94-548: Puri , also poori , is a type of deep-fried bread, made from unleavened whole-wheat flour , originated from the Indian subcontinent . Puris are most commonly served as breakfast or snacks. It is also served at special or ceremonial functions as part of ceremonial rituals along with other vegetarian food offered in Hindu prayer as prasadam . When hosting guests it is common in some households to serve puri in place of roti , as
188-719: A French dish, are a popular deep-fried pastry in the U.S. city of New Orleans . Deep-fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep-fried foods. The owner of one such restaurant has said of deep-fried food that "in the South it's a way of life". Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep-fried food in North America. Novelty deep-fried foods are popular today in American fairs , especially those in
282-580: A Museum, gardens and forts . Hindu holy shrine Vaishno Devi attracts tens of thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Jammu's natural landscape has made it one of the most favoured destinations for adventure tourism in South Asia. Jammu's historic monuments feature a unique blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture styles. PURMANDAL , also known as Chhota Kashi or Kashi of Jammu , is located 35 km from Jammu city. An ancient holy place, it has several temples of Shiva and other deities. On Shivratri ,
376-735: A Peruvian bread made of flour, salt and yeast , known as chipá cuerito in Paraguay and Torta frita in Argentina and Uruguay , made of flour, salt and yeast, sometimes addition with milk and animal fat and fried in cow fat, the churro , a fried dough popular in Spain is a popular fried snack and street food in Argentina and Uruguay, milanesa a deep fried breaded veal beef from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Deep fat frying involves heating oil to temperatures in excess of 180 °C in
470-463: A couple of tablespoons per 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 cups of oil" used. This oil absorption rate is around the same as occurs with shallow frying, such as in a pan. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but in most cases it lies between 350–375 °F (177–191 °C). An informal test for
564-423: A detriment to health and in some cases have positive effects on insulin levels. Oil can be reused a few times after original use after straining out solids. However, excessive use of the same oil can cause it to break down and release compounds into the food that may be carcinogenic, affect liver health, or influence the body's ability to absorb vitamins. Some European countries have set public health standards for
658-473: A flat puri to scoop it. Fast food chains in the Middle East use puri for fried chicken wraps. Deep fry Deep frying (also referred to as deep fat frying ) is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat , traditionally lard but today most commonly oil , as opposed to the shallow frying used in conventional frying done in a frying pan . Normally, a deep fryer or chip pan
752-641: A fried dough ball popular in Central America and Greece, is a popular deep-fried snack and street food in South America. Picarone , a Peruvian dessert originated in the colonial period, are deep-fried doughs made with pumpkin and sweet potatoes, popular in Peru and Chile, especially during harvest festivals., a family of deep fried cakes is well known across, sopaipillas a Chilean bread are deep fried in oil or butter also made with pumpkin, Chancay
846-465: A higher risk for some cancers . Eating deep-fried foods has also been linked to higher cholesterol levels, obesity , heart attacks , and diabetes . Deep-fried foods cooked at certain temperatures can also contain acrylamide . This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; Cancer Research UK categorizes
940-633: A nice view of the old city and Tawi river. There is a small canteen on one side of the garden. On the by-pass road behind Bahu Fort, the city forest surrounds the ancient Mahamaya Temple overlooking the river Tawi. A small garden surrounded by acres of woods provides a commanding view of the city. Opposite the Bahu Fort, overlooking the River Tawi is a temple dedicated to Mahamaya of Dogra descent, who lost her life fourteen centuries ago fighting foreign invaders. The present temple of Bawey Wali Mata
1034-512: A part of the cuisine. A common food in this region is the deep-fried fritter , also referred to as "sponges". In East Africa deep fried food is common, cooked in cast iron or earthenware pots. Frying in batter is common. A Ugandan specialty is a kind of doughnut called Mandazi. In areas of Southern Africa, street foods include deep-fried potato and cassava chips. Deep-fried foods in the country of South Africa include fish and chips, vetkoek and koeksisters , among others. Japanese tempura
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#17327732933791128-618: A regional or ethnic name current in the region. Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of Timur , who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to Samarkand via Jammu. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of Mubarah Shah ( r. 1421–1434 ) against Jasrat . Between 1423 and 1442, Jammu came under control of Jasrat ( r. 1405–1442 ) who conquered it after killing his arch-enemy Bhim Dev in 1423. Later, Jasrat appointed Manik Dev (also known as Ajeo Dev) as vassal, and married his daughter. In
