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112-454: The QS World University Rankings is a portfolio of comparative college and university rankings compiled by Quacquarelli Symonds , a higher education analytics firm. Its first and earliest edition was published in collaboration with Times Higher Education ( THE ) magazine as Times Higher Education –QS World University Rankings , inaugurated in 2004 to provide an independent source of comparative data about university performance. In 2009,

224-485: A British publication, published the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings in association with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). THE published a table of the top 200 universities and QS ranked approximately 500 online, in book form, and via media partners. On 30 October 2009, THE broke with QS and joined Thomson Reuters to provide a new set of world university rankings, called Times Higher Education World University Rankings . The 2015/16 edition of

336-693: A European Commission supported feasibility study, was undertaken to contribute to the European Commission objective of enhancing transparency about the different missions and the performance of higher education institutions and research institutes. At a press conference in Brussels on 13 May 2011, the U-Multirank was officially launched by Androulla Vassiliou , Commissioner for Higher Education and Culture saying: U-Multirank "will be useful to each participating higher education institution, as

448-544: A Spain-based research organization consist of members from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Granada , Charles III University of Madrid , University of Alcalá , University of Extremadura and other education institutions in Spain. The ranking measures areas such as research output, international collaboration, normalized impact, and publication rate. U-Multirank,

560-419: A citation database to calculate some of its indicators. The use of these citations databases have been criticised, since they do not include research output from the humanities and social sciences to the same degree as the natural sciences, engineering and medicine. It has also been pointed out that the indicator 'faculty/student ratio' does not measure commitment to teaching, but rather research intensity, since

672-653: A competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. An ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is considered to significantly benefit their users in terms of continuous improvent in coverage, search/analysis capabilities, but not in price. Free database The Lens completes the triad of main universal academic research databases. Journals in Scopus are reviewed for sufficient quality each year according to four numerical measures: h -Index , CiteScore , SJR ( SCImago Journal Rank ) and SNIP ( source normalized impact per paper ). For this reason,

784-551: A famously problematic factor to measure. University standing here is of special interest to potential students, and acknowledging this was the impetus behind the inaugural QS Graduate Employability Rankings, published in November 2015. However, these rankings were subsequently discontinued in 2021, with its data rolled into the QS World University Rankings methodology. The final 10% of a university's score

896-572: A feedback loop. Concerns also exist regarding the global consistency and integrity of the data used to generate the QS rankings. The development and production of the rankings is overseen by QS Senior Vice President Ben Sowter, who in 2016 was ranked 40th in Wonkhe's Higher Education Power List, a list of what the organisation believed to be the 50 most influential figures in British higher education value. QS

1008-464: A five-year period is divided by the number of academics in a university to yield the score for this measure, which accounts for 20% of a university's score in the rankings. QS has explained that it uses this approach, rather than the citations per paper preferred for in other rankings systems because it reduces the impact of biomedical science on the overall picture – biomedicine has a ferocious " publish or perish " culture. Instead, QS attempts to measure

1120-701: A global presence with offices in Europe, Asia, and the Americas and provides products and services related to student recruitment, events, and consulting services. In 2022, the firm's founder, Nunzio Quacquarelli, was appointed as the company's president. Jessica Turner serves as the company's chief executive officer, responsible for the firm's operations and strategy. The QS World University Rankings are released annually, typically in June. The 2023 edition featured 1418 institutions across 100 locations. The rankings are based on

1232-481: A human competitiveness index & analysis annually by Asia First Media—now part of Destiny Media, previously ChaseCareer Network (ChaseCareer.Net). This system is based on Human Resources & Labour Review Indexes, the HRI and LRI, which measure the performance of top 300 universities' graduates. Scopus Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database , launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as

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1344-777: A large share of the faculty typically spends most or all of their time doing research rather than teaching. Since the split from Times Higher Education in 2009, further concerns about the methodology QS uses for its rankings have been brought up by several experts. College and university rankings In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth , excellence in research , selective admissions , and alumni success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria. However, there

1456-561: A measure of quality and so create intense competition between universities all over the world". Several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The three longest established and most influential global rankings are those produced by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), Times Higher Education ( THE ) and Shanghai Ranking Consultancy (the Academic Ranking of World Universities ; ARWU ). All of these, along with other global rankings, primarily measure

1568-429: A methodology that considers a range of factors, including academic reputation, employer reputation, research impact, and internationalization. The methodology is reviewed annually to ensure that it remains relevant and up-to-date. The most recent methodology used by QS to calculate the rankings includes the following indicators: Accounting for 40% of the overall score, academic reputation relates to academic excellence and

1680-673: A number of outlets, including The Guardian in the United Kingdom and Chosun Ilbo in South Korea . The first rankings produced by QS independently of THE , and using QS's methodology, were released in September 2010; the second rankings were released a year later, in September 2011. QS designed its rankings to assess performance according to what it believes to be key aspects of a university's mission: teaching, research, nurturing employability, and internationalisation. QS has

