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50-705: Pueyrredón may refer to: ARA Pueyrredón , a Garibaldi -class armoured cruiser of the Argentine Navy Chilean brigantine Águila (1796) , the first ship of the Chilean Navy, renamed Pueyrredón Club Pueyrredón , a rugby union club in Tigre Partido within Greater Buenos Aires General Pueyrredón Partido , administrative subdivision on

100-516: A 1 ⁄ 4 charge, to make up the full service charge. Howitzer cartridges, both BL and separate QF, contained a central core of cordite surrounded by several stacked ring-shaped bags of cordite. To obtain the appropriate "charge" for the required range and angle of elevation, the gunner discarded one or more rings before loading. See charge for how Ordnance QF 25-pounder charges varied in World War II. The case, usually brass, holding

150-419: A naval gun mounting in which part of the rotating mass is below the deck, and part of it is above the deck. This allows for a lower profile for a turret , meaning that the turrets need not be superfiring (i.e. they can be mounted on the same deck and not obstruct each other at high angles of elevation). The term BL, in its general sense, stood for breech loading , and contrasted with muzzle loading. The shell

200-420: A cartridge case containing a reduced charge, and an attached star shell. British explosive shells filled with Lyddite were initially designated "common lyddite" and beginning in 1896 were the first British generation of modern "high explosive" shells. Lyddite is picric acid fused at 280 °F (138 °C) and allowed to solidify, producing a much denser dark-yellow form which is not affected by moisture and

250-461: A cloth bag, usually silk. The "stick" nature of cordite gave the cartridges a degree of rigidity and hence they retained a tubular shape and could be handled and loaded as a solid unit even without a case. With BL, cordite is contained in one or more cloth bags joined together. The complete unit is termed a cartridge. The empty bag was termed an "empty cartridge". Heavy naval guns may require up to four separate cartridges to be loaded, each consisting of

300-403: A full service charge for his gun, and cartridge Z to fire a star shell. Cartridges were sometimes made up of fractions of charges e.g. a 6-inch (152 mm) gun cartridge may be made up of two half charges or one two-fifths and one three-fifths laced together. A gun normally fired all rounds using the full charge, and varied the range by elevating or depressing the barrel. A howitzer gunner's job

350-408: A maximum thickness of 5.9 inches (150 mm) amidships and tapered to 3.1 inches (79 mm) towards the ends of the ship. Between the main gun barbettes it covered the entire side of the ship up to the level of the upper deck . The barbettes, the conning tower , and gun turrets were also protected by 5.9-inch armor. Her deck armor ranged from 1 to 2 inches (25 to 51 mm) thick. The ship

400-583: A neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina Pueyrredón (Line B Buenos Aires Metro) Pueyrredón (Line D Buenos Aires Metro) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pueyrredón . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pueyrredón&oldid=1225473169 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

450-466: A unit for faster handling and loading. For instance, Britain before World War I had both QF and BL 6-inch (152 mm) guns. Both were "breech loading" in the general sense, but in the formal nomenclature it separated 6-inch (152 mm) guns with breeches designed for charges in brass cartridge cases for quick-firing QF from those designed for cloth bag charges for breech-loaders BL . Shells designed for one type were not necessarily suitable for use in

500-421: A wooden ( beech ) stick to be inserted through the centre to prevent the shell slipping back on elevation. Although fixed ammunition allows for a rapid rate of fire in small to medium guns, BL is a better choice for heavy calibre guns; propellant was loaded in a number of small fabric bags, because a single bag holding the full charge would be far too big and bulky for the handlers to lift. Using fabric allows for

550-562: Is assigned an effective full charge (EFC) value of "one*. Other round combinations are assigned lesser values derived from testing and experience. If a gun barrel is capable of firing three different round types: round A (EFC = 1); round B (EFC = 0.75); and round C (EFC = 0.25), and if 100 of each round type is fired, then the barrel is said to have fired (100×1.00) + (100×0.75) + (100×0.25) = 200 EFCs. If it had previously been determined from testing and experience that this type of barrel has an estimated wear life of 250 EFCs, this specific barrel

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600-461: Is at about 80% of its useful life. Plans would be made to order a replacement barrel within the time an additional 50 EFCs were expected to be fired. However the actual decision to retire any specific barrel would be made on examination and measurement of actual wear rather than that predicted by the EFC count. In practice, a barrel might be replaced before reaching its EFC life, or the limits of wear. In

650-415: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ARA Pueyrred%C3%B3n Pueyrredón had an overall length of 344 feet 2 inches (104.9 m), a beam of 50 feet 8 inches (15.4 m), and a mean draft (ship) of 23 feet 4 inches (7.1 m). She displaced 6,773 metric tons (6,666 long tons) at normal load. The ship