1222-962: A small gesture of formality. Puri is often eaten in place of roti on special holidays. The name Puri derives from the Sanskrit word पूरिका (pūrikā), from पुर (pura) "filled". In other South Asian languages it is known as: Urdu : پوری ( pūrī ), Dogri and Hindi : पूरी ( pūrī ) or पूड़ी ( pūṛī ), Kumaoni : लगड ( lagaḍ ), Tamil : பூரி ( poori ), Telugu : పూరి ( pūri ), Gujarati: પૂરી, Assamese : পুৰি ( puri ), Bengali : পুরি ( pūri ), Bhojpuri : पूड़ी ( pūṛī ), Marathi : पूरी ( pūrī ), Kannada : ಪೂರಿ ( pūri ), Malayalam : പൂരി ( pūrī ), Burmese : ပူရီ ( pūrī ), Nepali : पूरी ( puri ), Odia : ପୁରି ( puri ), Punjabi : ਪੂਰੀ ( pūṛī ), Garhwali : पूरी (pūrī), Puris are prepared with wheat flour, either atta ( whole wheat flour ) or sooji (coarse wheat flour). In some recipes, ajwain , cumin seed , spinach , or fenugreek seeds are added to
1316-481: A smaller lake that is linked to Mansar, is 24 km (15 mi) from Jammu via the by-pass road. Bahu Fort, which also serves as a religious temple, is situated about 5 km from Jammu city on a rock face on the left bank of the river Tawi. This is perhaps the oldest fort and edifice in Jammu city. Constructed originally by Raja Bahulochan over 3000 years ago, the fort was improved and rebuilt by Dogra rulers. Inside
1410-750: A temperature close to this range involves adding a tiny amount of flour into the oil and watching to see if it sizzles without immediately burning. A second test involves adding one piece of food to deep fry and watching it sink somewhat and rise back up. Sinking without resurfacing indicates that the oil is too cold; not sinking at all indicates that the oil is too hot. It is recommended that deep fryers be cleaned often to prevent contamination. The process of cooking with oil can also contaminate nearby surfaces as oil may splatter on adjacent areas. Oil vapors can also condense on more distant surfaces such as walls and ceilings. Supplies such as dish detergent and baking soda can effectively clean affected surfaces. Deep frying
1504-632: A war indemnity from the Sikhs which included all of the hilly territory between the Ravi and Indus rivers, and then transferred it to Gulab Singh, recognising him as an independent Maharaja. Gulab Singh paid 7.5 million Nanakshahee Rupees to the British in the transaction. Thus the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir came into being, ruled by Gulab Singh and his descendants, known as the Dogra dynasty . During
1598-502: Is " Khameere/Ambliyaan " bread originating from Dogra cuisine of Jammu region . It is a deep fried leavened bread prepared with naturally fermented sour dough called Ambleya Atta in Dogri language. Bhathoru or Bhaturu is another bread originating from region of Jammu and Northern Himachal made using same dough as Dogri bread Khameere or Ambliyaan but prepared by roasting or baking in clay oven called bhatthi . The same dish
1692-556: Is a popular deep-fried food that generally consists of battered and fried seafood and vegetables. Japanese deep-fried dishes, or Agemono , include other styles besides tempura, such as Karaage , Korokke , Kushikatsu , and Tonkatsu . In areas of Southeast Asia such as Thailand, insects are commonly deep-fried for human consumption. Western-style fast food items such as donuts, deep-fried chicken, and deep-fried potatoes are also becoming popular in Asia. In Indonesia deep fried food
1786-646: Is a popular food. In South Asia , popular deep fried snacks are samosa , jalebi , and pakora . Many countries such as the United Kingdom use pure or hydrogenated rapeseed oil for deep-frying. Fish and chips is a very popular deep-fried dish in England since it originated in London in the 19th century and became popular among the working class. Its popularity continues with 229 million portions of fish and chips being sold annually in England. There
1880-626: Is absorbed by the food in the process. Research indicates that virgin olive oil is unique among other cooking oils because it is very rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and contains beneficial micronutrients. The deep-fried Mars bar originated in Scotland, with The Carron Fish Bar in Stonehaven claiming to have invented it in the early 1990s. In the United States, soybean oil is often used for deep-frying. Beignets , originally
1974-433: Is also a holy site, sharing the legend and sanctity of Lake Manasarovar . On the eastern bank of Mansar Lake is a shrine dedicated to Shesha , a mythological snake with six heads. The shrine comprises a big boulder on which are placed a number of iron chains perhaps representing the small serpents waiting on the tutelary deity of Shesha. Newlyweds consider it auspicious to perform three circumambulations ( Parikarma ) around
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#17327732933792068-558: Is also used to make several kinds of bánh , including bánh rán (fried rice ball), bánh cam (sesame ball), bánh tiêu (hollow doughnut), bánh rế (sweet potato pancake), bánh chuối chiên (banana fritter), Hồ Tây –style bánh tôm (shrimp fritter), and bánh gối (pillow cake). Deep-fried sticks of dough, known as youtiao in Chinese, are eaten in many East and Southeast Asian cuisines. In Hong Kong, deep-fried intestine of pigs
2162-507: Is an annual trade fair devoted to deep-fried foods called the International Symposium on Deep-Fat Frying which features discussions on deep fat frying as well as exhibitions by companies involved with the process. Belgian tradition requires French fries to be deep-fried in filtered fat of cattle , locally called blanc de boeuf or ossewit . The Mediterranean diets traditionally use olive oil for deep-frying, which it
