution on the Roman Curia, titled Praedicate Evangelium ("Preach the Gospel"), has been submitted for comment to national bishops' conferences and a variety of other bodies. Since Pope John Paul II ,

1650-596: A new evangelization and to the mission ad gentes . No believer in Christ, no institution of the Church can avoid this supreme duty: to proclaim Christ to all peoples. In 2010, Pope Benedict XVI established the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization . When he called for a Year of Faith from 2012 to 2013 on the 50th anniversary of the Second Vatican Council, he opened it with

1760-533: A new town where there was none. Speaking at Mogila Abbey near Nowa Huta in 1979, Pope John Paul II said: "From the Cross of Nowa Huta began the new evangelization". The first papal use of the term new evangelization was by Pope Paul VI in his 1975 apostolic exhortation , Evangelii nuntiandi , which itself built upon documents from the Second Vatican Council including Lumen gentium , Ad gentes , Gaudium et spes , and Dignitatis humanae . The term

1870-626: A permanent council of specialized bishops to legislate for the Church in union with the Pope and the cardinals. Within the framework of the Council itself, the first to put forward "the idea of a 'permanent synod of bishops' surrounding the pope" was Melkite Patriarch Maximos IV . In 1963, during the third session of the Council, he proposed that "a relatively small group of bishops [...] with rotating membership would always be in session in Rome to assist

1980-502: A permanent secretariat headquartered in Rome but not part of the Roman Curia . Pope Francis greatly increased both the authority and influence of the Synod in September 2018. In 1959, three years before the Second Vatican Council began, Cardinal Silvio Oddi proposed a permanent consultative body of bishops drawn from many parts of the world to discuss major concerns of the Church, and Cardinal Bernardus Johannes Alfrink proposed

2090-479: A political rival to the day he died in October 2010. Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during disturbances in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators. The campaign to enact same-sex marriage legislation

2200-437: A preliminary outline document ( Lineamenta ) which is distributed to all concerned for comment. Based on this feedback, a working document ( instrumentum laboris ) is prepared and distributed to all churches. This document is the basis for discussions at the synod. The assembly examines proposals ( propositiones ) put forward by its members and passes to the Pope those that receive the assembly's approval. The Pope uses these as

2310-531: A respiratory infection. In the past, one attack of sciatica in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days. Francis is the first Jesuit pope. This was a significant appointment, because of the sometimes tense relations between the Society of Jesus and the Holy See . He came in second to Cardinal Ratzinger on all the ballots in the 2005 conclave and at

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2420-581: A traffic collision. His niece, Cristina Bergoglio , is a painter based in Madrid , Spain. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, a school of the Salesians of Don Bosco , in Ramos Mejía , Buenos Aires Province. He attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial Nº 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past Argentine president , and graduated with

2530-433: Is authorized to decide, or when the patriarch or major archbishop, with the agreement of the standing synod, judges it to be necessary, or when at least one third of the bishops request that it be held to consider some specific matter. In addition, the individual canon law of some patriarchal and major archiepiscopal churches requires that the synod of bishops be convoked at predetermined intervals. The papal Synod of Bishops

2640-481: Is described in the 1983 Code of Canon Law as "a group of bishops who have been chosen from different regions of the world and meet at fixed times to foster closer unity between the Roman Pontiff and bishops, to assist the Roman Pontiff with their counsel in the preservation and growth of faith and morals and in the observance and strengthening of ecclesiastical discipline, and to consider questions pertaining to

2750-471: Is drawn from Saint Bede 's homily on Matthew 9:9–13: "because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him". On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed coadjutor archbishop of Buenos Aires and succeeded as metropolitan archbishop after Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998. As archbishop, he established new parishes, restructured the archdiocese, led pro-life efforts, and formed a commission on divorces. One of Bergoglio's major initiatives as archbishop

2860-472: Is less formal than that of his immediate predecessors: a style that news coverage has referred to as "no frills", noting that it is "his common touch and accessibility that is proving the greatest inspiration". On the night of his election, he took a bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car. The next day, he visited Cardinal Jorge María Mejía in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff. At his first media audience,

