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119-512: Literary sources report two moments of Tyrian settlements in the west, the first in the 12th century BC (the cities Utica , Lixus , and Gadir ) that hasn't been confirmed by archaeology, and a second at the end of the 9th century BC, documented in written references in both east and west, which culminated in the foundation of colonies in northwest Africa (the cities Auza, Carthage , and Kition ) and formed part of trading networks linked to Tyre , Arvad , Byblos , Berytus , Ekron , and Sidon in

238-509: A praetor . The existing power structures, infrastructure, and urbanized culture continued largely unchanged. In 216 BC, two Sardo-Punic notables from Cornus and Tharros, Hampsicora and Hanno, led a revolt against the Romans. Punic culture remained strong during the first centuries of the Roman domination, but over time the civic elites adopted Roman cultural practices and Latin became first

357-483: A Sunny Isle: An Alphonse Dantan Mystery by Hannah Blank , They Are Ruining Ibiza by A. C. Greene, and The Python Project by Victor Canning . Books including Ibiza Bohemia , which was published by Assouline , have explored the island itself with both photography and text, while other such as Memes Eivissencs have registered the traditions of their residents and their history in social media. The third track on Prefab Sprout 's 1990 album Jordan: The Comeback

476-551: A century, the population of Carthage rose to 30,000, meanwhile, the "mother city" of Tyre , once the economic and political capital of Phoenicia, began to lose its status in the seventh century BC. Phoenicia was eventually conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire , by which point Carthage had become the wealthiest and most powerful of all the Phoenician colonies. Around this time, a distinct culture began to emerge from

595-539: A clade with ancient Canary Island inhabitants thought to be representative of the original founding population. Surprisingly, no individuals with large amounts of Levantine ancestry were detected in this group of Tunisian Punics. One possible explanation is that the colonial expansion of Phoenician city-states at the start of the Iron Age did not involve large amounts of population mobility, and may have been based on trade relationships rather than occupation. According to

714-623: A craniometric analysis indicated likely Mediterranean / European ancestry as opposed to African or Asian. In 2016, it was revealed that the individual belonged to the rare U5b2c1, which is the earliest evidence of this European lineage in North Africa. Mitochondrial analysis of 10 Punic samples from the necropolis of Tharros in Sardinia (5th – 3rd century BC) shows affinities with North African and Iberian populations. A recent genetic study has linked haplogroups E-M81, E-FGC18960 and E-V65 to

833-571: A cultural centre for house and trance in particular, with its name often being used as a partial metonym for the particular flavour of electronic music originating there, much like Goa in India. Since 2005, the live music event Ibiza Rocks has changed perceptions of the Ibiza party landscape. Bands such as Arctic Monkeys , Kasabian , The Prodigy and the Kaiser Chiefs have played in

952-675: A dozen bishops documented in Utica. The first, Aurelius, intervened at the council held at Carthage in 256 AD by St. Cyprian to discuss the question of the "lapsi". Maurus, the second bishop, was accused of apostasy during the Diocletianic Persecution of 303. The third, Victorius, took part in the Council of Arles in 314 AD along with Cecilianus of Carthage; he is mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on 23 August. Then

1071-503: A foundation no earlier than the eighth century   BC. The inland settlement used Rusucmona ("Cape Eshmun ") on Cape Farina to the northeast as its chief port, although continued silting has rendered the present-day settlement at Ghar el-Melh a small farming community. Although Carthage was later founded about 40 km from Utica, records suggest "that until 540   BC Utica was still maintaining political and economic autonomy in relation to its powerful Carthaginian neighbor". By

1190-587: A hot-air balloon ride, surf, visit the Cave Can Mark, or go to Cap Blanc's Aquarium. Since the early days of mass tourism on the island, there have been a large number of development projects ranging from successful ventures, such as the super clubs at Space and Privilege , to failed development projects, such as Josep Lluís Sert 's abandoned hotel complex at Cala D'en Serra, the half-completed and now demolished "Idea" nightclub in Sant Antoni , and

1309-489: A niche in the after-hour parties. The club would close at 18:00 and open again at 07:00, when all the other clubs were still closed, enabling party-goers to flock from the other clubs to Space and continue dancing in broad daylight. At the end of the 1990s, the after-hour parties took firm root on the island. In 1999, the Circoloco parties made their debut at DC10 , with some of the original elements of Ibiza nightlife at

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1428-524: A port on Ibiza . With the decline of Phoenicia after the Assyrian invasions, Ibiza came under the control of Carthage , also a former Phoenician colony. The island produced dye, salt, fish sauce ( garum ) and wool. A shrine with offerings to the goddess Tanit was established in the cave at Es Cuieram, and the rest of the Balearic Islands entered Eivissa's commercial orbit after 400 BC. Ibiza

1547-548: A single one). Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Island Council of Ibiza, which has kept 13 as the number of seats ( despite sending 12 to the Balearic Parliament ). Ibiza has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh), bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The average annual temperature of Ibiza is 18.3 °C (65 °F), being warm and mild throughout

1666-560: A threatened environment, and it is expected that steps will be taken to preserve this wetland. The oceanic plant Posidonia oceanica is also part of UNESCO's World Heritage. Ibiza is a rock island covering an area of 572.56 square kilometres (221.07 sq mi), almost one-sixth the size of Mallorca, but over five times larger than Mykonos in the Greek Isles , or 10 times larger than Manhattan in New York City. Ibiza

1785-636: Is Eivissa ( pronounced [əjˈvisə] ). The Spanish name is Ibiza ( pronounced [iˈβiθa] in Spain / [iˈβisa] in Latin America). In the 18th and 19th centuries the island was known to the British and especially to the Royal Navy as Ivica , possibly from an older Spanish orthography with ⟨ ç ⟩ . In 654 BC, Phoenician settlers founded