2256-593: Is an important Mandir of Jammu region dedicated to Goddess Sukrala, a manifestation of Goddess Sharada of Kashmir. It is located in Sukrala village near Billawar town in Kathua district . Situated 62 km from Jammu, Mansar Lake is a lake fringed by forest-covered hills, over a mile long by half a mile wide. 32°41′46″N 75°08′49″E / 32.69611°N 75.14694°E / 32.69611; 75.14694 Besides being an excursion destination in Jammu, it
2350-559: Is covered with snow in the winter. The Banihal Pass , which links the Jammu region to the Kashmir region, often experiences closure in the winter months due to extremely heavy snowfall. Religions in Jammu Division (2011) Jammu Division: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Jammu Division is 5,350,811. Scheduled castes ( Dalits ) constitute 19.44% of
2444-526: Is deep fried. It is served with typical side dishes like aloor dum (potato preparation), Chana ghugni , begun bhaja (fried eggplant) and others. Another variant, largely popular in the Braj culinary tradition of the Northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh is bedmi puri or bedai. It is prepared using stuffing of Urad dal paste and paired with Mathura's Dubki Aloo jhor . Another variant of puri
2538-468: Is done with a deep fryer , a pan such as a wok or chip pan , a Dutch oven , or a cast-iron pot. Additional tools include fry baskets, which are used to contain foods in a deep fryer and to strain foods when removed from the oil, and cooking thermometers , used to gauge oil temperature. Tongs, slotted spoons , wooden spoons , and sieves may be used to remove or separate foods from the hot oil. Japanese deep frying tools include long metal chopsticks;
2632-405: Is fried with food than when fat or oil is tested on its own in a laboratory. Deep-frying under vacuum helps to significantly reduce acrylamide formation, but this process is not widely used in the food industry due to the high investment cost involved. Some useful tests and indicators of excessive oil deterioration are the following: Instruments that indicate total polar compounds, currently
2726-487: Is in an area of thick forests teeming with wildlife. It is a renowned natural habitat for a significant population of pheasants. Among the other avifauna are Indian mynah , blue rock pigeon , Indian peafowl , red junglefowl , cheer pheasant and chakor . Spread over an area of 34 km (13 sq mi), the sanctuary is rich in fauna and provides refuge to a wide variety of mammals , chiefly leopard , wild boar , rhesus monkey , bharal and grey langur . This
2820-959: Is located on the bank of river Tawi and it is widely believed that Ramayan character Jamvant (the bear god) meditated in this cave. The Ranbireshwar Temple has twelve Shiva lingams of crystal measuring 300 mm (12 in) to 460 mm (18 in) and galleries with thousands of shaligrams fixed on stone slabs. Located on the Shalimar Road near the New Secretariat, and built by Maharaja Ranbir Singh in 1883 CE. It has one central lingam measuring 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) in height and twelve Shiva lingams of crystal measuring from 150 to 380 mm (5.9 to 15.0 in) and galleries with thousands of Shiva lingams fixed on stone slabs. The cave shrine of Shivkhori , situated in Reasi District of Jammu and Kashmir, depicts
2914-608: Is often paired with sweet dish Suji Lapsi . Laspi Suhari is a common combo served as a Naivedhya to Hindu Devatas and paired along with Chana Ghugni or Kaumari during Durga Ashtami festival. Another variant of the puri popular in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent is Luchi (in West Bengal and Odisha) or lusi in Assam, luchui in Bihar and Jharkhand. Luchi is made using refined wheat flour ( samidh flour) and
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3008-693: Is quite common, serving as either a main dish or a snack. The ingredients are usually deep fried in palm oil , the most widely used cooking oil in the country. Some popular deep fried foods include ayam goreng (chicken), pecel lele (catfish), pempek (fishcake) and tempeh . Fritters in Indonesia is generally identified as gorengan , the most popular one including pisang goreng (banana fritter), bakwan jagung (corn) and tahu goreng (tofu). Deep-fried fish, tofu , and chả giò are commonly eaten in Vietnamese cuisine . Deep frying
3102-430: Is used for this; industrially, a pressure fryer or vacuum fryer may be used. Deep frying may also be performed using oil that is heated in a pot. Deep frying is classified as a hot-fat cooking method. Typically, deep frying foods cook quickly since oil has a high rate of heat conduction and all sides of the food are cooked simultaneously. The term "deep frying" and many modern deep-fried foods were not invented until
3196-980: The agemono-nabe deep frying pot, which is heavy for retaining heat and deep for holding oil; the ami-shakushi net ladle used for scooping out batter debris; and the abura-kiri oil drying rack pan. Deep-fried foods are common in many countries, and have also been described as "a staple of almost all street cuisines on all continents". There are hundreds of dishes that are associated with deep frying as most foods can be deep-fried. Examples of food that can be deep-fried include meat, poultry, fish and vegetables. Fish and chips , for instance, combines deep-fried fish and deep-fried potatoes . French fries, doughnuts , onion rings , and hushpuppies are common deep-fried foods. Other common deep-fried foods include Chinese you Bing deep-fried pancakes , Southeast Asian jin deui , and Japanese tempura. Less common deep-fried foods include maple leaves , peanut butter and jelly sandwiches , pizza , Mars and Snickers bars. In