2970-633: Is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the APDH during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the CONADEP . Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything." Ricardo Lorenzetti , President of the Argentine Supreme Court, also has said that Bergoglio is "completely innocent" of the accusations. Historian Uki Goñi pointed that, during early 1976,

3080-410: Is permanent, even when not in session. Periodically, it holds assemblies, which are either general, if called to consider matters directly concerning the universal Church, or special, if called for problems of a particular geographical area. The general assemblies are either ordinary (held at fixed intervals) or extraordinary (held to treat of some urgent matter). The papal Synod of Bishops also has

3190-631: Is set to be published in January 2025. Pope Francis was born as Jorge Mario Bergoglio on 17 December 1936 in Flores , a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . He was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) and Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro ( Province of Asti ) in Italy's Piedmont region. Regina Sívori

3300-481: Is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio (…) the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio." Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, Sergio Rubin , that after the priests' imprisonment, he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator Jorge Rafael Videla on their behalf may have saved their lives. Bergoglio also told Rubin that he had often sheltered people from

3410-686: The Crónica newspaper. Fernando de la Rúa replaced Carlos Menem as president of Argentina in 1999. As an archbishop, Bergoglio celebrated the annual Mass at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral on the First National Government holiday, 25 May. In 2000, Bergoglio criticized the perceived apathy of society. During Argentina's economic depression , the Catholic Church criticized

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3520-500: The National Catholic Reporter , John L. Allen Jr. reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 conclave. In September 2005, the Italian magazine Limes published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot. The claims were based on

3630-513: The LGBT community , and has stated that while blessings of same-sex unions are not permitted, the individuals can be blessed , as long as the blessings are not given in a liturgical context. Francis is a critic of unbridled capitalism , consumerism , and overdevelopment ; he has made action on climate change a leading focus of his papacy. Widely interpreted as denouncing the death penalty as intrinsically evil, he has termed it "an attack on

3740-815: The Pallottine community murdered in the San Patricio Church massacre . At the same time, Bergoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the National Reorganization Process , the military junta that ruled Argentina at the time. Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the Argentine Navy 's kidnapping of two Jesuit priests, Orlando Yorio and Franz Jalics , in May 1976, during Argentina's Dirty War . He feared for

3850-617: The Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , marking the first time women were allowed to vote at any Synod of Bishops. The Synod of the Bishops has its own permanent general secretariat, composed of the General Secretary and a fifteen-member council, twelve of whom are elected by each general assembly and three are appointed by the Pope. The secretariat assists in preparing

3960-582: The Synod of Bishops , and, according to the Catholic Herald , created "a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue". Cardinal Bergoglio was known for his personal humility, doctrinal conservatism, and commitment to social justice . His simple lifestyle , including living in a small apartment rather than the elegant bishop's residence, using public transportation, and cooking his own meals, enhanced his reputation for humility. He limited his time in Rome to "lightning visits." He

4070-777: The Vatican City State . He is the first pope to be a member of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuit Order), the first from the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere , and the first born or raised outside Europe since the 8th-century papacy of the Syrian pope Gregory III . Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina , Bergoglio worked for a time as a bouncer and a janitor as a young man before training to be

4180-404: The apostolic exhortation which the Pope publishes on the basis of the recommendations of each general assembly, and it prepares the next assembly. Their function ceases with the start of a new general assembly. A similar function is performed by specific special councils elected by the special assemblies. The pope convokes the Synod of Bishops; ratifies the election of participants; determines

4290-675: The death penalty , helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba , negotiated a deal with China to define how much influence the Communist Party has in appointing Chinese bishops , and has supported the cause of refugees during the European and Central American migrant crises, calling on the Western World to significantly increase immigration levels. In 2022, he apologized for

4400-553: The magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church has been promoting a theme of new evangelization. This includes re-evangelism of Christian people as well as mission Ad gentes to reach new regions and cultures. The birthplace of the new evangelization was Nowa Huta near Kraków in Poland where strenuous efforts for many years were made during communist rule to establish church land and a cross and church building in

4510-520: The 1980 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, said: "Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship. … Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship." Graciela Fernández Meijide , member of the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights , also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told the Clarín newspaper: "There

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4620-663: The Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina . The administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him to be a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, a papal conclave elected Bergoglio as his successor on 13 March. He chose Francis as his papal name in honour of Saint Francis of Assisi . Throughout his public life, Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on God's mercy, international visibility as pope, concern for

