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Prefectures in France

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In France , a prefecture ( French : préfecture , pronounced [pʁefɛktyʁ] ) may be:

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30-464: Although the administration of departments and regions is distinct, a regional prefect is ex officio prefect of the department in which the regional prefecture is located. The officeholder has authority upon the other prefects in the region on a range of matters. There are 101 prefectures in France , one for each department. The official in charge is the prefect ( French : préfet ). The prefecture

60-853: A Prefecture of Police ( French : préfecture de police ), known as the Paris Police Prefecture , a situation inherited from the Paris Commune of 1871. The power of law enforcement is usually vested in the mayor in other communes . This power is held by the Prefect of Police of Paris in the Petite Couronne. In 2012, a similar structure was established in Bouches-du-Rhône , the Bouches-du-Rhône Police Prefecture , headed by

90-692: A comma following these abbreviations, leaving it to writers' own judgment. Some specific publishers, primarily in news journalism , drop one or both forms of punctuation as a matter of house style . They seem more frequently to be British than American (perhaps owing to the AP Stylebook being treated as a de facto standard across most American newspapers, without a UK counterpart). For example, The Guardian uses "eg" and "ie" with no punctuation, while The Economist uses "eg," and "ie," with commas and without points, as does The Times of London. A 2014 revision to New Hart's Rules states that it

120-808: A member of all committees, except the nominating committee. The President of the French Republic and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell are by virtue of office ( ex officio ) appointed Co-Princes of Andorra . In Botswana's unicameral National Assembly , the President of Botswana and the Speaker of the National Assembly serve as the chamber's two ex-officio members. In the Empire of Brazil , some princes became members by right of

150-475: A rule about a following comma – like Oxford usage in actual practice. The Chicago Manual of Style requires "e.g.," and "i.e.,". The AP Stylebook preserves both types of punctuation for these abbreviations. "British" and "American" are not accurate as stand-ins for Commonwealth and North American English more broadly; actual practice varies even among national publishers. The Australian government's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers preserves

180-512: A series listing English translations of notable Latin phrases, such as veni, vidi, vici and et cetera . Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases , as ancient Greek rhetoric and literature started centuries before the beginning of Latin literature in ancient Rome . Notes There is no consistent British style. For example, The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors has "e.g." and "i.e." with points (periods); Fowler's Modern English Usage takes

210-706: A title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom was ex officio a member of the House of Lords. This entitlement was abolished in 1999 . Since then, only the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain (offices that are themselves hereditary) remain ex officio ; another 90 hereditary peers are elected by and from among those eligible. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is ex officio

240-601: Is a tie . Russian Prime Minister , chairmans of State Duma and Federation Council , Chief of Staff and heads of federal subjects are ex officio members of State Council (an advisory body to the head of state). President of Russia is an ex officio chairman of it, as well as Security Council . In the House of Lords , the bishops of the five Great Sees of Canterbury , York , London , Durham , and Winchester are ex officio members, and are entitled to vote just as any other Lord Spiritual. Formerly, anyone holding

270-718: Is an administration that belongs to the Ministry of the Interior ; it is therefore in charge of the delivery of identity cards, driving licenses, passports, residency and work permits for foreigners, vehicle registration, registration of associations (creation, status modification, dissolution), as well as of the management of the National Police and firefighters , although as of 2018, 79% of firefighters in France are part-time volunteers. Prefectures are usually located near

300-481: Is elected through a system of cantons . It is in charge of the building and maintenance of middle schools ( collèges ) and departmental roads, financial assistance to dependent people (disabled and elderly), as well as promotion of local economic development, amongst other matters. In the past, the prefect was head of the department, but since 1982, the President of the Departmental Council has assumed

330-412: Is now "Oxford style" to not use a comma after e.g. and i.e. (which retain the points), "to avoid double punctuation". This is a rationale it does not apply to anything else, and Oxford University Press has not consistently imposed this style on its publications that post-date 2014, including Garner's Modern English Usage . By way of US comparison, The New York Times uses "e.g." and "i.e.", without

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360-722: Is the majority leader. The Senate President is the ex officio chairman of the Commission on Appointments , but can only vote on ties. In the Judicial and Bar Council , several positions are due to occupying another office. In provincial boards , the provincial presidents of the League of Barangays (villages), Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councils) and of the Philippine Councilors League sit as ex officio board members. In city and municipal councils ,

390-673: The Chief Executive to be official members of the Executive Council. But since 2005 the secretaries of bureaux attend only when items on the agenda concern their portfolios. The Vice-President of India is ex officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. The Prime Minister of India is ex officio Chairman of NITI Aayog . Other ex officio members of NITI Aayog are

420-800: The First Lord of the Treasury . The Lord President of the Court of Session is by virtue of office appointed as Lord Justice General of Scotland. As such, they are both head of the judiciary of Scotland , president of the Court of Session (the most senior civil court in Scotland ), and president of the High Court of Justiciary (the most senior criminal court in Scotland). The Vice President of