1792-666: A planning and self-mapping exercise. By providing students with clearer information to guide their study choices, this is a fresh tool for more quality, relevance and transparency in European higher education ." The University Ranking by Academic Performance , abbreviated as URAP, was developed in the Informatics Institute of Middle East Technical University . Since 2010, it has been publishing annual national and global college and university rankings for top 2000 institutions. The scientometrics measurement of URAP

1904-427: A profile and a facility to calculate authors' h -index . In 2016, a gratis website, Scopus CiteScore, was introduced. It provides citation data for all 25,000+ active titles such as journals, conference proceedings and books in Scopus and provides an alternative to the impact factor , a journal-level indicator which may correlate negatively with reliability. Scopus IDs for individual authors can be integrated with

2016-438: A small number of publications are actually indexed for chemical structure searches. SciFinder is the preferred option for chemical searches is all cases. Scopus also offers author profiles which cover affiliations, number of publications and their bibliographic data, references , and details on the number of citations each published document has received. It has alerting features that allow registered users to track changes to

2128-501: Is significant debate surrounding the interpretation, accuracy, and usefulness of rankings. The expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. Further, it seems possible to game the ranking systems through excessive self-citations or by researchers supporting each other in surveys. UNESCO has even questioned whether rankings "do more harm than good," noting that while "Rightly or wrongly, they are perceived as

2240-402: Is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is produced by Elsevier , based on the citations recorded in the Scopus database. Absolute rankings and percentile ranks are also reported for each journal in a given subject area. An article published by "Scholarly Criticism" in 2024 alleges that Elsevier unethically indexed

2352-439: Is a limited metric, particularly in the face of modern enhancements in online teaching methods and content distribution. Citations of published research are among the most widely used inputs to national and global university rankings. The QS World University Rankings used citation data from Thomson (now Thomson Reuters) from 2004 to 2007, and since then has used data from  Scopus , part of Elsevier. The total number of citations for

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2464-409: Is all-inclusive." A small number of studies found ca. 80-90% overlap in coverage between WoS and Scopus for the period between 1990 and 2020. In terms of the structured query language search capabilities Scopus is somewhat more advanced than Web of Science : for example, WoS can perform only NEAR/n queries, Scopus can also do PRE/n queries. Also, when the same article was covered in Scopus and in

2576-680: Is already "dominated by three major global university rankings": the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , the Academic Ranking of World Universities , and the QS World University Rankings . U.S. News ' chief data strategist Robert Morse stated: "We're well-known in the field for doing academic rankings so we thought it was a natural extension of the other rankings that we're doing." Morse pointed out that U.S. News as "the first American publisher to enter

2688-524: Is also to a large extent an indication of research activity". Inside Higher Ed similarly states "these criteria do not actually measure teaching, and none even come close to assessing the quality of impact". Many rankings are also considered to contain biases towards the natural sciences and, due to the bibliometric sources used, towards publication in English-language journals. Some rankings, including ARWU , also fail to make any correction for

2800-502: Is based in the United Arab Emirates and publishes global university rankings measuring the quality of education and training for students as well as the prestige of the faculty members and the quality of their research. Samplings do not come from surveys and university data submissions. Instead, the rankings rely more on outcome-based samplings, coupled with a Subject ranking in 227 subject categories. The Subject portion of

2912-553: Is based on data obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information via Web of Science and inCites. For global rankings, URAP employs indicators of research performance including the number of articles, citation, total documents, article impact total, citation impact total, and international collaboration. In addition to global rankings, URAP publishes regional rankings for universities in Turkey using additional indicators such as

3024-559: Is based on six indicators: In addition, QS produces two other annual MBA comparisons, the Online MBA Rankings and the Executive MBA Rankings. In September 2015, The Guardian referred to the QS World University Rankings as "the most authoritative of their kind". In September 2012, The Independent described the QS World University Rankings as being "widely recognised throughout higher education as

3136-543: Is derived from measures intended to capture their internationalization: half from their percentage of international students, and the other half from their percentage of international staff. This is of interest partly because it shows whether a university is putting effort into global collaboration and diversity, but also because it indicates global appeal for students and researchers around the world. QS recently began distinguishing between International Faculty Ratio and International Student Ratio', both of which account for 5% of

3248-573: Is focused on the research power and faculty resources for students, while the National Ranking is only focused on undergraduate studies. Therefore, for graduate studies and international students, the Best Global Universities Ranking is a much better reference than National University Ranking. Inside Higher Ed noted that U.S. News is entering into the international college and university rankings area that

3360-485: Is heavily weighted toward institutions whose faculty or alumni have won Nobel Prizes": it does not measure "the quality of teaching or the quality of humanities." The Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities (ARTU) is a meta-ranking that positions global universities based on World University Rankings by THE , QS , and ARWU . ARTU is produced by UNSW Sydney and published annually since 2019, with retrospective rankings available for 2012 to 2018. The criteria for ARTU