4730-468: The Christian people during the time of the Council as a result of Our close collaboration with the bishops." The Pope sought "to make ever greater use of the bishops' assistance in providing for the good of the universal Church" and to enjoy "the consolation of their presence, the help of their wisdom and experience, the support of their counsel, and the voice of their authority." This preempted action by

4840-474: The Church 's role in the " cultural genocide " of the Canadian indigenous peoples . On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the Synod on Synodality , described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council . In October 2024, it was revealed that Pope Francis would be the first sitting pope to publish a memoir, Hope , which

4950-641: The Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a high school in Santa Fe , from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he taught the same courses at the Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires. In 1967, Bergoglio began his theological studies at Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel . On 13 December 1969, he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Ramón José Castellano . He served as the master of novices for

5060-499: The Council, and made the Synod "immediately and directly" subject to papal authority, ensuring that it would be strictly an advisory body. The Synod of the Bishops does not constitute collegial governance of the Church, but represents a collaboration with the Pope: it discusses topics proposed to it and makes recommendations, but does not settle questions or issue decrees, unless the Pope grants it deliberative power in certain cases. From

5170-792: The Discipline of the Sacraments , the Congregation for the Clergy , the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life , the Pontifical Council for the Family and the Commission for Latin America . Later that year, when Cardinal Edward Egan returned to New York following the September 11 attacks , Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in

5280-541: The Eastern Churches makes mention 115 times of the "synod of bishops" in this sense and only once (canon 46) mentions the synod of bishops that the pope convokes. These synods of bishops are not what in Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches are called Holy Synods . The latter concept corresponds instead to that of the standing synod of these Catholic synods of bishops, which consists of

5390-655: The Holy See), French, Portuguese, and English, and he understands the Piedmontese language and some Genoese . Francis chose not to live in the official papal residence in the Apostolic Palace , but to remain in the Vatican guest house , in a suite in which he can receive visitors and hold meetings. He is the first pope since Pope Pius X to live outside the papal apartments. Francis still appears at

5500-427: The Philippines issued a pastoral letter on the new evangelization with a nine year plan to help prepare Catholics for 2021, the 500th anniversary of the arrival of the Gospel in the Philippines. On 12 December 2020, the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe , the Archdiocese of Sydney announced its archdiocese-wide plan for evangelism called "Go Make Disciples". Go Make Disciples is the most far-reaching attempt to harness

5610-426: The Roman Congregations and some other departments of the Roman Curia. Dozens more participate by virtue of synodal functions assigned by the Holy See or as papal appointees, mostly cardinals and other curiate or diocesan prelates. Fraternal delegates from several Orthodox and Protestant churches (7 each in 2015) have observer status. The secretariat, which includes various other clerical and lay experts, prepares

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5720-454: The Saturday after his election, the pope explained his papal name choice, citing Saint Francis of Assisi as "the man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man", and he added "[h]ow I would like a poor Church, and for the poor". In addition to his native Spanish, he speaks fluent Italian (the official language of Vatican City and the "everyday language" of the Holy See) and German. He is also conversant in Latin (the official language of

5830-435: The Synod of the Bishops are indicated in the Order of the Synod of Bishops , originally issued in 1969, the latest revision of which was published on 29 September 2006. In preparation for each ordinary general assembly, episcopal conferences are asked to suggest up to three themes for discussion. After the secretariat has studied those proposals, the Pope, generally on the basis of the secretariat's recommendation, establishes

5940-409: The Synod of the Bishops are limited to a certain geographical area, a country, region, or continent. Their participants, chosen in line with the rules for extraordinary general assemblies, are limited to those directly involved in that geographical area. Special assemblies have been held for Africa (twice), America, Asia, Europe (twice), Oceania, the Middle East, Lebanon, and the Netherlands. Another

6050-420: The Synod's final document, if approved by the members with "moral unanimity" and, if the Pope has "granted deliberative power to the Synod Assembly", it becomes part of the Ordinary Magisterium of Catholic teaching, "once it has been ratified and promulgated by him". The new constitution also provides for the laity to send their contributions directly to the synod's secretary general. Some analysts surmise that