1904-724: Is 'Machine Gun Ibiza'. It is also mentioned in David Bowie 's 1971 track ' Life on Mars? ', "See the mice in their million hordes, from Ibiza to the Norfolk Broads ." In Monty Python's Flying Circus , the opening sketch of Episode 33 features the pilot Biggles. His secretary teasingly calls him "Señor Biggles", and Biggles protests, saying, "I've never even been to Spain." The secretary responds, " You went to Ibiza last year." Biggles counters, "That's still not grounds for calling me señor, or Don Beeg-les for that matter." Wham's 1983 hit single "Club Tropicana" music video

2023-427: Is 22.2 °C (72 °F), while the average low is 14.3 °C (58 °F). Winters are slightly rainy and mild, from November to April normally the whole island turns green for the seasonal rains. Summers are hot and fairly humid, but with very little rainfall. The few rainy days are often accompanied by thunderstorms. During the coldest month, January, the average high temperature is 15.7 °C (60 °F), while

2142-498: Is 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 13 August 2022. Demographically, Ibiza displays a very peculiar configuration, as census agencies diverge on exact figures. According to the 2001 national census, Ibiza had 88,076 inhabitants (against 76,000 in 1991, 64,000 in 1981, 45,000 in 1971, and 38,000 in 1961). However, by the 2011 national census, this had grown to 133,594, and at the Census of 2021 had reached 154,186. This rapid growth stems from

2261-493: Is attested by Tertullian in his Apologeticus , where he reports that Tiberius crucified the priests of "Saturn" on the same trees they consecrated to the god. Tertullian also mentions the goddess Juno Caelestis as a romanization of Tanit. Carthage was rebuilt about 46 BC by Julius Caesar , and settlements in the surrounding area were granted to soldiers who had retired from the Roman army. People of Punic origin prospered again as traders, merchants and even politicians of

2380-501: Is currently booming. In recent years, the luxury market has dramatically improved, with new restaurants, clubs, and improvements to the marina in Ibiza Town. Ibiza's increased popularity has led to problems with potable water shortages and overrun infrastructure. This has led to the imposition of a "Sustainable Tourism Tax" which went into effect on 1 July 2016. Minister of Tourism Vincente Torres stated in an interview in 2016 that

2499-558: Is not shared by all scholars. In modern academic writing, the term Punic exclusively refers to Phoenicians in the western Mediterranean. Specific Punic groups are often referred to with hyphenated names, like Siculo-Punic or Sardo-Punic . (This practice has ancient roots: Hellenistic Greek authors sometimes referred to the Punic inhabitants of central northern Africa ( Libya ) as Liby-Phoenicians .) Like other Phoenician people, their urbanized culture and economy were strongly linked to

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2618-479: Is only a corruption by one letter of the alphabet of what we would expect: What else should they reply except that they are " Chananei "? It has been argued by J.C. Quinn that this is a misreading, since although this term is "applied to Levantine people" in the Hebrew Bible, "there is no other evidence for self-identification as Canaanite, and so we might suspect him of learned optimism." However, this opinion

2737-537: Is the Ibiza Island Council ( Consell Insular d'Eivissa ). Prior to its split in 2007, Formentera was part of the council. Elections are held every four years concurrently with local elections . From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to Parliament of the Balearic Islands for the constituencies of Ibiza and Formentera (then forming a single Island council, with Ibiza sending 12 councilors and Formentera

2856-476: Is the larger of a group of the western Balearic archipelago called the Pityusic Islands ( Pitiusas ) or "Pine Islands" composed of itself and Formentera . The Balearic island chain includes over 50 islands, many of which are uninhabited. The highest point of the island is Sa Talaiassa , also known as Sa Talaia or Sa Talaia de Sant Josep at 475 metres (1,558 ft). Ibiza is administratively part of

2975-549: Is the last ancient writer to indicate that the Punic language was widely spoken. The last remains of a distinct Punic culture probably disappeared somewhere in the chaos during the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The demographic and cultural characteristics of the region were thoroughly transformed by turbulent events such as the Vandals ' wars with Byzantines and the population movements that followed, as well as

3094-510: Is the native dialect of Catalan that is spoken on Ibiza and nearby Formentera . Catalan shares co-official status with Spanish . Additionally, because of the influence of tourism and immigrants living in or maintaining residences on the island, other languages, such as English, French, German and Italian, are widely spoken. Ibiza is considered to be a popular tourist destination, especially due to its well-known and at times riotous nightclub -based nightlife centred on two areas: Ibiza Town ,

3213-458: Is titled Ibiza. The song has fast rapping and electronic beats. The rapping is performed by the band’s frontman Keith Flint (died 2019). In popular music, American singer-songwriter Mike Posner released " I Took a Pill in Ibiza " (alternatively known as "In Ibiza", or its clean title "I Took a Plane to Ibiza") in April 2015, as single on his Vevo account and in the exclusive The Truth EP; it

3332-617: The 11th century BC , Phoenician merchants , sailors , and artisans begin to settle in western Sicily , having already started colonies on the nearby parts of North Africa . Within a century, they established major Phoenician settlements at Soloeis (Solunto), present day Palermo and Motya (an island near present-day Marsala ). Others included Drepana (Trapani) and Mazara del Vallo . As Carthage later grew in power, these settlements sometimes came into conflict with them, such as Motya, and Phoenician city-states in western Sicily were eventually fully integrated into Carthage by

3451-583: The 6th century BC . The Phoenicians integrated with the local Elymian population as shown in archaeology as a distinctive “West Phoenician cultural identity”. It is unclear when the Phoenicians began to seriously colonize North Africa. Writers in antiquity, such as Pliny the Elder , dated the beginning of the colonization efforts to the 12th and 11th centuries BC, as several legends describe interactions between Phoenician colonists and famous figures from