3472-477: Is in their greatest interest to rank their own institution more highly than others. This means the results of the survey and any apparent change in ranking are highly questionable, and that a high ranking has no real intrinsic value in any case. We are vehemently opposed to the evaluation of the University according to the outcome of such PR competitions. Like many other international university rankings, QS uses

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3584-476: Is intended to become a tool of choice of the university for the key stakeholders of higher education: applicants, students, representatives of the academic community, university management. The RUR Rankings publisher is an independent RUR Rankings Agency, geographically located in Moscow, Russia. RUR is aimed to provide a transparent, comprehensive analytical system for benchmarking and evaluating universities across

3696-443: Is obtained using another survey, like Academic Reputation, and accounts for 15% of an institution's overall score. The most recent edition surveyed some 99,000 employers at companies and organisations that hire graduates on a significant or global scale. This survey was introduced in 2005 in the belief that employers track graduate quality, making this a barometer of teaching quality and the level of work readiness acquired by students,

3808-510: Is produced by Association of Rating Makers, a non-commercial organization based in Moscow. The Three University Missions ranking evaluates the quality of education, scientific work, and the universities' contribution to society. The ranking uses 17 criteria divided into three groups: Education, Research, and University and Society. The shortlist of the Moscow International University Ranking aims to provide

3920-462: Is the most represented nation with 97 listed universities, followed by Mexico with 63 and Colombia with 61.  QS Arab Region Universities Rankings The first-ever QS Arab Region University Rankings is released in 2014. Evaluating institutions based on global recognition, research prowess, teaching resources and internationalisation (methodology ), the 2024 edition of the ranking is the largest ever, showcasing 223 institutions from 18 member countries of

4032-482: Is the sum of world rank across the 3 rankings (= THE +QS+ ARWU ) with universities excluded if they do not have a distinct rank in THE , QS, and ARWU . Since 2012, United States has the highest number of ARTU Top 200 universities, while Switzerland has the most ARTU Top 200 universities per capita. Academic Influence creates global and U.S.-centric rankings of colleges, universities, and disciplinary programs by evaluating

4144-689: Is updated 2 to 3 times per year. Each year Scopus receives around 3,500 submissions for new titles to be included and accepts approximately 25% of them. The re-evaluation policy is based on four criteria of Publication Concern, Under Performance, Outlier Performance and Continuous curation. Between 2004 and 2020, Scopus included 41,525 and excluded 688 titles Between 2016 and 2023, the CSAB has re-evaluated 990 titles published by 539 different publishers, leading to 536 titles discontinued for indexing. In 2024 Scopus covered around 28,000 active journals and nearly 300,000 books. Nevertheless, research continues to show

4256-736: Is weighted to account for 20% of the final citations score. QS has conceded the presence of some data-collection errors regarding citations per faculty in previous years' rankings. One concern is the differences between the Scopus and Thomson Reuters databases. For major world universities, the two systems capture largely the same publications and citations. For less prominent institutions, Scopus has more non-English language and smaller-circulation journals in its database leading some critics to suggest that citation averages are skewed towards English-speaking universities. This area has been criticized for undermining universities that do not use English as their primary language. QS's Employer Reputation indicator

4368-598: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings . From 2004 to 2009 the QS rankings were published in collaboration with Times Higher Education and were known as the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings . In 2010 QS assumed sole publication of rankings produced with this methodology when Times Higher Education split from QS in order to create a new rankings methodology in partnership with Thomson Reuters . The QS rankings were previously published in

4480-576: The Arab League . King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals topped the table, climbing from third place in the previous edition. King Saud University came second while Qatar University placed third. The previous year's leader, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), dropped to fifth, after spending four consecutive years in the top spot. Egypt was the most represented higher education system, with 36 featured universities, followed by Saudi Arabia with 34 and Iraq with 24. The top ten universities in

4592-609: The Asia-Pacific edition featuring top 75 institutions across the region and top 25 most innovative governmental institutions in the world. Currently, the last available edition of the ranking dates back to 2019. Round University Ranking, or abbreviated RUR Rankings is a world university ranking, assessing effectiveness of 750 leading universities in the world based on 20 indicators distributed among 4 key dimension areas: teaching, research, international diversity, financial sustainability. The ranking has international coverage and

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4704-511: The THE and QS rankings. The QS World University Rankings are a ranking of the world's top universities produced by Quacquarelli Symonds published annually since 2004. In 2024, they ranked 1500 universities, with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Imperial College London , University of Oxford , Harvard University and University of Cambridge taking the top 5 spots. The QS rankings should not be confused with