3290-627: The Bhangi , Kanhaiya and Sukerchakia misls . Around 1770, the Bhangi misl attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, his successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country. In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh ,
3384-645: The Dogras , who comprise approximately 47% of the population. Jammu's people are closely related to Punjabis . The Jammu District overall has a population – 84% practice Hinduism, 7% practice Islam and most of the remainder are Sikhs. The Hindus form a majority in the Jammu , Kathua , Samba and Udhampur districts, and roughly half the population in the Reasi district . Most of Jammu's Hindus are native Dogras, Kashmiri Pandits , Punjabi Hindu migrants and refugees from
3478-595: The Kotli and Mirpur areas which are currently administered by Pakistan. Many Sikhs are migrants from Pakistan-administered Kashmir, mainly from Muzaffarabad and Poonch sector areas annexed by Pakistan in 1947. In Jammu Division, " Dogri is spoken by a majority in the five districts of Jammu, Udhampur, Kathua, Samba and Reasi". Other common languages include Gojri , Pahari , Kashmiri , Hindi , Punjabi and Urdu . Hindus of Jammu region are subdivided into various caste groups, and of them Brahmins and Rajputs are
3572-594: The Roshni Act , which was declared unconstitutional by the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in 2020. The present arrangement of legislative assembly seats (46 in Kashmir and 37 in Jammu) deprives Jammu region an equal say in decision-making process. This has been the main point of contention behind the strong regional divide. There have been repeated demands for the constitution of a Delimitation Commission to address issues related to electoral arrangements. After changing
3666-645: The Texas State Fair , where they hold an annual contest for the most creative deep-fried food. Notable past winners have included fried Coke and deep-fried butter , both invented by Abel Gonzales . Since 2013, an American reality competition show called deep-fried Masters , produced by Discovery Networks , holds deep frying competitions at several state fairs across the country. Fish and chip shops in Australia may purvey several types of deep-fried foods, along with other food types. The buñuelo ,
3760-510: The 13th century, and deep-fried fish recipes have been found in cookbooks in Spain and Portugal at around the same time. Falafel arrived in the Middle East from Egypt as early as the 14th century. French fries , invented in the late 18th century, became popular in the early 19th century western Europe. In 1860, Joseph Malin combined deep fried fish with chips (french fries) to open
3854-496: The 19th century, but the practice has been around for millennia. Early records and cookbooks suggest that the practice began in certain European countries before other countries adopted the practice. Deep frying is popular worldwide, with deep-fried foods accounting for a large portion of global caloric consumption. The English expression deep-fried is attested from the early 20th century. Deep-fried dough known as Zalabiyeh
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3948-427: The American South. Hundreds of items are served at these fairs. Some of them include deep-fried beer, butter, and bubblegum. Additionally, deep frying can be used as a form of artwork by frying non-edible objects, such as electronics . Artists such as Henry Hargreaves have deep-fried replicas of electronic items such as iPads , Game Boys , and laptops . Deep-fried food contests are frequently held at fairs such as
4042-498: The Dogra rule, Jammu in the Jammu province and Srinagar in Kashmir province were both used as capitals, six months to a year each. Poonch and Chibhal were granted as jagirs to Dhyan Singh's surviving sons, Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh. However, Jawahir Singh got involved in conspiracies and was exiled to Punjab. Chibhal ( Bhimber ) thus reverted to Gulab Singh, while Poonch remained under the control of Moti Singh and his descendants under
4136-524: The Indian state of Odisha a large-sized puri is made during Bali Yatra which is called thunka puri ( Odia : ଠୁଙ୍କା ପୁରି ). The puris used for panipuri are smaller, and are usually made crisper by the addition of rava/sooji (semolina) to the dough. Sev puri is an Indian snack offered by street vendors who serve chaat . Street vendors in Mumbai serve bhel in a throw-away folded leaf with
4230-680: The Kashmiri Muslims. There is a substantial presence of Kashmiri Muslims in Kishtwar , Ramban and Doda districts. Reasi district also has a significant population of Kashmiri Muslims. The Jammu district also has a significant population of Kashmiri Hindus . As of April 2021, the Jammu Division consists of ten districts: During the Maharaja's reign before the Independence and Partition of India (and of Jammu and Kashmir),
4324-664: The Sikh court and Gulab Singh deteriorated. During the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846), Gulab Singh kept aloof. He was nevertheless invited to Lahore and installed as prime minister of the Sikh Empire. His actions as the Prime Minister were duplicitous and contributed to a Sikh defeat. The British decided to weaken the power of the Sikhs and set up Gulab Singh as a counterweight. Accordingly, they demanded