6160-400: The activity of the Church in the world." In addition, each patriarchal church and each major archiepiscopal church within the Catholic Church has its own synod of bishops. Unlike the body that normally assists the pope only by offering advice, these synods of bishops are competent, and exclusively so, to make laws for the entire sui iuris church that each governs. The Code of Canons of

6270-412: The allegations. The complaint was ultimately dismissed. The priests were tortured, but were found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the authorities that he endorsed their work. Yorio, who died in 2000, said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing "to free us, in fact just

6380-423: The basis for a papal post-synodal apostolic exhortation . The first general assemblies attempted to draw up their own concluding documents, but found that the time available was insufficient for doing so properly. In view of the greater urgency that justify their convocation, the preparation of extraordinary general assemblies of the Synod of the Bishops is shorter. The participants also are fewer, consisting of

6490-488: The beginning of his papacy, Pope Francis expressed his desire to strengthen the collegial aspects of the Church's governance, and he argued for more recognition of charismatic gifts in the Church. He has held major synods on the topics of the family (2014), on youth (2018), and on the Church in the Pan-Amazon region (2019). On September 15, 2018, Francis approved the new apostolic constitution Episcopalis communio (Episcopal Communion). The constitution states that

6600-402: The bishops' conferences: one in the case of a conference with no more than 25 members, two if a conference has up to 50 members, three from a conference with up to 100 members, and four from a larger conference. Other representative participants include heads of Eastern Catholic Churches , ten members of religious institutes elected by the Union of Superiors General, and the cardinals who head

6710-416: The church's shepherds must have the "smell of the sheep", always staying close to the People of God)." On 13 December 2023, in an interview with Mexican broadcaster Televisa , Francis said that his " great devotion " was to the Salus populi Romani icon at the Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Francis also told the news outlet that his tomb was already prepared at the basilica near the icon. Francis will be

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6820-483: The conclave from delaying too much in the election of a pope. As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with Communion and Liberation , a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as associations of the faithful . He sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the Rimini Meeting held during the late summer months in Italy. In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for beatification —the third step toward sainthood —for six members of

6930-434: The cultural sector was seen as one of the many priorities of the new evangelization. In recent years, therefore, the Catholic Church promoted her artistic heritage in several countries as a pastoral opportunity for the new evangelization, particularly in Europe. In 2005, the Augustine Institute in Denver was established to train lay Catholics for the new evangelization. In 2011, Saint John's Seminary in Boston established

7040-400: The dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina. The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography El jesuita , is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events. Alicia Oliveira , a former Argentine judge, has also reported that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the rule of

7150-405: The dictatorship" in the 1970s, during the Dirty War . Bergoglio regularly celebrated the Holy Thursday foot-washing ritual in jails, hospitals, retirement homes, and slums. In 2007, shortly after Benedict XVI introduced new rules for pre-Vatican II liturgical forms, Cardinal Bergoglio established a weekly Mass in this extraordinary form of the Roman Rite . On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio

7260-449: The discretion of Jesuit superior-general Peter Hans Kolvenbach , he was replaced by someone more in tune with the worldwide trend in the Society of Jesus toward emphasizing social justice, rather than his emphasis on popular religiosity and direct pastoral work. He spent several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt, Germany, considering possible dissertation topics. He settled on exploring

7370-462: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the Catholic Church , the Synod of Bishops , considered as an advisory body for the pope , is one of the ways in which the bishops render cooperative assistance to him in exercising his office. It

7480-418: The first pope since Pope Leo XIII to be buried outside the Vatican. Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013, the second day of the 2013 papal conclave , taking the papal name Francis. Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave. The Habemus papam announcement was delivered by the cardinal protodeacon , Jean-Louis Tauran . Cardinal Christoph Schönborn later said that Bergoglio

7590-416: The following day he was to establish the Synod of Bishops in a form that "could hardly have been further from what Maximos had proposed in the previous year". He noted that "the Ecumenical Council ... gave Us the idea of permanently establishing a special Council of bishops, with the aim of providing for a continuance after the Council of the great abundance of benefits that We have been so happy to see flow to