4816-568: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank the world's 800 best universities, while the 2016/17 installment will rank the world's top 980. On 3 June 2010, Times Higher Education revealed the methodology which they proposed to use when compiling the new world university rankings. The new methodology included 13 separate performance indicators, an increase from the six measures employed between 2004 and 2009. After further consultation

4928-496: The United Nations M49 Standard . These criteria update led to the inclusion of five Central Asian nations - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan - as well as Iran. For the first time in eight years, a Singaporean institution did not take the regional top spot, nor did Singapore occupy two of the top three positions. The city-state's hegemony at the top of the table was interrupted by

5040-1304: The University of Jordan in Amman, Jordan , are esteemed for their contributions to higher education and research in the Arab world. United Arab Emirates University in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates , and King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia , are also notable for their rigorous academic programs. In addition, Khalifa University in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates , and King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia , are recognized for their commitment to innovation and knowledge dissemination. Various methods of ranking universities, including QS University Rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings and Academic Ranking of World Universities , underwent analysis. Arab scholars recommended creating two new methodologies for World University Ranking and Arab University Ranking. They raised concerns by accusing biases against universities in

5152-461: The University of Michigan in 2011 demonstrated that the early THES rankings were disproportionately influential in establishing the status order of world research universities. Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings This ranking was published for the first time in March 2011. The rankings are based on a survey of (for 2016) 10,323 academics from 133 countries, who are asked to talk

5264-580: The Web of Science (WOS), a 2006 study concluded that Scopus is "easy to navigate, even for the novice user. ... The ability to search both forward and backward from a particular citation would be very helpful to the researcher. The multidisciplinary aspect allows the researcher to easily search outside of his discipline" and "One advantage of WOS over Scopus is the depth of coverage, with the full WOS database going back to 1945 and Scopus going back to 1966. However, Scopus and WOS complement each other as neither resource

5376-411: The Web of Science (WoS), its Scopus entry had a keyword ratio 3-5 of than its WoS counterpart, and the Scopus keywords are more focused on the specific article content, whereas WoS has more keywords related to the broad category of the article's subject. A larger number of narrow-targeted keywords allows Scopus users to find a larger number of relevant publications, while filtering out false positives. On

5488-461: The "Citation per Faculty" indicator and represent 20 percent of the overall score. The results also draw on the expert opinions of over 144,000 academic faculty and over 98,000 international employers. These two indicators are worth 30 percent and 15 percent of a university's possible score respectively. The QS rankings also incorporate faculty/student ratios (10 percent of the overall score) and international staff and student numbers (5 percent each of

5600-532: The Arab region universities within existing rankings, and underscored the importance of recalibrating indicator weighting due to disregarded institutional disparities. QS Ranking by Subject The QS World University Rankings by Subject  was first published in 2011, featuring 26 disciplines. The latest edition showcases over 1,500 universities and specialist higher education institutions across 55 different subjects, grouped into 5 faculty (broad subject) areas. From 2004 to 2009 Times Higher Education ( THE ),

5712-768: The Arab world represent a diverse array of institutions spanning various countries. Among them are Qatar University in Doha, Qatar , and King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia , Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat, Oman , and the American University of Beirut (AUB) in Beirut, Lebanon are prominent fixtures in the region's educational landscape. American University of Sharjah in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates , and

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5824-748: The Asian University Rankings share some core metrics with the QS World University Rankings, there are variations in the weightings. Additionally, the methodology for the Asian rankings integrates region-specific indicators. Notably, these include metrics such as the percentage of staff with PhDs and data on inbound and outbound exchange students. QS Latin American & Caribbean University Rankings The QS Latin American University & The Caribbean Rankings  were published for

5936-486: The Netherlands, use university rankings as part of points-based immigration programs, while others, such as Russia, automatically recognize degrees from higher-ranked universities. India's University Grants Commission requires foreign partners of Indian universities to be ranked in the top 500 of the THE or ARWU ranking, while Brazil's Science Without Borders program selected international partner institutions using

6048-675: The QS Best Student Cities rankings. In 2022, QS launched the QS World University Rankings: Sustainability, and in 2023, it launched the QS World University Rankings: Europe. The rankings are intended to reflect and articulate university performance for the next academic year. Therefore, they are usually named for the year following that in which they are produced. The rankings are regarded as one of

6160-731: The QS World University Rankings: Europe. The table showcased 688 institutions from 42 member countries of the Council of Europe. Typically, QS's first rankings release of the year is the QS World University Rankings by Subject which are usually published in March or April. The rankings provide a detailed evaluation of universities based on their performance in more than 50 specific academic disciplines (Business, Mathematics, Medicine, Law, among others), as well as their performance in five broad faculty areas (Arts & Humanities, Engineering & Technology, Life Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences). The QS World University Rankings by Subject