4418-557: The Tourism Department. With all the religious belief and heritage behind the Mansar Lake, it is also famous among tourists with all its flora and fauna . The lake is circled by an illuminated, with viewing decks to observe seasonal birds, tortoise , and fishes of different species. A wildlife sanctuary houses jungle life, including spotted deer, neelgai, and water birds such as cranes and ducks. One can also witness
4512-532: The United States, the Chicago Tribune notes that "you can deep fry almost anything". The American South has been noted as a modern center of innovation in the area of deep-fried food. According to the owner of a deep frying restaurant in the South, "If something is edible, you can bet that someone south of the Mason-Dixon line has tried to cook it in oil". In Northern Africa, deep-fried dishes are
4606-421: The best single gauge of how deep-fried an object is, are available with sufficient accuracy for restaurant and industry use. Cooking oil is not flammable at room temperature but can become flammable when used at high temperatures. Fires ensue if it gets ignited under these conditions. Further, attempts to extinguish an oil fire with water can cause an extremely dangerous condition (a slopover ) as they cause
4700-481: The creation of fatbergs , overflow sewage systems, bind to the walls of sewage pipes, and interfere with sewage treatment. Waste oil from deep frying is increasingly being recycled and refined into biodiesel . The heating element in a deep fryer consumes enormous energy, electricity or otherwise. According to one source, an average home appliance deep fryer draws 2,000 watts. Potatoes that are stored in artificially humidified warehouses contain more water, which makes
4794-628: The declining years of the Mughal Empire , the region comprised 22 hill states that emerged from the Mughal suzerainty. Hutchison and Vogel, who first studied these states, called them the Dugar group of states. ( Dugar is a medieval term with ancient form Durgara and modern form Dogra .) The state of Jammu is believed to have been the most prominent among the Dugar group, which they identified with
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#17327732933794888-440: The dough. The dough is either rolled out in a small circle or rolled out and cut out in small circles, then deep fried in ghee or vegetable oil. While deep frying, puris puff up like a round ball because moisture in the dough changes into steam which expands in all directions. They are flipped once in the frying process, and when they are golden-brown in color, they are removed and either served hot or saved for later use (as with
4982-495: The early 20th century. In recent years, the growth of fast food has expanded the reach of deep-fried foods, especially french fries. Deep frying food is defined as a process where food is submerged in hot oil at temperatures typically between 350 °F (177 °C) and 375 °F (191 °C), but deep frying oil can reach temperatures of over 400 °F (205 °C). One common method for preparing food for deep frying involves adding multiple layers of batter around
5076-508: The early 21st century, non-hydrogenated vegetable oils that have lifespans exceeding that of the frying shortenings became available. As fast-food chains routinely use different fats in different locations, trans fat levels in fast food can have large variations. The amount of trans fat that is formed during frying appears to increase with frying temperature, frying time, oil oxidation, and oil reuse. Some studies have found that deep frying in olive and sunflower oils has been found to be less of
5170-507: The early-16th-century Mughal chronicles of Babur , Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. Emperor Akbar brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as Kishtwar and Rajauri were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in
5264-513: The empire. After the decline of Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev, of the Jamuwal (or Jamwal ) family, asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states. Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab ( misls ) gained ascendancy, and Jammu began to be contested by
5358-461: The end of the cave are shrines dedicated to the three forms of the mother goddess — Mahakali , Mahalakshmi and Mahasarasvati . Pilgrims start trekking to the cave temple, which is 13 km (8.1 mi) from Katra, enter in small groups through a narrow opening and walk through ice-cold waters to reach the shrines. According to legend, the mother goddess hid in the cave while escaping a demon whom she ultimately killed. Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary
5452-399: The epic Ramayana . This temple consists of seven shrines, each with a tower of its own. It is the largest temple complex in northern India. Though 130 years old, the complex is remarkable for sacred scriptures, one of the richest collections of ancient texts and manuscripts in its library. Its arches, surface, and niches are undoubtedly influenced by Mughal architecture while the interiors of
5546-571: The ester linkage of triacylglycerols, resulting in mono- and diglycerols, glycerol, and free fatty acids (a type of hydrolysis reaction). The aforementioned hydrolysis reaction is enhanced by the produced fatty acids and other low molecular weight acid compounds. Overheating or over-using the frying oil leads to formation of rancid-tasting products of oxidation , polymerization , and other deleterious, unintended or even toxic compounds such as acrylamide (from starchy foods). Recent research suggests fat deterioration may be worse when fat or oil