3570-576: The Council of Carthage (646) against Monothelitism ; and Potentinus , who was exiled in Spain and intervened at the Council of Toledo (684) . With the Arab conquest, Utica was destroyed and disappeared even as an independent diocese. Only during the early Renaissance Utica was again a diocese, when the Spanish Empire conquered the region for some decades and Pedro del Campo was named bishop of

3689-548: The Hebrew Bible describing the sacrifice of children by burning to Baal and Moloch at a place called Tophet . The ancient descriptions were seemingly confirmed by the discovering of the so-called Tophet of Salammbô in Carthage in 1921, which contained the urns of cremated children. However, modern historians and archaeologists debate the reality and extent of this practice. Some scholars propose that all remains at

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3808-546: The Libu forces led by Spendius and Matho laid siege to Utica and nearby Hippocritae . The Carthaginian generals Hanno and Hamilcar then came to Utica's defense, managing to raise the siege, but "the severest blow of all… was the defection of Hippacritae and Utica, the only two cities in Libya which had…bravely faced the present war…indeed they never had on any occasion given the least sign of hostility to Carthage." Eventually,

3927-466: The Medjerda River ) damaged the importance of Utica. During the reign of Augustus , however, the seat of provincial government was moved to a since rebuilt Carthage, although Utica did not lose its status as one of the foremost cities in the province. When Hadrian was emperor, Utica requested to become a full Roman colony, but this request was not granted until Septimius Severus , a native of

4046-595: The Muslim grip on the Iberian peninsula. King Sigurd continued to Sicily where he visited King Roger II of Sicily . The island was conquered for the Crown of Aragon in 1235. The local Muslim population was deported, as was the case with neighboring Mallorca and elsewhere, and Christians arrived from Girona. The island maintained its own self-government in several forms until 1715, when King Philip V of Spain abolished

4165-518: The Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century AD. After the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb , the geographer al-Bakri described a people who spoke a language which was not Berber , Latin, or Coptic , living in Sirte , where spoken Punic survived well past written use. Whether this refers to some remnant Punic population is uncertain; if it does, it represents the last known record of

4284-510: The Phoenician homeland. Although links with Phoenicia were retained throughout their history, they also developed close trading relations with other peoples of the western Mediterranean, such as Sicilians, Sardinians, Berbers , Greeks, and Iberians , and developed some cultural traits distinct from those of their Phoenician homeland. Some of these were shared by all western Phoenicians, while others were restricted to individual regions within

4403-462: The Punic name ʿtq ( 𐤏𐤕𐤒‬ ) or ʿtg ( 𐤏𐤕𐤂‬ ). These derived from Phoenician ˁAtiq ( ʿtq ), cognate with Arabic ˁatiqah ( عَتِيقَة ) and Hebrew ˁatiq ( עתיק , seen in the title of God, " Ancient of Days "). These all mean "Old" and contrast the settlement with the later colony Carthage , whose own name literally meant "New Town". The latinization is a little unusual in that

4522-663: The Punic Wars , Utica was an important Roman colony for seven centuries. Utica no longer exists, and its remains are located in Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia – not on the coast where it once lay, but further inland because of deforestation and agriculture upriver as the Medjerda River silted over its original mouth. Utica ( Classical Latin : [ˈʊ.t̪ɪ.ka] ) is an unusual latinization of

4641-639: The Roman Empire . The emperor Septimius Severus had Punic ancestry. As Christianity spread in the Roman Empire, it was especially successful in northwest Africa , and Carthage became a Christian city even before Christianity was legal. Saint Augustine , born in Thagaste (modern-day Algeria ), considered himself Punic, and left some important reflections on Punic cultural history in his writing. One of his more well known passages reads: Augustine

4760-457: The Trojan War , such as Aeneas . Archaeological evidence, on the other hand, generally implies that the colonies began in the 8th century BC as, barring a few exceptional sites, any material evidence of Phoenician habitation before this time period is lacking. The Phoenician colonial system was motivated by economic opportunity, not expansionist ideology, and as such, the Phoenicians lacked

4879-653: The Valencian Community —and the two areas were administered jointly by the Taifa of Dénia for some time (11th century). Ibiza, together with the islands of Formentera and Menorca , were invaded by the Norwegian King Sigurd I of Norway in the spring of 1110 on his crusade to Jerusalem . The king had previously conquered the cities of Sintra , Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal and given them over to Christian rulers, in an effort to weaken

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4998-512: The autonomous community of the Balearic Islands , whose capital is Palma , on the island of Mallorca. Ibiza comprises five of the region's 67 municipalities : At the 2001 census these municipalities had a total population of 88,076 inhabitants, which had risen to an officially estimated total of 159,180 at the start of 2023, and have a land area of 572.56 km (221.07 sq mi). The island's self-government institution

5117-610: The prestige language , and later the speech of the majority of the inhabitants. The island of Ibiza derives its name from Phoenician : 𐤀𐤁𐤔𐤌 , ʾBŠM , "Dedicated to Bes ". (Latin Ebusus ). A city, the Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement , which has been excavated, was established in the mid-seventh century. Diodorus dates this foundation to 654 BC and attributes it to the Carthaginians. From

5236-430: The tophet were sacrificed, whereas others propose that only some were. Tunisia was among the areas settled during the first wave of Phoenician expansion into the west, with the foundation of Utica and Hippo Regius taking place around the end of the twelfth century. Further Phoenician settlements, were established in the following centuries, including Hippo Diarrhytus and Hadrumetum . The foundation of Carthage on

5355-477: The tophet , and by a marked degree of cosmopolitanism . Carthage gained direct control over the Cap Bon peninsula, operating a sandstone quarry at El Haouaria from the middle of the seventh city and establishing the city of Kerkouane in the early sixth century. The region was very fertile and allowed Carthage to be economically self-sufficient. The site of Kerkouane has been extensively excavated and provides