6272-600: The United Nations' M49 Standard. First published in 2015, QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia Rankings included universities from mostly Eastern Europe and Central Asia, with Russia's  Lomonosov Moscow State University  in the top spot since its first publication. These rankings were discontinued in 2022. The QS World University Rankings: Latin America were launched in 2011. The 2024 edition expanded these rankings to include Caribbean universities. In 2023, QS launched

6384-564: The United States by U.S. News & World Report as the "World's Best Universities". However, in 2014, U.S. News & World Report launched their own international university ranking titled "Best Global Universities". The inaugural ranking was published in October 2014. In 2023, for the 20th edition of the QS World University Rankings, released on 28 June 2023, QS following an 18 months long consultation involving representatives of

6496-786: The best MBA programmes worldwide, based on factors such as reputation, employability, and course content. The QS Global MBA Rankings is now an annual publication released alongside its sister rankings, the QS Business Master's Rankings and until 2023 the QS MBA by Career Specialisation Rankings (discontinued) These lists the world's best master's programmes for business-related subjects and MBAs for specific career options including Finance, Business Management, Business Analytics, Marketing and Supply Chain Management. Currently, QS's methodology for ranking MBAs and business master's degrees

6608-545: The borders to the widest possible audience: students, analysts, decision-makers in the field of higher education development both at individual institutional and at the national level. The SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR) since 2009 has published its international ranking of worldwide research institutions, the SIR World Report. The SIR World Report is the work of the SCImago Research Group,

6720-677: The combined influence of a school's faculty within and across fields of study. Using machine-learning technology developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , Academic Influence searches and collates open-source data from such massive publicly available data sources as Misplaced Pages , Wikidata , Crossref , Semantic Scholar , IPEDS , and BLS . Academic Influence gives weight in its rankings to citations of peer-reviewed articles, chapters, and books by influential academics worldwide. It thereby attempts to map and objectively measure

6832-458: The criteria were grouped under five broad overall indicators to produce the final ranking. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, a month earlier than previous years. THE also kick-started THE 100 Under 50 ranking and Alma Mater Index. The Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as "arguably the most influential". Research published by professors at

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6944-589: The density of research-active staff at each institution, but issues remain about the use of citations in ranking systems, especially the fact that the arts and humanities generate comparatively few citations. Since 2015, QS has made methodological enhancements designed to remove the advantage institutions specializing in the Natural Sciences or Medicine previously received. This enhancement is termed faculty area normalization and ensures that an institution's citations count in each of QS's five key Faculty Areas

7056-507: The finance ministry of the United Kingdom. Amongst its recommendations were world university rankings, which Lambert said would help the UK gauge the global standing of its universities. Between 2004 and 2009, QS produced the rankings in partnership with THE . In 2009, THE announced they would produce their own rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , in partnership with Thomson Reuters . THE cited an asserted weakness in

7168-498: The first time in 2011. The methodology was developed in consultation with experts from the region. Evaluating the region's institutions based on academic and employer recognition, research output, resources and internationalisation, the 2024 edition of the rankings lists 430 institutions across 25 locations.  Universidade de São Paulo tops the table, usurping Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile which comes second while Brazil's Universidade Estadual de Campinas places third. Brazil

7280-536: The global higher education sector, students and the QS Rankings Global Advisory Board (established in 2010), introduced its largest-ever methodological enhancement, introducing three new metrics: Sustainability, Employment Outcomes and International Research Network, each worth 5% of a university's possible score. The results draw on the analysis of 17.5m academic papers (bibliometric data provided by data from Scopus , ) which informs

7392-512: The global rankings space", given Times Higher Education and QS are both British, while the Academic Ranking of World universities is Chinese. The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities is produced by Cybermetrics Lab (CCHS), a unit of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the main public research body in Spain. It offers information about more than 12,000 universities according to their web presence (an assessment of

7504-473: The growing importance of sustainability in higher education and society at large. The rankings are compiled using data collected through surveys as well as external sources such as the World Bank and the United Nations to provide a resource for students, academics and policymakers to assess universities' sustainability performance and identify best practices for achieving sustainability goals. The rank of

7616-484: The highest research productivity. MosIUR does not consider narrow-focused higher education institutions. The latest Moscow Ranking issue featured 1800 higher education institutions globally. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG . It ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions (the 5 continents). The Human Resources & Labor Review (HRLR) publishes

7728-415: The inclusion of predatory journals . While marketed as a global point of reference, Scopus and WoS have been characterised as "structurally biased against research produced in non-Western countries, non-English language research, and research from the arts, humanities, and social sciences". or Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators CiteScore (CS) of an academic journal

7840-403: The influence of a school's thought leadership through its students, faculty, staff, and alumni. Academic Influence allows users to create rankings on the fly through its dynamic schools and people tools, which can be filtered by discipline, country, and period. Tech entrepreneur and computer scientist Erik J. Larson co-founded Academic Influence. The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR)