5640-468: The first fish and chip shop in London. Modern deep frying in the United States began in the 19th century with the growing popularity of cast iron , particularly around the American South which led to the development of many modern deep-fried dishes. Doughnuts were invented in the mid-18th century, with foods such as onion rings , deep-fried turkey , and corn dogs all being invented in
5734-607: The following districts were also part of Jammu region: Bhimber, Kotli, Mirpur, Poonch (Western parts), Haveli, Bagh and Sudhnati. Today these districts are part of Pakistan Administered Jammu and Kashmir . The major political parties in the region are the Congress , the BJP , the National Conference , the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party . Various sections of
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#17327732933795828-469: The food, such as cornmeal, flour, or tempura ; breadcrumbs may also be used. While most foods need batter coatings for protection, it is not as necessary for cooked noodles and potatoes because their high starch content enables them to hold more moisture and not shrink. Meats are sometimes cooked before deep frying to ensure that they are done inside while keeping juiciness. When performed properly, deep frying does not make food excessively greasy, because
5922-463: The fort is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Kali , popularly known as Bave Wali Mata , the presiding deity of Jammu. Every Tuesday and Sunday pilgrims throng this temple and partake in "Tawi flowing worship". Today the fort is surrounded by a terraced garden which is a favourite picnic spot of the city folk. Bagh-e-Bahu , located on the banks of Tawi river, is a Mughal-age garden. It gives
6016-474: The idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth". Additionally, fat degradation processes ( lipid peroxidation ) during deep frying results in the loss of nutritional value in deep-fried foods. Cooking oil that has been used for too long may in addition cause blood pressure elevation and vascular hypertrophy. Trans fats are used in shortenings for deep-frying in restaurants, as they can be used for longer than most conventional oils before becoming rancid. In
6110-566: The kingdom of Durgara . The term Durgara is attested in an 11th-century copper plate inscription from Chamba . The inscription refers to an attack on Chamba by the "Lord of Durgara" allied with Saumatikas and the Kiras of Chamba. However, no kingdom by that name is mentioned in the Rajatarangini . Durgara could have been a reference to Vallapura (modern Billawar ) or Babbapura (modern Babor). Some scholars believe it to have been
6204-500: The lake to seek the blessings of Shesha. Two ancient temples of Umapati Mahadev and Narasimha and a temple of Durga are situated in the vicinity of the Mansar Lake and which are visited by devotees in large numbers. People take a holy dip in the water of the lake on festive occasions. Certain communities of Hindus perform the Mundan ceremony (first haircut) of their male children here. Mansar Lake also has boating facilities provided by
6298-679: The land is hilly or mountainous, including the Pir Panjal Range which separates it from the Kashmir Valley and part of the Great Himalayas in the eastern districts of Doda and Kishtwar. Its principal river is the Chenab . Jammu city is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is also known as "City of Temples" as it has many temples and shrines , with glittering shikhars soaring into
6392-466: The moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water within the food, steaming it; oil cannot go against the direction of this powerful flow because (due to its high temperature) the water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not immersed in the oil for too long, oil penetration will be confined to the outer surface. Foods deep-fried at proper temperatures typically absorb "no more than
6486-409: The natural formation of shivlingum. It is one of the most venerated cave shrines of Lord Shiva in the region. The holy cave is approximately 150 m (490 ft) long, and contains "4 ft (1.2 m) high Svayambhu Lingum, which constantly baths in a milky lime fluid dripping from the ceiling." The first entrance of the cave is so wide that 300 devotees can be accommodated at a time. Its cavern
6580-675: The north and the Daman Koh plains to the south, the Shivalik Range comprises most of the region of Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range , the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River basin add diversity to the terrain of Jammu. The Pir Panjal range separates Jammu from the Kashmir Valley. Jammu region has eight geographical subregions Ravi-Tawi Kandi plains, Shiwaliks, Pir Panjal belt, Chenab Valley, Bhaderwah Valley, Gandoh Valley, Paddar Valley and Warwan-Marwah Valley. The climate of
6674-411: The population and Scheduled tribes comprise 15-20% of the population in Jammu Division. Five out of 10 districts, mainly in the hilly areas of the east and north, have Muslim majorities, while the densely populated plains of the southwest are predominantly Hindu. Gurjar - Bakarwals and Gaddi-Sippis , who practice transhumance , are also found here. The largest ethnic group in the Jammu Division are