5474-571: The 16th century, but are obsolete and there is no proper noun in current use. "Punic" derives from the Latin poenus and punicus , which were used mostly to refer to the Carthaginians and other western Phoenicians. These terms derived from the Ancient Greek word Φοῖνιξ ( "Phoinix" ), plural form Φοίνικες ( "Phoinikes" ), which was used indiscriminately to refer to both western and eastern Phoenicians. Latin later borrowed

5593-660: The 5th century BC, Hanno the Navigator played a significant role in exploring coastal areas of present-day Morocco and other parts of the African coast, specifically noting details of indigenous peoples, such as at Essaouira . Carthaginians pushed westerly into the Atlantic and established important settlements in Lixus , Volubilis , Chellah , and Mogador, among other locations. Being trade rivals with Magna Graecia ,

5712-428: The 8th century BC, Phoenicians founded several cities and strongholds on strategic points in the south and west of Sardinia , often peninsulas or islands near estuaries, easy to defend and natural harbours, such as Tharros , Bithia , Sulci , Nora and Caralis ( Cagliari ). The north, the eastern coast and the interior of the island continued to be dominated by the indigenous Nuragic civilization , whose relations with

5831-586: The Carthaginian military failing on the Iberian mainland, Ibiza was last used, 205 B.C, by the fleeing Carthaginian general Mago to gather supplies and men before sailing to Menorca and then to Liguria . Ibiza negotiated a favorable treaty (Foedus) with the Romans , which spared Ibiza from further destruction and allowed it to continue its Carthaginian-Punic institutions, traditions and even coinage well into

5950-651: The Carthaginians had several clashes with the Greeks over the island of Sicily in the Sicilian Wars from 600 to 265 BC. The Carthaginians eventually also fought Rome in three Punic Wars between 265 and 146 BC but they were defeated in each one. In the First Punic War , they lost control of Sicily. In the Second Punic War , an invasion of Italy by Hannibal was unsuccessful in forcing

6069-615: The Cascade at Utica is typical of most Roman houses excavated in North Africa. Ebusus Ibiza ( Spanish: [iˈβiθa] ; Catalan : Eivissa [əjˈvisə] ; see below ) is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea off the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula . It is 150 kilometres (93 miles) from the city of Valencia . It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands in area, but

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6188-646: The Diocese of Utina. Then the Bishop Florentius , who intervened at the Synod of Carthage (484) , was met by the Vandal king Huneric , after which he was exiled. Faustinianus participated at the Council of Carthage (525) . He was followed by the bishop Giunilius , an ecclesiastical writer, who dedicated his works to Primasius of Hadrumetum . In the seventh century was the bishop Flavianus, who assisted at

6307-546: The Empire days, when it became an official Roman municipality. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and a brief period of first Vandal and then Byzantine rule, the island was conquered by the Muslims in 902. The few remaining locals converted to Islam and Berber settlers came in. Under Islamic rule, Ibiza (Yabisah) came in close contact with the city of Dénia —the closest port in the nearby Iberian peninsula, located in

6426-643: The Greek term a second time as "Phoenix" , plural form "Phoenices" , also used indiscriminately. Numismatic evidence from Sicily shows that some western Phoenicians made use of the term "Phoinix", but it is not clear what term (if any) they used for themselves; they may have called themselves 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤌 ( knʿnm , " Canaanites "). A passage from Augustine has often been interpreted as indicating that they called themselves Canaanites ( Chanani in Latin ), Augustine writes: When our rural peasants are asked what they are , they reply, in Punic, " Chanani ", which

6545-659: The Latin U more often transcribed the letter W (i.e., waw ) in Punic names. The Greeks called it Ityke ( Ἰτύκη ). Utica was founded as a port located on the trade route leading from Phoenicia to the Straits of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean , facilitating trade in commodities like tin . The exact founding date of Utica is a matter of controversy. Several classical authors date its foundation to around 1100   BC. The archaeological evidence, however, suggests

6664-599: The Mediterranean and beyond, to Atlantic Iberia, the British Isles , the Canaries . Technical achievements of the Punic people of Carthage include the development of uncolored glass and the use of limestone from lakeside deposits to improve the purity of smelted iron . The Punic religion was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety of the polytheistic ancient Canaanite religion . At Carthage,

6783-467: The Pompeians and Numidians and drove Varus back into the town of Utica, but then withdrew. Later at the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC the remaining Pompeians, including Cato the Younger , fled to Utica after being defeated. Caesar pursued them to Utica, meeting no resistance from the inhabitants. Cato, who was the leader of the Pompeians, ensured the escape of his fellow senators and anyone else who desired to leave, then committed suicide , unwilling to accept

6902-406: The Province of Africa, took the throne. Already eclipsed by the preeminence of Carthage, Utica was faced with the progressive silting up of its port and consequent isolation in the midst of marshy lands. By converting its activity to further cultivation of its agricultural territory, it prolonged its life right up to the end of ancient times....Utica had been endowed from the first century B.C. with

7021-590: The Punic population of Ibiza was primarily male dominated. According to Olalde et al. (2018): According to Fernandes et al. (2020): According to Marcus et al. (2020): Two other studies published in 2021 in the journal Annals of Human Biology also show a strong genetic proximity with the populations of North Africa of several individuals from Sardinia and Italy. According to Sarno, Cillion, de Fanti, et al. (2021): Accorging to de Angelis, Veltre, Romboni, et al. (2021): In 2022, 30 ancient individuals from Carthaginian and Etruscan port cities around

7140-402: The Punic sphere. The western Phoenicians were arranged into a multitude of self-governing city-states. Carthage had grown to be the largest and most powerful of these city-states by the 5th century BC and gained increasingly close control over Punic Sicily and Sardinia in the 4th century BC, but communities in Iberia remained outside their control until the second half of the 3rd century BC. In