7700-414: The government's austerity measures, which worsened poverty. De la Rúa asked the church to facilitate dialogue between economic and political leaders to address the crisis. Although he claimed to have spoken with Bergoglio about participating, Bergoglio reportedly said the meeting was canceled due to a misunderstanding by De la Rúa's assistant. Bishop Jorge Casaretto doubts this, noting that De la Rúa only made

7810-433: The greatest achievement of Francis' papacy may be his creation of a more synodal Catholic church, where synods serve as a platform for open and energetic debate. On 6 February 2021, Pope Francis appointed Nathalie Becquart an undersecretary of the Synod of Bishops, making her the first woman to have the right to vote in the Synod of Bishops. On April 26 2023, Pope Francis announced that women would be allowed to vote at

7920-424: The heads of Eastern Catholic Churches, the presidents (only) of episcopal conferences, three members (not ten) of religious institutes and the cardinals who head dicasteries of the Roman Curia. As of October 2014 , there have been three such assemblies, in 1969, 1985, and 2014. The 1985 assembly commemorated the twentieth anniversary of the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council . Special assemblies of

8030-526: The hearts of the faithful), 2) outreach to "the baptized whose lives do not reflect the demands of Baptism" and 3) evangelization to those who do not know Jesus Christ or who have always rejected him. Relative to the second setting, one emphasis has been re-evangelizing of Christians who have fallen away from the faith. There has been a special focus on Europe and the Americas, areas which have traditionally been Catholic but which have been heavily influenced by secularization . The Catholic Church has always had

8140-463: The idea later, including his 1990 encyclical , Redemptoris missio , a Magna Carta of the new evangelization, his 1994 apostolic letter, Tertio millennio adveniente , issued for the Great Jubilee of the year 2000 and his 2001 apostolic exhortation, Novo millennio ineunte . In Redemptoris missio , he wrote: I sense that the moment has come to commit all of the Church's energies to

8250-400: The inviolability and dignity of the person", "inadmissible", and committed the Church to its abolition , saying that there can be "no going back from this position". In international diplomacy, Francis has criticized the rise of right-wing populism , called for the decriminalization of homosexuality (though still considering same-sex acts as sinful), called for the worldwide abolition of

8360-537: The junta. Since Francis became pope, Gonzalo Mosca and José Caravias have related to journalists accounts of how Bergoglio helped them flee the Argentine dictatorship. Oliveira described the future pope as "anguished" and "very critical of the dictatorship" during the Dirty War. Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out—he told her that "he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do." Artist and human rights activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel ,

8470-434: The military junta still had a good image among society, and that the scale of the political repression was not known until much later; Bergoglio would have had little reason to suspect that the detention of Yorio and Jalics could end up in their deaths. When Bergoglio became pope, an alleged photo of him giving the sacramental bread to dictator Jorge Rafael Videla became popular in social networks. It has also been used by

8580-574: The national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the cathedral was suspended. In 2006, Bergoglio helped the fellow Jesuit Joaquín Piña to win the elections in the Misiones Province and prevent an amendment of the local constitution that would allow indefinite re-elections. Kirchner intended to use that project to start similar amendments at other provinces, and eventually to the national constitution. Kirchner considered Bergoglio as

8690-465: The new media to promote the work of evangelization. Individuals do the same with their social media accounts like Facebook and Twitter . Pope Francis God Schools Relations with: Pope Francis ( Latin : Franciscus ; Italian : Francesco ; Spanish : Francisco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio ; 17 December 1936) is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of

8800-494: The new pope, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. Due to the pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a " Copernican shift " in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon. On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This

8910-405: The newspaper Página/12 . The photo was soon proved to be false. It was revealed that the priest, whose face is not visible in the photo, was Carlos Berón de Astrada. The photo was taken at the church "Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione" in 1990, not during the Dirty War, and after Videla's presidential pardon. The photo was produced by the agency AFP and it was initially published by

9020-417: The opposite". Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery. Two days after the election of Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, then named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated. The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: "It

9130-742: The painting to Argentina, but in an interview for the German newsweekly Die Zeit in 2017, Pope Francis stated that he had never been to Augsburg. As a student at the Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored by Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest Stefan Czmil . Bergoglio often rose hours before his classmates to serve Divine Liturgy for Czmil. In 1992, Jesuit authorities asked Bergoglio not to live in Jesuit residences due to ongoing tensions with leaders and scholars, concerns about his "dissent," views on Catholic orthodoxy, opposition to liberation theology , and his role as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires. As