6768-616: The predominant ones. According to the 1941 census, 30% of them were Brahmin, 27% Rajput, 15% Thakkar , 4% Jat , 8% Khatri and 8% Megh and Chamar are the most common. Other Backward Classes comprises 32% of population in Jammu. The districts of Rajouri , Poonch , Doda , Kishtwar and Ramban have a Muslim-majority population. The Reasi district has an almost equal number of Muslims (49.7%) and Hindus (48.9%). The Muslim ethnic groups are, Gujjar and Bakerwal in Poonch and Rajouri districts who are ethno-linguistically different from
6862-465: The presence of moisture and air. These conditions can induce a series of complex chemical reactions which may impact the quality of both the food and the oil it is cooked in. Examples of different chemical reactions include the production of free radicals , oxidation , hydrolysis , isomerization and polymerization . The exact reactions are dependent upon factors such as the oil type, frying conditions, and food being cooked. When frying, water can attack
6956-434: The principalities lying between Kashmir and Jammu. Thus the entire Jammu province came under the control of the three Jamwal brothers under the umbrella of the Sikh Empire. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Gulab Singh's brothers Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh, as well as his nephew Hira Singh, were murdered in the struggles. The relations between
7050-406: The region varies with altitude. In and around Jammu city, the climate is similar to the nearby Punjab region: hot summers, rainy monsoon, and mildly cold and foggy winters. While Jammu city itself does not experience any snowfall, the higher hills and mountains are snow-capped in winter. People from all over India come to Patnitop mountain resort to enjoy the winter snows. The shrine of Vaishno Devi
7144-636: The safety of frying oil. Jammu region The Jammu division ( / ˈ dʒ æ m uː , ˈ dʒ ʌ m -/ ; Dogri pronunciation: [dʒəmːuː] ) is a revenue and administrative division of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is bordered by the Kashmir division to the north. It consists of the districts of Jammu , Doda , Kathua , Ramban , Reasi , Kishtwar , Poonch , Rajouri , Udhampur and Samba . Most of
7238-571: The sky, which dot the city's skyline. Home to some of the most revered Hindu shrines, such as Vaishno Devi , Jammu is a major pilgrimage centre for Hindus. A majority of Jammu's population practices Hinduism , while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region. The hilly regions to the south and southwest of the Kashmir Valley formed the Jammu Province of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir . During
7332-476: The snack food pani puri ). Rolled puris may be pricked with a fork before deep frying to make flat puris for chaat like bhel puri . A punctured puri does not puff when cooked because the steam escapes as it cooks. Masala puri adds turmeric , chili powder, coriander and cumin, and hing ( asafoetida ) to the dough. Suhari is a variant of puri which is made with wheat flour, ghee and some sugar and also fried in ghee rather than vegetable oils for regular puri. It
7426-579: The society in the region including the BJP have been advocating the separation of Jammu region from Kashmir and its inclusion as a distinct entity into the Indian Union, citing largely Kashmir-centric policies in the existing state and neglect of the Jammu region by successive Kashmir dominated administrations. In November 2020, the organisation IkkJutt Jammu was launched as a party and demanded Jammu division be separated and given statehood. The then social organisation IkkJutt Jammu campaigned against
7520-585: The son of Mahan Singh. After the Sikh conquest of Jammu, Gulab Singh , a descendant of Dhruv Dev via his third son, went on to enrol in the Sikh troops. He soon distinguished himself in battles and was awarded a jagir near Jammu with an allowance to keep an independent force. After the conquest of Kishtwar (1821) and the subjugation of Rajouri , he was made a hereditary Raja of Jammu in 1822, personally anointed by Ranjit Singh. His brother Dhyan Singh received Poonch and Chibhal , and Suchet Singh Ramnagar . By 1827, Gulab Singh brought under his control all
7614-581: The state was incorporated into India via the Constitution of India , which also provided autonomy to the state under Article 370 . Jammu borders the Kashmir Valley to the north, Ladakh to the east, and Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the south. In the west, the Line of Control separates Jammu from Pakistani -administered Kashmir (known as Azad Kashmir in Pakistan). In between Kashmir Valley to
7708-532: The status of the state to Union territory, the Government announced setting up of Delimitation Commission with retired Supreme Court judge Ranjana Prakash Desai as its chairman. Jammu Chamber of Commerce & Industry is an apex body of traders, industrialists and those associated with commercial activities in the Jammu division. Jammu is known for its landscape, ancient temples, Hindu shrines, Mubarak Mandi Palace , Amar Mahal Palace (a castle type) now
7802-456: The suzerainty of Jammu and Kashmir. During the partition of India, the ruler was Maharaja Hari Singh . He, along with all the other princes, was given the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan , taking into consideration the geographical contiguity and the wishes of the population. The Maharaja chose not to accede to either dominion before the appointed date, citing the mixed religious composition of his state. This technical independence