7259-470: The Renaissance walls of the old town of Ibiza City, which were awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1999. They are one of the world's few Renaissance walls that were not demolished, and part of the medieval wall is still visible. There are some Ibizan cultural sites, such as the remains of the first Phoenician settlement at Sa Caleta . Other sites are still under threat from the developers, such as Ses Feixes Wetlands , but this site has now been recognised as

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7378-424: The Roman buildings essential to comfortable urban life: forum, temples, baths, amphitheater, circus, in addition to dwellings. Most of these structures were placed in the grid of an orthogonal plan which covered a large part of the city. -Marian Holland The city and all the area east of the Fossatum Africae was nearly fully romanised by the time of Septimius Severus . According to historian Theodore Mommsen , all

7497-438: The Romans as Sardus Pater and apparently an indigenous deity) received worship as the son of Melqart and was particularly associated with the island. The Carthaginians appear to have had both part-time and full-time priests, the latter called khnm (singular khn , cognate with the Hebrew term kohen ), led by high priests called rb khnm , as well as lower-ranking religious officials, called "servants" or "slaves" of

7616-399: The Romans to surrender and the Carthaginians were subsequently defeated by Scipio Africanus in Spain and at the Battle of Zama in northern Africa in 202 BC, marking the end of Carthage's position as a major Mediterranean power. Finally, in the Third Punic War , Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC. Victory in the Punic Wars enabled Roman settlement of Africa and eventual domination of

7735-442: The Sardo-Punic cities were mixed, including both trade and military conflict. Intermarriage and cultural mixing took place on a large scale. The inhabitants of the Sardo-Punic cities were a mixture of Phoenician and Nuragic stock, with the latter forming the majority of the population. Sardinia had a special position because it was central in the western Mediterranean between Carthage, Spain, the river Rhône , and Etruria . Iglesiente

7854-416: The Spanish Tourist Office have worked toward promoting more family-oriented tourism. Ibiza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ibiza and the nearby island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands, or " Pityuses ". In British English , the name is usually pronounced in an approximation of the Peninsular Spanish variant ( / ɪ ˈ b iː θ ə / ib- EE -thə ). In American English ,

7973-417: The White Island, which has evolved and developed from several distinctive elements: open-air parties (Es Paradis, Privilege, Amnesia), held in isolated places, eventually old fincas (Pacha, Amnesia), that mixed in nudity and costume party (Es Paradis, Privilege, Pacha) and enabled people from various backgrounds to blend (all). The hippie ethos served as a common factor that infused all these venues and catalyzed

8092-506: The addition of Steppe-related ancestry . A second cluster contains seven individuals who are genetically similar to Bronze Age Sicilian and central Italian populations, as well as some individuals from the Hellenistic Iberian Greek colony of Empúries . A last individual, who projects near modern Mozabite and Moroccan populations in PCA space can be modelled with a combination Morocco Early Neolithic and Anatolia Neolithic ancestry. When compared to other ancient individuals, this individual forms

8211-417: The admixture of local customs with Phoenician traditions, which also gave rise to a nascent sense of national identity. Tyre's status and power continued to diminish under Neo-Assyrian, and subsequently Neo-Babylonian , vassalage, and by the sixth century BC, its voluntary submission to the Achaemenid Empire had severely circumscribed what little power it retained. Its status as the pre-eminent Phoenician city

8330-559: The airport. From Ibiza there are buses to the Platja d'en Bossa, Ses Salines, the airport and Santa Eulària. The late night bus line that stops at the various clubs is locally known as the Disco Bus. A number of novels and other books have been written using Ibiza as the setting, including: "The Life Impossible" by Matt Haig, "The Canticle of Ibiza" by Justin Kurian, "The White Island" by Stephen Armstrong, Joshua Then and Now by Mordecai Richler , Soma Blues by Robert Sheckley , Vacation in Ibiza by Lawrence Schimel , A Short Life on

8449-474: The amnesty which incorporated a number of unregistered foreign migrants. In terms of origin, about 55 percent of island residents were born in Ibiza; 35 percent are domestic migrants from mainland Spain (mostly working-class families from Andalusia, and the remainder from Catalonia, Valencia and Castile); and the remaining 10 to 15 per cent are foreign, dual and multi-national citizens of the EU and abroad (Govern de les Illes Balears – IBAE 1996). In decreasing order,

8568-507: The authors: Utica, Tunisia Utica ( / ˌ j uː t ɪ k ə / ) was an ancient Phoenician and Carthaginian city located near the outflow of the Medjerda River into the Mediterranean, between Carthage in the south and Hippo Diarrhytus (present-day Bizerte ) in the north. It is traditionally considered to be the first colony to have been founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. After Carthage's loss to Rome in

8687-430: The average low is 8.1 °C (47 °F). In the warmest month, August, the average high temperature is 30.3 °C (87 °F), while the low is 22.2 °C (72 °F). Extreme temperatures are rare for the influence of the sea. The average temperature of the sea in Ibiza is 19.7 °C (67 °F) and beach weather usually lasts 7 months, from May to November. The highest temperature ever recorded on Ibiza Airport

8806-516: The best-known example of a Punic city from North Africa. Punic control also extended inland over the Libyans . Punic influence on inland regions is seen from the early 6th century, notably at Althiburos , where Punic construction techniques and red-slip pottery appear at the time. Armed conflicts with the Libyans are first attested in the early 5th century, with several revolts attested in

8925-766: The central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia, and central Italy were sequenced. In Tunisia a highly heterogeneous population was observed in Kerkouane , spanning from modern Mozabite populations to modern Sicilian populations, consisting of three primary genetic clusters. One of the genetic groups includes four individuals who have genetic continuity with preceding Maghrebi neolithic farmers, suggesting that these individuals represent an autochthonous North African population. One individual can be modeled with 100% Morocco Late Neolithic farmer ancestry, while three individuals can be modeled predominantly with this component, along with