7952-710: The journal Heliyon , which is published by Elsevier's subsiduary, in Scopus within a few months of its launch. This indexing occurred with one citation and four published issues in 2015, which the article suggests does not align with the rules prescribed for other journals. The article further alleges that Elsevier was motivated to engage in this practice, which the article calls a "conflict of interest," in order to attract authors to publish in Heliyon, which charges an article processing charge of USD 2,100 per publication. In 2024 French National Centre for Scientific Research CNRS ended its subscription to Scopus, while maintaining for

8064-407: The journals listed in Scopus are considered to meet the requirement for peer review quality established by several research grant agencies for their grant recipients and by degree -accreditation boards in a number of countries. Scopus also allows patent searches from a dedicated patent database, Lexis-Nexis , albeit with limited functionality. Comparing ease of use and coverage of Scopus and

8176-442: The methodology of the original rankings, as well as a perceived favoritism in the existing methodology for science over the humanities, as two of the key reasons for the decision to split with QS. THE created a new methodology with Thomson Reuters, and published the first Times Higher Education World University Rankings in September 2010. QS publishes the rankings results in the world's media and has entered into partnerships with

8288-664: The most trusted international tables". In September 2016, Angel Calderon, principal advisor for planning and research at RMIT University and a member of the QS Advisory Board, said, "QS Latin American University Rankings has [sic] become the annual international benchmark universities use to ascertain their relative standing in the region". He further stated that the 2016/17 edition of this ranking demonstrated improved stability. The reputation surveys have received severe criticism. QS do not reveal

8400-403: The most-widely read university rankings in the world, along with Academic Ranking of World Universities and Times Higher Education World University Rankings . According to Alexa Internet , it is the most widely viewed university ranking worldwide. The ranking has been criticized for its overreliance on subjective indicators and reputation surveys, which tend to fluctuate over time and form

8512-468: The non-proprietary digital identifier ORCID . In 2018, Scopus started embedding partial information about the open access status of works, using Unpaywall data. However, Scopus' ris export files do not contain the information about Open Access status. Since Elsevier is the owner of Scopus and is also one of the main international publishers of scientific journals, an independent and international Scopus Content Selection and advisory board (CSAB)

8624-513: The number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists (mathematics). Harvard and Stanford have topped the ranking for years. One of the primary criticisms of ARWU 's methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. Moreover, the ARWU is known for "relying solely on research indicators", and "the ranking

8736-700: The number of highly cited papers. U.S. News also publishes region-specific and subject-specific global rankings based on this methodology. The annual U.S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. As an increasing number of students are planning to enroll in universities outside of their own country, the Best Global Universities rankings – which focus specifically on schools' academic research and reputation overall and not on their separate undergraduate or graduate programs – can help those students accurately compare institutions around

8848-533: The number of publications, citations-per-publication, and field-averaged impact per publication. The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities was produced until 2012 by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT). The indicators were designed to measure both long-term and short-term research performance of research universities. This project employed bibliometrics to analyze and rank

8960-509: The number of students and faculty members obtained from Center of Measuring, Selection and Placement ÖSYM . U.S. News & World Report 's inaugural Best Global Universities ranking was launched on 28 October 2014, and it was based on data and metrics provided by Thomson Reuters , and are thus methodologically different from the criteria traditionally used by U.S. News to rank American institutions. Universities are judged on factors such as global research reputation, publications, and

9072-454: The other hand, WoS exports (e.g. in the ris format) the doi numbers of cited articles, while Scopus exports the titles of cited articles. Also, Scopus allows exporting 20,000 references (e.g. as a ris file) at once, while WoS export is limited to 5,000 references at once. Scopus provides chemical search by CAS number and by chemical name, while WoS does not have these features. On the other hand, WoS has chemical structure search, but only

9184-436: The overall score). The detailed methodology is available online. QS Asian University Rankings The QS World University Rankings expanded its portfolio in 2009 to incorporate the Asian University Rankings. This expansion was executed in collaboration with The Chosun Ilbo newspaper, based in South Korea . By 2023, the rankings had grown to feature 760 universities. The eligibility criteria for these rankings were anchored in

9296-433: The overall score. Some people have expressed concern about the manner in which the academic reputation survey has been carried out. In a report, Peter Wills from the University of Auckland wrote of the THE -QS World University Rankings: But we note also that this survey establishes its rankings by appealing to university staff, even offering financial enticements to participate (see Appendix II). Staff are likely to feel it

9408-665: The performance of the 500 top universities and the top 300 universities in six fields. HEEACT further provides subject rankings in science and technology fields. It also ranked the top 300 universities across ten science and technology fields. The ranking included eight indicators. They were: articles published over the prior 11 years; citations of those articles, "current" articles, current citations, average citations, "H-index", number of "highly cited papers" and high impact journal articles. They represented three criteria of scientific papers performance: research productivity, research impact, and research excellence. The 2007 ranking methodology