7896-607: The temple are plated with gold. The main sanctuary is dedicated to Lord Vishnu 's eighth incarnation and Dogras' patron deity, Rama . It also houses a Sanskrit Library containing rare Sanskrit manuscripts. Alongside the same Tawi river are the Peer Kho Cave temple, the Panchbakhtar temple and the Ranbireshwar temple dedicated to Lord Shiva with their own legends and specific days of worship. Peer Kho cave
7990-462: The temple was started by Maharaja Gulab Singh , founder of the State of Jammu and Kashmir , in 1835 CE and was completed by his son Maharaja Ranbir Singh in 1860 CE. The inner walls of the main temple are covered with gold sheet on three sides. There are many galleries with hundreds of thousands of shaligrams . The surrounding Temples are dedicated to various Gods and Goddesses connected with
8084-469: The time required to deep fry them into chips longer. This increases the carbon dioxide footprint of commercially producing chips because more energy is required for frying over a longer time. The process of deep frying food is generally detrimental to its nutritional value. The oils that foods absorb in their batter typically contain large amounts of saturated fats and trans fats . Consumption of large amounts of saturated and trans fats has been linked to
8178-582: The town wears a festive look and for three days as people celebrate the marriage of Lord Shiva to Goddess Parvati . The town of Katra , which is 48 km (30 mi) from Jammu, contains the Vaishno Devi shrine. Nestling on top of the Trikuta Hills at a height of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) is the sacred cave shrine of Vaishno Devi, the mother goddess . The cave is 30 metres (98 ft) long and just 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) high. At
8272-418: The traditional and typical distinct lifestyle of Gujjar and Backarwals wearing ethnic costumes, living in open Kullhas in the hills around Mansar Lake. The Mansar Lake road joins to another important road that directly links Pathankot to Udhampur . Udhampur is a town of strategic importance, on National Highway No. 1A. The shortcut road from Mansar or Samba to Udhampur by-pass the Jammu town. Surinsar Lake,
8366-768: The water to flash into steam due to the high heat of the oil, in turn sending the burning oil in all directions and thus aggravating the fire. This is the leading cause of house fires in the United Kingdom. Instead, oil fires must be extinguished with a class F fire extinguisher or by starving the fire of oxygen, such as can be accomplished by putting a lid back on the pan or using a fire blanket . Other means of extinguishing an oil fire include application of dry powder (e.g., baking soda , salt) or firefighting foam . Most commercial deep fryers are equipped with automatic fire suppression systems using foam. Spilled hot cooking oil can also cause severe third degree burns , In
8460-614: The worst-case scenario, severe burns can be fatal. The higher temperatures and tendency of oil to stick to the skin make spilled hot cooking oil far more dangerous than spilled hot water. Children can accidentally place their hands on top of the stove, play with the materials while being cooked, or accidentally pull the pot down, which can cause significant injury. If children are present, the utmost care should be used when deep frying so that their safety can be protected at all times. Deep frying produces large amounts of waste oil , which must be disposed of properly. Waste oil can contribute to
8554-474: Was built shortly after the coronation of Maharaja Gulab Singh , in 1822. It is also known as the temple of Mahakali and the goddess is considered second only to Mata Vaishno Devi in terms of mystical power. Amongst the temples in Jammu, the Raghunath Temple takes pride of place being situated right in the heart of the city. This temple is situated at the city center and was built in 1857. Work on
8648-575: Was eaten as early as the late 2nd millennium BC in Canaan . Frying food in olive oil is attested in Classical Greece from about the 5th century BCE. The, 5th century CE, Roman cookbook Apicius offers a recipe for deep fried chicken in a cream sauce " Pullus leucozomus ". The practice of deep frying spread to other parts of Europe and America in the following centuries. Deep-fried foods such as funnel cakes arrived in northern Europe by
8742-556: Was modified by purabiya vendors of Delhi by preparing it like Luchi bread (replacing whole wheat flour with refined wheat flour and deep frying it) which came to be known as bhatoora , which is served with Chana Ghugni/Chole Ghugni (spicy chickpeas). See chole bhature . Thotru is yet another variant originating from Dogra culinary tradition which is prepared using naturally fermented flour dough and stuffed with vegetable fillings and rolled in toppings of nuts like almonds, sesame seeds, poppy seeds etc. They can be fried or baked. In
8836-416: Was short-lived as the Maharaja faced a rebellion in the western districts and a Pakistan-inspired Pashtun tribal invasion . Unable to withstand the assaults, the Maharaja acceded to India on 26–27 October 1947. India airlifted troops to Kashmir to repel the raiders. However, major portions of the western districts of Muzaffarabad, Poonch, and Mirpur remained under the control of Pakistan . The remainder of
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