9044-704: The chief gods were Baal Hammon (purportedly "Lord of the Brazier ") and his consort Tanit , but other deities are attested, such as Eshmun , Melqart , Ashtart , Reshef , Sakon, and Shamash . The Carthaginians also adopted the Greek goddesses Demeter and Kore in 396 BC, as well as the Egyptian deities Bes , Bastet , Isis , Osiris , and Ra . Different Punic centres had their own distinct pantheons; in Punic Sardinia, for example, Sid or Sid Babi (known to

9163-400: The clemency of Caesar. Displaying their fondness for Cato, "the people of Utica...called Cato their saviour and benefactor... And this they continued to do even when word was brought that Caesar was approaching. They decked his body in splendid fashion, gave it an illustrious escort, and buried it near the sea, where a statue of him now stands, sword in hand". After his death, Cato was given

9282-445: The course of the Punic wars (264–146 BC), the Romans challenged Carthaginian hegemony in the western Mediterranean, culminating in the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, but the Punic language and Punic culture endured under Roman rule, surviving in some places until late antiquity . The English adjective "Punic" is used in modern academic writing to refer to the western Phoenicians. The proper nouns "Punics" and "Punes" were used in

9401-606: The courtyard of the Ibiza Rocks Hotel. The season now traditionally begins at the end of April, where Opening Parties take place at Ibiza's clubs over the course of a three-week period. Opening Parties normally coincide with the culmination of the International Music Summit , a three-day conference promoting the electronic music industry, featuring speakers, masterclasses and performances, and co-hosted by Pete Tong and Jaguar. IMS has taken place on

9520-401: The development projects on the island have now been completed or continue, as well as some new projects announced at the end of 2012. Since 2009, Ibiza has received an increase in the number of tourists every year, with nearly 6 million people travelling through Ibiza Airport in 2012. The summer season has become concentrated between June and September, focusing on the "clubbing calendar" which

9639-509: The diffusion of the Phoenician language in the Western Mediterranean. According to Penninx (2019): Recent genetics studies based on Ancient DNA showed that Punic people from Sardinia, Ibiza, South Iberia and Italy had strong genetic relationships to ancient north African and eastern Mediterranean sources. Zalloua, P., Collins, C.J., Gosling, A. et al. in 2018 showed that Eastern Mediterranean and North African influence in

9758-406: The entire Mediterranean Sea. The destruction of Carthage did not mean the end of the Punic people. After the wars, the city of Carthage was completely razed and the land around it was turned into farmland for Roman citizens. There were, however, other Punic cities in northwest Africa, and Carthage itself was rebuilt and regained some importance, if a shadow of its ancient influence. Although the area

9877-519: The experience of a certain kind of freedom, accentuated by the holiday nature of most of the stays on the White Island. During the 1980s, the music played in these clubs gained in reputation and became known as Balearic beat , a precursor of the British acid house scene. As rave parties blossomed all over Europe, a DJ-driven club culture took hold of Ibizenca nightlife. It was at that time that Space opened, thanks to Pepe Rosello, which found

9996-532: The forces of Carthage proved victorious, forcing Utica and Hippacritae to surrender after a short siege. Utica again defied Carthage in the Third Punic War , when it surrendered to Rome shortly before the breakout of war in 150 BC. After its victory, Rome rewarded Utica by granting it an expanse of territory stretching from Carthage to Hippo . As a result of the war, Rome created a new province of Africa , and Utica became its capital, which meant that

10115-450: The forefront. In recent years, during the summer, top producers and DJs in dance music come to the island and play at the various clubs, in between touring to other international destinations. Some of the most famous DJs run their own weekly nights around the island. Many of these DJs use Ibiza as an outlet for presenting new songs within the house , trance and techno genres of electronic dance music. The island has achieved fame as

10234-440: The fourth century (398, 370s, 310-307 BC). In the late 4th century, Aristotle reports that the Carthaginians dealt with local discontent by resettling poor citizens in cities in Libya. These settlements had to provide tribute and military manpower when required, but remained self-governing. There is some onomastic evidence for intermarriage between Punic people and Libyans in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. From

10353-464: The fourth century BC, Utica came under Punic control, but continued to exist as a privileged ally of Carthage. Soon, commercial rivalry created problems between Carthage and Utica. This relationship between Carthage and Utica began to disintegrate after the First Punic War , with the outbreak of rebellion among mercenaries who had not received compensation for their service to Carthage. Originally, Utica refused to participate in this rebellion, so that

10472-612: The fourth, Quietus, assisted at the Council of Carthage (349) proclaimed by Gratus. At the Conference of Carthage (411) which saw gathered together the bishops of Nicene Christianity and of heretical Donatism Victorius II took part for the Church and Gedudus for the Donatists. The historian Morcelli added the bishop Gallonianus , present at the Council of Carthage (419) , who, according to J. Mesnage, instead belonged to

10591-577: The government has instituted a moratorium on building in certain areas. He said that with almost 100,000 legal tourist beds and about 132,000 inhabitants on the island's 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi), not much more tourism can be supported. Ibiza has its own airport , which has many international flights during the summer tourist season, especially from the European Union and the United Kingdom. There are also ferries from

10710-580: The governor's residence was there along with a small garrison. Over the following decades Utica also attracted Roman citizens who settled there to do business. During the Roman Civil War between the supporters of Pompey and Caesar , the Battle of Utica (49 BC) was fought between Julius Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio and Pompeian legionaries commanded by Publius Attius Varus supported by Numidian cavalry and foot soldiers. Curio defeated