9520-748: The ranking is based on the number of research articles in top-tier journals with data obtained from Clarivate Analytics . In the United States, the CWUR evaluates and ranks over 1,300 universities and 2,000 worldwide. The Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University maintains a European and worldwide ranking of the top 500 universities according including the number and impact of Web of Science-indexed publications per year. The rankings compare research institutions by taking into account differences in language, discipline and institutional size. Multiple ranking lists are released according to various bibliometric normalization and impact indicators, including

9632-482: The reliability of simply asking a rather unrandom group of educators and others involved with the academic enterprise for their opinions"; "methodologically [international surveys of reputation] are flawed, effectively they only measure research performance and they skew the results in favor of a small number of institutions." However, despite the criticism, much attention is paid to global rankings, particularly ARWU , QS, and THE . Some countries, including Denmark and

9744-462: The research performance of universities rather than their teaching. They have been criticized for being "largely based on what can be measured rather than what is necessarily relevant and important to the university", and the validity of the data available globally has been questioned. As of 2021, across the three most popular global rankings, "the majority of the top-ten globally ranked institutions are located in southern England , California ,

9856-511: The response rates for the survey, but statements from QS indicate that they are very low (2–8 %), which would make the results highly unreliable. Other commentators have pointed at the low validity of the survey, since few people know much about the quality of teaching and research at other institutions but their own. However, the issues extend beyond survey methodology. The QS World University Rankings have been criticised by many for placing too much emphasis on reputation, which receives 50% of

9968-547: The rise of China's premier institutions, particularly Peking University , the new regional leader, breaking the National University of Singapore ’s four-year run as Asia's number one university. NUS fell to second place while China's Tsinghua University came third. Nanyang Technological University dropped to fifth place. China (Mainland) was the region's most represented location, with 128 listed universities, followed by India with 118 and Japan with 106.  Although

10080-808: The same academic year. First published in 2014, the annual QS Arab Region University Rankings highlights leading universities in the Arab Region. The methodology for this ranking has been developed to reflect specific challenges and priorities for institutions in the region, drawing on 10 indicators. In 2009, QS launched the QS World University Rankings: Asia in partnership with  The Chosun Ilbo newspaper in Korea to rank universities in Asia independently. The 15th edition, released in 2022, ranked 760 universities, with inclusion based on

10192-558: The same methodological indicators tend to be used for the regional rankings, the weightings are modified and additional lenses are included to account for the unique characteristics of each region. Additional metrics include incoming and outgoing exchange students, academic staff with a PhD, and web visibility. Accordingly, the performance of institutions within their respective regional rankings can differ significantly from the QS World University Rankings released in

10304-563: The same period in the Derwent World Patents Index and the Derwent Innovations Index. The remaining 70 institutions were mostly universities and were ranked using criteria such as frequency of patent applications granted, the number of filed patents, frequency of those patents being cited, as well as how many of their papers were cited by patents or co-authored by an industry author. The ranking has

10416-421: The scholarly contents, visibility, and impact of universities on the web). The ranking is updated every January and July. The Webometrics Ranking or Ranking Web is built from a database of over 30,000 higher education institutions. The top 12,000 universities are shown in the main ranking and more are covered in regional lists. The ranking started in 2004 and is based on a composite indicator that includes both

10528-623: The scholarly esteem in which the world's universities are held. It collates more than 150,000 responses from academics in more than 140 countries and locations. QS has previously published the job titles and geographical distribution of the participants in this survey. This indicator accounts for 15% of a university's score in the rankings. It is a classic measure used in various ranking systems as an indication of staff resources afforded to students, including teaching capacity, class size, curriculum development, lab and seminar delivery, pastoral care, teaching capacity and class size. QS has admitted that it

10640-431: The sizes of institutions, so a large institution is ranked considerably higher than a small institution with the same quality of research. Other compilers, such as Scimago and U.S. News & World Report , use a mix of size-dependent and size-independent metrics. Some compilers, notably QS, THE , and U.S. News , use reputational surveys. The validity of these has been criticized: "Most experts are highly critical of

10752-420: The top 200, while small and medium-size biomedical institutions and German, French, Italian, and Japanese universities were less common in the top ranks. Possible reasons include publishing via independent research councils (CNRS, Max Planck, CNR) or the large amount of non-English Web content, which is less likely to be linked. The Three University Missions Moscow International University Ranking (shortly MosIUR)

10864-500: The top 750 institutions spread out across 57 countries – up from the top 500 universities in 49 countries ranked last year. The first step in producing these rankings, which are powered by Thomson Reuters InCitesTM research analytics solutions, involved creating a pool of 1,000 universities that was used to rank the top 750 schools. In comparison with U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking, the Global University Ranking

10976-596: The top universities in their field for teaching and for research. The Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) compiled originally by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University and now maintained by the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy, has provided annual global rankings of universities since 2003, making it the earliest of its kind. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions. Among other criteria, ARWU includes