9240-415: The patriarch or major archbishop and four bishops appointed for a five-year term. Of the four, three are elected by the church's synod of bishops and one is appointed by the patriarch or major archbishop, while another four are designated in the same way to replace any member who is impeded. A meeting of a whole synod of bishops is called when a decision is required on a question that only the synod of bishops

9350-534: The poor, and commitment to interreligious dialogue . He is known for having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors, for instance choosing to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae guesthouse rather than in the papal apartments of the Apostolic Palace used by previous popes. Francis has made women full members of dicasteries in the Roman Curia . He maintains that the Catholic Church should be more sympathetic toward members of

9460-443: The pope. They would work with the pope in collegial fashion". The model he proposed was what the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches was to call the synod of bishops , but that he himself called the holy synod of his sui iuris church, a collegial body comprising both the patriarch and other bishops. On 14 September 1965, at the opening of the fourth and final session of the Council, Pope Paul VI announced that on

9570-806: The presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world. In his homily Francis focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph , the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated. Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

9680-636: The president in advancing necessary legislation. During police repression of the riots of December 2001 , he contacted the Ministry of the Interior and asked that the police distinguish rioters and vandals from peaceful protesters. When Bergoglio celebrated Mass at the cathedral for the 2004 First National Government holiday, President Néstor Kirchner attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements. Kirchner celebrated

9790-496: The priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; contrary to reports, he did not try to throw them out of the Jesuit order. In 2005, Myriam Bregman , a human rights lawyer, filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping. Her complaint did not specify how Bergoglio was involved; Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied

9900-495: The province there and became a professor of theology. Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual training as a Jesuit, tertianship , at Alcalá de Henares , Spain, and took final, solemn vows as a Jesuit, including the fourth vow of obedience to missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973. He was named provincial superior of the Society of Jesus in Argentina that July, for a six-year term which ended in 1979. In 1973, shortly after being named provincial superior, he had made

10010-674: The religious career. As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in Santiago , Chile. After his novitiate in the Society of Jesus, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit on 12 March 1960, when he made the religious profession of the initial, perpetual vows of poverty, chastity and obedience of a member of the order. In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a licentiate in philosophy from the Colegio Máximo de San José in San Miguel , Buenos Aires Province. He taught literature and psychology at

10120-642: The request in newspaper interviews, not formally to the church. In the 2001 elections , the Justicialist Party won a majority in Congress and appointed Ramón Puerta as Senate president. With Vice-President Carlos Álvarez having resigned, the opposing party was next in line . Bergoglio met with Puerta and was positively impressed. Puerta assured him that the Justicialist Party was not planning to oust De la Rúa and promised to support

10230-671: The resources of the Catholic Church within Australia in the service of the new evangelisation called for by all the modern popes since Pope Paul VI . It represents the personal vision of Archbishop Anthony Fisher for the future of the Archdiocese of Sydney. New media tools such as the internet, social media and smartphones are being used as vehicles for expressing the new evangelization. Media organizations like EWTN , National Catholic Register , Word on Fire , Catholic Answers , Relevant Radio , Shalom World , Shalom TV see using

10340-512: The time appeared as the only other viable candidate. He is also the first from the Americas, and the first from the Southern Hemisphere . Many media reported him as being the first non-European pope, but he is actually the 11th; the previous was Gregory III from Syria, who died in 741. Moreover, although Francis was not born in Europe, he is ethnically European ; his father and maternal grandparents were from northern Italy. As pope, his manner

10450-451: The topic and agenda of the assembly. Criteria for the choice of the topic are: 1) that it be of universal, not merely regional, interest; 2) that it be pastoral in character with a firm doctrinal base; 3) that it be contemporary and urgent enough to stir up "new energies and movements in the church towards growth"; 4) that it can be addressed within the allotted time. Most participants in the assembly, called Synodal fathers , are elected by

10560-471: The topic of discussion; distributes the material for discussion; sets the agenda; and presides either personally or through delegates. The pope may also appoint participants of his own choosing, their number limited to 15% of the other delegates who participate either ex officio or as elected representatives of episcopal conferences or the Union of Superiors General. The procedures followed at assemblies of