10829-487: The harbour of Sant Antoni and Ibiza Town to Barcelona , Mallorca, Dénia , and Valencia . There are also ferries to Formentera leaving Sant Antoni Harbour (normally every Wednesday), and daily from Ibiza Town, Santa Eulària, and Figueretes–Platja d'en Bossa. Several public buses also travel between Sant Antoni and Ibiza Town, every 15 minutes in summer and every half-hour in winter. In addition, there are buses from Sant Antoni to Cala Bassa, Cala Conta and Cala Tarida, and to

10948-410: The hippie ethos would regroup, talk, play music and occasionally take recreational drugs . These would most often happen on beaches during the day, with nude bathing a common sight, and in rented country estates in the evenings or at nights. Apart from this confidential scene, which nevertheless attracted many foreigners to the island, local venues during the 1960s consisted mostly of bars, which would be

11067-630: The inhabitants of Utica spoke Latin and practised Christianity in the fourth and early fifth century. The Peutinger Map from around this time shows the town. In 439 AD, the Vandals captured Utica. In 534 AD, the Byzantines captured it once more. "Excavations at the site have yielded two Punic cemeteries and Roman ruins, including baths and a villa with mosaics". Roman Utica was a Christian city with an important diocese in Africa Proconsularis . Indeed, there are more than

11186-621: The island annually since 2007 and holds its closing party at the top of Dalt Vila. The first clubs that host opening parties are normally Ushuaïa, Hï, Amnesia, and Pacha. The first parties take place at the end of April, starting with the Hï and Ushuaïa Opening Parties, and the last parties occur around mid-October, usually being the Amnesia and Pacha Closing Parties. Ibiza has recently won numerous awards globally for its world class nightlife venues. The new super clubs including Hi and Ushuaïa, are two of

11305-433: The island's capital on the southern shore, and Sant Antoni to the west. Ibiza has garnered the reputation as the "Party Capital of the world". Nightlife in Ibiza has undergone several changes since the island's opening to international tourism in the late 1950s. Origins of today's club culture may be traced back to hippie gatherings held during the 1960s and 1970s. During these, people of various nationalities sharing

11424-563: The island. Other speculation is ( Phoenician : 𐤀𐤉𐤁𐤔𐤌 , ʾYBŠM , "Dedicated to Bes "). It was later known to Romans as Ebusus . The Greeks called the two islands of Ibiza and Formentera the Pityoûssai ( Πιτυοῦσσαι , probably meaning "Pine-Covered Islands"). The Catalan name Pitiüses and the Spanish name Pitiusas retain this Greek root. Its name in Catalan

11543-539: The local government's autonomy. The arrival of democracy in the late 1970s led to the Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands . Today, the island is part of the Balearic Autonomous Community, along with Mallorca, Menorca and Formentera . Though primarily known for its party scene, large portions of the island are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . A notable example includes

11662-449: The meeting points for Ibicencos, ex-pats, seafarers and tourists. The Estrella bar on the port and La Tierra in the old city of Eivissa were favourites. During the 1970s, a decade that saw the emergence of the contemporary nightclub, several venues opened and made a lasting impact on Ibiza's nightlife. Three of these original clubs are still in operation today: Pacha , Amnesia and Es Paradís. These four clubs mainly defined nightlife on

11781-598: The most commonly visiting foreigners are German , British , Latin American , French , Italian and Dutch . The Spanish composer and music theorist Miguel Roig-Francolí was born in Ibiza, as was the politician and Spain's former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Abel Matutes . Notable former residents of Ibiza include: Spandau Ballet's Steve Norman , English punk musician Sid Vicious , comic actor Terry-Thomas , Hungarian master forger Elmyr de Hory , American authors Cormac McCarthy and Clifford Irving . Eivissenc

11900-455: The most notable as of 2024. The island's government is in the process of making policy changes to encourage a more family-friendly and quieter tourism scene. These include rules such as the closing of all nightclubs by 06:00 at the latest and requiring all new hotels to be 5-star. The administration wants to attract a more international mixture of tourists. The island's tourism is not always characterized by its nightlife. Visitors can take

12019-457: The name of Uticensis, due to the place of his death as well as to his public glorification and burial by the citizens of Utica. Utica obtained the formal status of a municipium in 36 BC and its inhabitants became members of the Quirina tribe. The city was chosen by the Romans as the place where the governor of their new Africa Province was resident, but the silting of the port (because of

12138-527: The numbers or even the desire to establish an "empire" overseas. The colonies were therefore independent city-states, though most were relatively small, probably having a population of less than 1,000. Some colonies, such as Carthage , were able to grow much larger. Effectively establishing a monopoly on the continent's natural resources, the colonies' wealth exploded, which was compounded by an influx of Phoenician traders fleeing from increasing tributary obligations to foreign powers and trade interference. Within

12257-513: The people's existence. In 1994, a Punic burial crypt was discovered on Byrsa Hill, near the entry to the National Museum of Carthage in Tunisia. Inside this crypt were the remains of a young man along with a range of burial goods, all dating to the late 6th century BCE. An osteological analysis of the young man from Byrsa, or Ariche, as he has become known, determined that he was approximately 1.7 m tall and aged between 19 and 24 years, and

12376-480: The pronunciation is closer to the Latin American Spanish variant ( / ɪ ˈ b iː z ə / ib- EE -zə , / iː ˈ b iː s ə / ee- BEE -sə , and so forth) and the first syllable is never pronounced as a homophone of "eye". Phoenician colonists called the island Ibossim or Iboshim (cf. Hebrew אִי־בּוֹשֵׂם, "Fragrance Island"), likely due the abundance of aromatic plants on

12495-470: The recreated Diocese of Utica in 1516 AD. The site of the ruins of Utica is set on a low hill, composed of several Roman villas. Their walls still preserve decorative floor mosaics . To the northwest of these villas is a Punic necropolis, with Punic sarcophagi 20 feet (6.1 metres) below the Roman level. Currently, the site is located about 30 km from Tunis and 30 km from Bizerte and near cities with four other historical sites: The House of