450-885: The Imperial Senate once they turned 25. In the current Constitution of Brazil , the President of the Federal Senate is an ex officio President of the National Congress , even though this office doesn't exist officially. Judges of the Federal Court are ex officio members of the Federal Court of Appeal, and vice-versa. According to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party , the General Secretary of

480-518: The Minister of Home Affairs , the Minister of Finance , the Minister of Railways , and the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare . Former Presidents are ex officio members for life of the Senate . In Congress , the presiding officers and their deputies, and the majority and minority leaders, are ex officio members of all committees. The chairman on each chamber's committee on rules

510-583: The Roman Republic . According to Robert's Rules of Order , the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting. Opposite notions are dual mandate , when

540-812: The Central Committee must be a member of Politburo Standing Committee . As of 2022 , the Executive Council of Hong Kong is still composed of ex officio members (official members since 1997) and unofficial members (non-official members since 1997). By practice the ex officio members include the secretaries of departments , i.e. the Chief Secretary , the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice . Since 2002 all secretaries of bureaux are also appointed by

570-409: The Prefect of Police of Bouches-du-Rhône, although it is formally less independent than that of Paris. Departments are divided into arrondissements , themselves divided into cantons . The chef-lieu d'arrondissement is the subprefecture ( French : sous-préfecture ). The official in charge is the subprefect ( French : sous-préfet ). There are relatively few competences associated to cantons,

600-617: The United States , who also serves as President of the Senate , may vote in the Senate on matters decided by a majority vote (as opposed to a three-fifths vote or two-thirds vote ), if the votes for passage and rejection are equally divided. Also the leader of the parties in both houses are ex officio members of the House and Senate intelligence committees . Many committee chairs in the House of Representatives are ex officio members of subcommittees . In most Colorado counties,

630-539: The city and municipal presidents of the League of Barangays and the youth councils sit as ex officio councilors. In barangays, the youth council chairman is an ex officio member of the barangay council . The ex officio members have the same rights and privileges as the regular members of each legislature. The deputies of local chief executives (vice governors and vice mayors) are ex officio presiding officers of their respective legislatures, but can only vote when there

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660-604: The county sheriff is elected by the citizens of the county. However, in the City and County of Denver , the mayor of Denver appoints a "Manager of Safety" who oversees the Department of Safety (including the Fire, Police, and Sheriff Departments) and is the ex officio sheriff of the jurisdiction. Similarly, in the City and County of Broomfield, Colorado , near Denver, the police chief (an appointed position) also acts ex officio as

690-529: The county sheriff. The Speaker of the New York City Council , and its Majority and Minority Leaders, are all ex officio members of each of its committees. Furthermore, each member of the Council is a non-voting ex officio member of each community board whose boundaries include any of the council member's constituents. List of Latin phrases (E)#ex officio This page is one of

720-475: The geographic centre of their departments; they were originally chosen for being within a day's travel on horseback from anywhere in the department. Therefore, the largest settlement in a department may not always be its prefecture: the department of Marne , for example, has its prefecture at Châlons-en-Champagne despite the city of Reims , near the Aisne border, being four times its size. The prefect represents

750-422: The most important one being the local organisation of elections, as cantons are electoral subdivisions. Ex officio member An ex officio member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin , meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to

780-462: The national government at the local level and as such exercises the powers that are constitutionally attributed to the national government. The prefect issues ordinances written for the application of local law: to close a building that does not conform to safety codes, or modify vehicular traffic regulations (speed limit, construction permits). The governing body of the department is the departmental council ( French : Conseil départemental ), which

810-545: The points in the abbreviations, but eschews the comma after them (it similarly drops the title's serial comma before "and", which most UK and many US publishers would retain). Editing Canadian English by the Editors' Association of Canada uses the periods and the comma; so does A Canadian Writer's Reference . The government publication The Canadian Style uses the periods but not the comma. Style guides are generally in agreement that both abbreviations are preceded by

840-474: The role of chief executive of the department. There is an exception in Paris in the Île-de-France region and its three surrounding departments, known as the Petite Couronne ("Small Crown"): Hauts-de-Seine to the west, Seine-Saint-Denis to the northeast and Val-de-Marne to the southeast. These departments are administered by an additional separate unitary prefecture for law enforcement and security purposes,

870-544: The same approach, and its newest edition is especially emphatic about the points being retained. The Oxford Guide to Style (also republished in Oxford Style Manual and separately as New Hart's Rules ) also has "e.g." and "i.e."; the examples it provides are of the short and simple variety that often see the comma dropped in American usage as well. None of those works prescribe specifically for or against

900-434: The same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union , when two states share the same monarch. Any ex officio membership (for example, of committees, or of the board) is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be ex officio

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