10670-545: The window of the Apostolic Palace for the Sunday Angelus . As a Jesuit pope, he has been "making clear that a fundamental task of the faithful is not so much to follow rules but to discern what God is calling them to do. He is altering the culture of the clergy, steering away from what he has named as "clericalism" (which dwells on priestly status and authority) and toward an ethic of service (Francis says

10780-566: The work of the German / Italian theologian Romano Guardini , particularly his study of 'Contrast' published in his 1925 work Der Gegensatz . He returned to Argentina earlier than expected to serve as a confessor and spiritual director to the Jesuit community in Córdoba . It was believed that while in Germany, he saw the painting of Mary, Untier of Knots in Augsburg and brought a copy of

10890-480: Was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian (Piedmontese-Genoese) origin. Mario José's family left Italy in 1929 to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini . According to María Elena Bergoglio (born 1948), the pope's only living sibling, they did not emigrate for economic reasons. His other siblings were Oscar Adrián (1938–deceased), Marta Regina (1940–2007), and Alberto Horacio (1942–2010). Two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in

11000-468: Was a particularly tense period in their relations. When Bergoglio was elected pope, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of the Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper Página/12 published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the National Library described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour before congratulating

11110-554: Was bestowing the Urbi et Orbi blessing on thousands of pilgrims gathered in St. Peter's Square . Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, "the bishop emeritus of Rome" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new "bishop of Rome". Francis held his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. He celebrated Mass in

11220-400: Was devoted to St. Thérèse of Lisieux and enclosed a small picture of her in the letters he wrote, calling her "a great missionary saint". After Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, Bergoglio attended his funeral and was considered one of the papabile for succession to the papacy. He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In

11330-521: Was elected following two supernatural signs, one in the conclave - and hence confidential - and a Latin-American couple, friends of Schönborn at Vatican City, who whispered Bergoglio's name in the elector's ear; Schönborn commented "if these people say Bergoglio, that's an indication of the Holy Spirit". Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the papal throne , Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of

11440-687: Was elected president of the Argentine Episcopal Conference for a three-year term (2005–08). He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008. He remained a member of that commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina , and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines. While head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, Bergoglio issued

11550-417: Was named ordinary for those Eastern Catholics in Argentina who lacked a prelate of their own church. Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of Shevchuk's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and always "took care of our Church in Argentina" as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires. In 2000, Bergoglio

11660-559: Was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day . He passed by a church to go to confession , and was inspired by the priest. Bergoglio studied at the archdiocesan seminary , Inmaculada Concepción Seminary , in Villa Devoto , Buenos Aires, and, after three years, entered the Society of Jesus as a novice on 11 March 1958. Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarian, he had a crush on a girl he met and briefly doubted about continuing

11770-616: Was popularized by Pope John Paul II who used it during an address to the Latin American bishops in Port-au-Prince , Haiti on May 9, 1983. He declared that the fifth centenary of the first evangelization of the Americas (1492–1992) should mark the beginning of a new era of evangelization, "evangelization will gain its full energy if it is a commitment, not to re-evangelize but to a New Evangelization, new in its ardor, methods and expression". Pope John Paul II then expounded on

11880-405: Was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations. Página/12 removed their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by Horacio Verbitsky , from their web page, as a result of this change. Before Javier Milei 's election to the Argentine presidency, he was very critical of Francis, describing him as "imbecile" and

11990-559: Was the only church official to reconcile with Jerónimo Podestá , a former bishop who had been suspended as a priest after opposing the Argentine Revolution military dictatorship in 1972. He defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage. That same year, Bergoglio said the Argentine Catholic Church needed "to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of

12100-535: Was to increase the church's presence in the slums of Buenos Aires. Under his leadership, the number of priests assigned to work in the slums doubled. This work led to him being called the "Slum Bishop." Early in his tenure as archbishop, Bergoglio sold the archdiocese's bank shares and moved its accounts to regular international banks. This ended the church's high spending habits, which had nearly led to bankruptcy, and enforced stricter fiscal discipline. On 6 November 1998, while remaining archbishop of Buenos Aires, he

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