12614-574: The ruins of a huge restaurant/nightclub in the hills near Sant Josep called "Festival Club" that only operated for three summer seasons in the early 1970s. The transient nature of club-oriented tourism is most obvious in these ruins scattered all over the island. Local artist Irene de Andrès has tackled the difficult issue of the impact of mass tourism on the island local landscapes, both natural and cultural, in an ongoing project called "Donde nada ocurre" (Where nothing happens). In 2013, Ibiza property prices generally remained above market value, and many of

12733-410: The sanctuary (male: ˤbd , female: ˤbdt or mt ), and functionaries like cooks, butchers, singers, and barbers. Sanctuaries had associations, referred to as mrzḥ in Punic and Neo-Punic inscriptions, who held ritual banquets. Some Phoenician communities practiced sacred prostitution ; in the Punic sphere this is archeologically attested at Sicca Veneria ( El Kef ) in western Tunisia and

12852-523: The sanctuary of Venus Erycina at Eryx in western Sicily. Punic sacred prostitution is mentioned by Latin author Valerius Maximus , who describes how Carthaginian women gained gifts by engaging in prostitution with visitors at Sicca Veneria. Various Greek and Roman sources describe and criticize the Carthaginian practice of sacrificing children by burning. Many ancient Greek and Latin authors describe some version of child sacrifice to "Cronos" (Baal Hammon). These descriptions were compared to those found in

12971-471: The sea. They settled over Northwest Africa in what is now Algeria , Morocco, Tunisia and Libya and established some colonies in Southern Iberia, Sardinia, Sicily, Ebusus , Malta and other small islands of the western Mediterranean. In Sardinia and Sicily, they had strong economic and political ties to the independent natives in the hinterland. Their naval presence and trade extended throughout

13090-452: The second-largest by population. Its largest settlements are Ibiza Town (Catalan: Vila d'Eivissa , or simply Vila ), Santa Eulària des Riu , and Sant Antoni de Portmany . Its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa (or Sa Talaia), is 475 metres (1,558 feet) above sea level . Ibiza is well known for its nightlife and electronic dance music club scene in the summer, which attract large numbers of tourists. The island's government and

13209-421: The site of modern Tunis is dated to the late 9th century BC by Greek literary sources and archaeological evidence. The literary sources attribute the foundation to a group of Tyrian refugees led by Dido and accompanied by Cypriots . Archaeologically, the new foundation is characterised by the focus of religious cult on the gods Tanit and Baal Hammon , by the development of a new religious structure,

13328-469: The whole year. Ibiza lies at the same latitude as Atlantic City , yet it is much warmer for its location in the Mediterranean Basin . The climate of Ibiza is typically warm, sunny and dry, with low variation between highs and lows. The sunshine hours of Ibiza are 2700-2800 per year, while the yearly rain amount ranges from 400 to 450 millimetres (16 to 18 in). The average high temperature

13447-453: Was a major trading post along the Mediterranean routes. Ibiza began establishing its own trading stations along the nearby Balearic island of Mallorca (Majorca), such as Na Guardis , and "Na Galera" where numerous Balearic mercenaries hired on, no doubt as slingers , to fight for Carthage. During the Second Punic War , the island was assaulted by the two Scipio brothers ( Publius and Gnaeus ) in 217 BC but remained loyal to Carthage. With

13566-472: Was an important mining area for the metals lead and zinc . The island came under Carthaginian dominance around 510 BC, after that a first attempt at conquest in 540 BC that ended in failure. They expanded their influence to the western and southern coast from Bosa to Caralis, consolidating the existing Phoenician settlements, administered by plenipotentiaries called Suffetes , and founding new ones such as Olbia , Cornus , and Neapolis ; Tharros

13685-738: Was filmed in Ibiza. It was the first time George Michael & Andrew Ridgeley would leave the UK. Vengaboys ' 1999 single " We're Going to Ibiza " reached number one on the singles chart in United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The song saw a resurgence in Austria in 2019 due to the Ibiza affair . The island is shown as the home of notorious art forger, Elmyr de Hory, in the 1973 docudrama F for Fake by Orson Welles . The fourth track off of The Prodigy’s sixth studio album The Day Is My Enemy

13804-672: Was later released on At Night, Alone in May 2016. Originally an acoustic guitar-based folk pop song, it was remixed by the Norwegian duo SeeB as a tropical house dance pop song, and released digitally as a single in the United States on 24 July 2015. "I Took a Pill in Ibiza" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S., and reached #1 on seventeen other charts. Tourism officials in Ibiza were reportedly "annoyed" by

13923-535: Was partially romanized and some of the population adopted the Roman religion , while fusing it with aspects of their beliefs and customs, the language and the ethnicity persisted for some time. The cult to Baal Hammon, and the consequent sacrifice of children, though banned by Rome, continued openly under the guise of worshipping Saturn until at least the proconsulate of Tiberius Iulius Secundus in Africa (131–132). This

14042-416: Was probably the main centre. Carthage encouraged the cultivation of grain and cereals and prohibited fruit trees . Tharros, Nora, Bithia, Monte Sirai etc. are now important archaeological sites where Punic architecture and city planning can be studied. In 238 BC, following the First Punic War the Romans took over the whole island, incorporating it into the province of Corsica et Sardinia , under

14161-401: Was then usurped by its rival city-state, Sidon – but Sidon too was under Persian subjugation, leading the way for Carthage to fill the power vacuum as the leading Phoenician political power. With Phoenicia's decline, Carthage had become effectively independent from Tyre by 650 BC. Carthaginians carried out significant sea explorations around Africa and elsewhere from their base in Carthage. In

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