11088-450: The total weightage. While the former evaluates the ratio of international faculty staff to overall staff, the latter assumes that Institutions that have a large number of international students should have better networking, cultural exchanges, a more diverse learning experience and alumni diversity. Beginning with its 2024 rankings, QS implemented three new indicators to reflect the shifts in higher education, each of which accounts for 5% of

11200-493: The total weightage: In addition to the World University Rankings, QS produces four regional rankings, including the Arab Region, Asia, Emerging Europe and Central Asia (discontinued), and Latin America. In 2023, QS launched the QS World University Rankings: Europe. These editions include an expanded roster of ranked universities for each region than those featured in the QS World University Rankings. While

11312-530: The tri-state area ( New York , New Jersey , Connecticut ), and nearby Massachusetts ." While some rankings attempt to measure teaching using metrics such as staff to student ratio, the Higher Education Policy Institute has pointed out that the metrics used are more closely related to research than teaching quality, e.g. "Staff to student ratios are an almost direct measure of research activity", and "The proportion of PhD students

11424-493: The two organizations parted ways to produce independent university rankings, the QS World University Rankings and THE World University Rankings. QS's rankings portfolio has since been expanded to consist of the QS World University Rankings, the QS World University Rankings by Subject, four regional rankings tables (including Asia , Latin America , Europe , Central Asia , and the Arab Region ), several MBA rankings, and

11536-403: The universities featured is determined by the sum of their scores in two categories: Environmental Impact and Social Impact, which are subdivided into eight indicators. These include: Over the last three decades, QS has expanded its rankings portfolio to include business schools, MBAs and business master's degrees. It launched QS Global MBA Rankings to provide students with a comprehensive list of

11648-523: The volume of the Web content and the visibility and impact of web publications according to the number of external links they received. A wide range of scientific activities appears exclusively on academic websites and is typically overlooked by bibliometric indicators. Webometric indicators measure institutional commitment to Web publication. Webometric results show a high correlation with other rankings. However, North American universities are relatively common in

11760-505: The widest possible representation of the leading multi-profile universities all over the world, the quota being assigned to each country with regard to that country's contribution to the global economy. MosIUR shortlists those universities that achieved leading positions in other global university rankings and/or national academic rankings listed in IREG Inventory of National Rankings, and, in some cases, also those universities showing

11872-400: The world based on their appeal and benefits to students who study there. Launched in 2012, the rankings are based on a range of indicators that are designed to capture the experience of students living and studying in a particular city. The methodology for QS Best Student Cities is based on five indicators: In 2022, QS launched the QS World University Rankings: Sustainability in response to

11984-451: The world. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U.S. universities – which U.S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally. All universities can now benchmark themselves against schools in their own country and region, become more visible on the world stage and find top schools in other countries to consider collaborating with. The overall Best Global Universities rankings encompass

12096-675: Was alleged to have favored universities with medical schools, and in response, HEEACT added assessment criteria. The six field-based rankings are based on the subject categorization of WOS, including Agriculture & Environment Sciences (AGE), Clinical Medicine (MED), Engineering, Computing & Technology (ENG), Life Sciences (LIFE), Natural Sciences (SCI) and Social Sciences (SOC). The ten subjects include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geosciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering (including Energy & Fuels), Materials Sciences, and Civil Engineering (including Environmental Engineering). The ranking

12208-484: Was established in 2009 to prevent a potential conflict of interest in the choice of journals to be included in the database and to maintain an open and transparent content coverage policy, regardless of publisher. The board consists of scientists and subject librarians. Nevertheless, critique over a perceived conflict of interest has continued. CSAB team is responsible for inclusion and exclusion of different titles on Scopus. The list of journals and books indexed in Scopus

12320-601: Was first introduced in 2011 and initially covered only five subject areas. Since then, the number of subjects has increased more than tenfold and is now considered one of the most comprehensive subject-focused rankings. Way before 2024 updates of core indicators used in the World University Rankings, the QS World University Rankings by Subject was already using International Research Network. In addition, Rankings by Subject also use H-Index, which assesses research productivity and impact within specific fields. The QS Best Student Cities rankings are an annual comparison of cities around

12432-692: Was founded by Nunzio Quacquarelli in 1990 to provide information and advice to students looking to study abroad. Since then, the company expanded to include a wider range of higher education-focused products and services before partnering with THE in 2004 to create the THE –QS World University Rankings. A perceived need for an international ranking of universities was highlighted in December 2003 in Richard Lambert 's review of university-industry collaboration in Great Britain for HM Treasury ,

12544-501: Was produced by National Taiwan University since 2012 and also known as NTU Ranking. The ranking uses a methodology with 10 metrics. The process cross-references the 500 academic and government organizations with the greatest number of published articles in scholarly journals as indexed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection database against how many patents and patent equivalents each organization filed in

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