700-443: Is easier to detonate than the liquid form. Its French equivalent was "melinite", Japanese equivalent was " shimose ". Common lyddite shells "detonated" and fragmented into small pieces in all directions, with no incendiary effect. For maximum destructive effect the explosion needed to be delayed until the shell had penetrated its target. Early shells had walls of the same thickness for the whole length, later shells had walls thicker at

750-433: Is synonymous with " round ". For separate QF artillery, cartridge referred to the cartridge case, its primer, propellant charge, and the disposable lid and fastener of the case. In BL artillery terminology, cartridge referred to the propellant unit only – there was no case. British cartridges contained gunpowder until about 1892, and thereafter sticks of cordite bound together with an igniter pad, if necessary, in

800-485: Is the conversion of the BL 15-pounder to BLC 15-pounder . Calibre radius head: the radius of a circle with the curve of the shell's nose on its circumference, expressed in terms of the shell's calibre. The longer and more pointed (and hence streamlined) the shell's nose, the higher the C.R.H. Typical C.R.H. for British shells leading up to World War I was two: e.g. the curve of the nose of a two C.R.H. 6-inch (152 mm) shell

850-505: Is usually equivalent full charge) Gun barrels naturally experience internal wear when fired, caused by mechanical wear from the projectile moving along the barrel, and thermal and chemical wear from propellant gases. This wear can reduce muzzle velocity and hence range, affect accuracy, produce unstable projectile flight, and, eventually, cause the gun barrel to fail. Most guns are capable of firing different types of ammunition with varying charges, and not all of these combinations produce

900-501: The superstructure . The ten 40-caliber quick-firing (QF) 6-inch (152 mm) guns that comprised her secondary armament were arranged in casemates amidships on the main deck. Pueyrredón also had six QF 4.7-inch (119 mm) , four QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss and ten QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns to defend herself against torpedo boats . She was also equipped with four above-water 457 mm (18.0 in) torpedo tubes , two on each side. The ship's waterline armor belt had

950-529: The Armstrong breechloaders, which had a totally different breech mechanism, and since then the term breech-loaders BL has applied exclusively to the type of breechloader introduced from 1880 onwards, using an interrupted-screw breeches. Early British Elswick breechloaders in the 1880s used a steel "cup" obturation method. This was quickly superseded in guns designed by the Royal Gun Factory by

1000-741: The Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina Honorio Pueyrredón (1876–1945), an Argentine lawyer, university professor, diplomatic and politician Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850), an Argentine general and politician of the early 19th century Juan Martín de Pueyrredón Museum, Buenos Aires , near Acassuso, in the partido of San Isidro, in Buenos Aires, Argentina Prilidiano Pueyrredón (1823–1870), an Argentine painter, architect, and engineer Pueyrredón family , family in Argentina Villa Pueyrredón ,

1050-452: The French de Bange method, the basic principle of which is still in use today. In British service this became a Crossley pad with an interrupted thread screw block e.g. a Welin screw . The shell was loaded via the breech, followed by the propellant charge in a cloth bag. A single-use " vent sealing tube ", a type of primer not dissimilar in appearance to a blank rifle round, was inserted into

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1100-432: The base and thinning towards the nose. This was found to give greater strength and provide more space for explosive. Later shells had 4 c.r. heads , more pointed and hence streamlined than earlier 2 c.r.h. designs. Proper detonation of a lyddite shell would show black to grey smoke, or white from the steam of a water detonation. Yellow smoke indicated simple explosion rather than detonation, and failure to reliably detonate

1150-427: The breech for firing the gun. While originally, the term "BL" contrasted with "ML", or " muzzleloader " guns, after muzzleloaders were discontinued, the term came to distinguish between traditional, non- obturating guns with fabric propellant bags and separately loaded shells , and quick-firing QF guns which used self-sealing brass cartridge cases, and which usually had the propellant and projectile fixed together as

1200-460: The case of the 15-inch (381 mm) guns fitted to the World War I Marshal Ney-class monitors a gun was generally condemned when wear reached about 0.74 in (19 mm) at 1 in (25 mm) from the start of the rifling. However it was the usual practice to replace guns when their projected remaining life fell below the ship's normal full outfit of ammunition per gun, which ensured that

1250-457: The chamber to prevent escape of the propellant gases. The term BL was first used to refer to the Armstrong breechloaders , introduced in 1859. Following the discontinuation of Armstrong breechloaders and the period of British rifled muzzle-loaders RML , British breechloaders were re-introduced in 1880. At this point the term rifled breech-loaders RBL was retrospectively introduced to refer to

1300-477: The charge to be broken into small, easily handled units, while it would be difficult to design a system by which multiple small metallic-cased charges were loaded and fired at the same time. Using multiple small fabric bags also allows the gunners to use a reduced charge if need be. The term "BLC" stood for "BL converted" and referred to a breech and breech mechanism modified from an early long-screw three- or four-motion to modern short-screw single-motion. An example

1350-622: The common shell's nose fuze. The ogival two C.R.H. solid pointed nose was considered suitable for attacking shipping but was not armour-piercing - the main function was still explosive. They were of cast or forged (three- and six-pounder) steel and contained a gunpowder bursting charge slightly smaller than that of a common shell, a tradeoff for the longer heavier nose. In British service common pointed shells were typically painted black, except 12-pounder shells specific for QF guns which were painted lead colour to distinguish them from 12-pounder shells usable with both BL and QF guns. A red ring behind

1400-428: The correct dimensions but progressively weakened the case. Charge was a concept or category label rather than a specific item. It can be described as "the standard amount of propellant specified to carry out a particular purpose": For practical purposes, specific cartridges were specified for use to obtain the required charge. A gunner dealt with cartridges and would know that he could load (e.g.) cartridge X or Y for

1450-421: The entire magazine could be safely fired in action. This was the term for a gun together with its gun carriage , i.e. the complete set of equipment needed to be able to fire the gun, as the gun could only be fired when mounted on its correct carriage. The carriage could be a wheeled carriage, a static siege carriage or include both a traversing mounting and railway wagon in the case of a railway gun. For example,

1500-458: The explosive shell designation. Common lyddite shells in British service were painted yellow, with a red ring behind the nose to indicate the shell had been filled. For shellite, a successor of lyddite, see HE below. Common pointed shells, or CP were a type of common shell used in naval service from the 1890s to the 1910s which had a solid nose and a percussion fuze in the base rather than

1550-519: The interior of shells had to be varnished, the exterior had to be painted with leadless paint and the fuze-hole had to be made of a leadless alloy. Fuzes containing any lead could not be used with it. When World War I began Britain was replacing lyddite with modern "high explosive" (HE) such as TNT. After World War I the term "common lyddite" was dropped, and remaining stocks of lyddite-filled shells were referred to as HE (high explosive) shell filled lyddite. Hence "common" faded from use, replaced by "HE" as

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1600-430: The late 1890s, but some stocks remained as late as 1914. In British service common shells were typically painted black with red bands behind the noses to indicate the shells were filled. Central pivot: was applied to a naval gun mounting that rotates around a central pivot that could be bolted to the deck without any structural alterations being required. The abbreviation cwt stands for hundredweight , which, despite

1650-617: The name, is equal to 112 pounds (51 kg), and signifies the weight of the gun barrel and breech. It is sometimes included in the name of a gun to differentiate it from other guns of the same calibre or weight of shot. For example, the QF 12-pounder 18 cwt naval gun is a different (and heavier) weapon than the QF 12-pounder 8-cwt Mk I naval gun , though they both fire shells of the same approximate weight (12 pounds (5.4 kg)). The director-control tower (DCT in British usage or "director" in US usage)

1700-556: The nose indicated the shell was filled. By World War II they were superseded in Royal Navy service by common pointed capped (CPC) and semi-armour piercing ( SAP ), filled with TNT. "Common shell" is a designation for early 19th century British explosive shells filled with "low explosives" such as "P mixture" (gunpowder) and usually had the fuzes located in the nose. Common shells on bursting (they did not "detonate") tended to break into relatively large fragments which continued along

1750-424: The other type; for instance, a BL shell relied upon the tight fit of its driving band in the gun bore to prevent it slipping back when the gun was elevated, but a QF shell could rely upon the cartridge case, either fixed or separate, to prevent it slipping back. This presented difficulties for BL guns at high angles. A special cartridge was developed for BL 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns on HA mountings, with provision for

1800-410: The propellant charge. Used with small arms and QF artillery ammunition. The QF cases in 1915 could be cleaned and then reloaded up to a maximum of six firings with Cordite charges, with the record detailing the "life of the case" marked on the base. The limitation on the number of firings was due to the case expanding on firing, having to be "rectified" by turning metal off the lower part, which restored

1850-399: The same firing damage per round fired. The concept of ‘effective full charge’ provides a means of estimating the remaining life of a gun barrel taking into account the varying charges that can be fired from it before it becomes so worn as to be unusable, or no longer safe. To illustrate, the round (i.e. the combination of projectile and propelling charge) that produces the most firing damage

1900-557: The shell's trajectory rather than laterally. They had some incendiary effect. In the late 19th century "double common shells" were developed, lengthened so as to approach twice the standard shell weight, to carry more powder and hence increase explosive effect. They suffered from instability in flight and low velocity and were not widely used. As at 1914, common shells 6 inches (152 mm) and larger were of cast steel, smaller shells were of forged steel for service, and cast iron for practice. They were replaced by "common lyddite" shells by

1950-468: The standard 25-pound (11 kg) shell came ready-loaded with a red bag at the bottom containing the basic charge (charge one), together with white and blue bags laid lengthwise, as in a conventional gun charge, to make up the full service charge (charge three). The blue and white bags could be removed to provide progressively reduced charges (charge two and charge one). From 1944 one or two 4-ounce (110 g) "intermediate charge increments" could be added to

2000-474: The standard charge (replacing the blue bag) for high-angle fire and to provide greater control over angle of shell descent. For small arms or fixed QF ammunition, where the charge could not be varied by the gunner, the term charge was used to identify the Cordite propellant within the cartridge case, and the round as a whole was referred to as a full or reduced charge. E.g. an 18-pounder star round consisted of

2050-439: Was a feature of naval ships. It was a trainable turret incorporating the gun-laying sights and often a rangefinder . From here the gunnery officer could select targets and take the range, bearing and rates of change. This data would be provided to the transmitting station (TS), where a firing solution would be calculated and passed on to the gun turrets as the correct degree of training and elevation. (Note: The British Army term

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2100-453: Was a problem with lyddite, especially in its earlier usage. To improve the detonation "exploders" with a small quantity of picric powder or even of TNT (in smaller diameter shells, such as in 3-pounder and 12-pounder guns) was loaded between the fuze and the main lyddite filling or in a thin tube running through most of the shell's length. Lyddite presented a major safety problem because it reacted dangerously with metal bases. This required that

2150-400: Was designed so that one or more rings could be quickly removed and discarded before loading, hence providing progressively smaller charges. E.g. if the gunner on a QF 4.5-inch howitzer was ordered to load charge four, he would know he had to remove the top ring from the cartridge, leaving four rings; for charge three he would remove two rings. Discarded rings were burned after the action. This

2200-410: Was equivalent to the curve of a circle with a radius of 12 inches (300 mm). Shells of four C.R.H. were soon developed in World War I, identified by an A following the shell mark number, B for six, and so on. For modern streamlined shells post-World War I, two numbers were necessary to more correctly denote a shell's C.R.H. characteristics. For instance, the World War I 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer shell

2250-623: Was launched on 27 July 1898 and served the Argentine Navy until she was stricken on 2 August 1954. Pueyrredón was the last survivor of the Garibaldi class. List of British ordnance terms#QF This article explains terms used for the British Armed Forces ' ordnance ( weapons ) and ammunition . The terms may have different meanings depending on its usage in another country's military. Between decks: applies to

2300-427: Was loaded via the breech (i.e. the gunner's end of the barrel, which opened) followed by the propellant charge, and the breech mechanism was closed to seal the chamber. Breech loading, in its formal British ordnance sense, served to identify the gun as the type of rifled breechloading gun for which the powder charge was loaded in a silk or cloth bag and the breech mechanism was responsible for "obturation" i.e. sealing

2350-411: Was more complicated because the range table would specify different "charges", or fractions of the full service charge, for different ranges and angles of shell descent. The standard cartridge for his gun, which as a whole made up the full service charge, would consist of a central "mushroom" cordite core and several smaller cordite rings in bags stacked around the core like doughnuts, all tied together. It

2400-610: Was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft, using steam from eight Scotch marine boilers . The engines were designed for a maximum output of 13,000 indicated horsepower (9,700 kW) and a speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). She had a cruising range of 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Her complement consisted of 25 officers and 300 enlisted men. Her main armament consisted of two 40- caliber Armstrong Whitworth 10-inch (254 mm) guns , in gun turrets fore and aft of

2450-512: Was the standard procedure for howitzers up to and including World War II. In World War II a different system was introduced for varying charges for the QF 25 pounder gun-howitzer , which used separate-loading QF ammunition. A separate 2.7-pound (1.2 kg) "super charge" cartridge was available for firing the 20-pound (9.1 kg) high-velocity anti-tank AP shot, and an additional 4.5-ounce (130 g) "super charge increment" could be added to that for even higher velocity. The cartridge for firing

2500-522: Was two C.R.H., and the World War II Mk 2D shell was referred to as "5/10 C.R.H.". "Cartridge" in British ammunition terminology typically refers to the physical object containing the propellant that a gunner loads. For small arms and fixed QF artillery ammunition, e.g., the .303 or 18-pounder respectively, this denoted the complete round, that is, the cartridge case, percussion cap or primer, propellant charge and projectile. In this use it

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