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56-661: Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University (formerly the Queensland Conservatorium of Music ) is a selective, audition based music school located in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia, and is part of Griffith University . The Conservatorium was established by the state government and opened on 18 February 1957, with English composer William Lovelock as director. The school was originally located in South Brisbane Town Hall . In 1971

112-473: A different kind of music...'classical music'...and they generally find popular music lacking" He cites three main aspects of this problem (p. 104–6). The terminology of historical musicology is "slanted by the needs and history of a particular music ('classical music')." He acknowledges that "there is a rich vocabulary for certain areas [harmony, tonality, certain part-writing and forms], important in musicology's typical corpus"; yet he points out that there

168-563: A school of music , music academy , music faculty , college of music , music department (of a larger institution), conservatory , conservatorium or conservatoire ( / k ən ˈ s ɜːr v ə t w ɑːr / kən- SER -və-twar , French: [kɔ̃sɛʁvatwaʁ] ). Instruction consists of training in the performance of musical instruments , singing, musical composition , conducting, musicianship , as well as academic and research fields such as musicology , music history and music theory . Music instruction can be provided within

224-706: A Bachelor of Arts in Music or a Bachelor of Arts in Music Education. A number of previously independent conservatories have become affiliated to universities Country-specific pages Lists National and international organisations Diplomas Music history The methods of music history include source studies (esp. manuscript studies), paleography , philology (especially textual criticism ), style criticism, historiography (the choice of historical method ), musical analysis , and iconography . The application of musical analysis to further these goals

280-591: A Cathedral School in 909 AD to educate choristers, continues today to educate choristers and teaches instrumentalists. Saint Martial school , 10th to 12th century, was an important school of composition at the Abbey of Saint Martial , Limoges . It is known for the composition of tropes , sequences , and early organum . In this respect, it was an important precursor to the Notre Dame School . The Notre Dame school (late 12th and early 13th century) developed

336-500: A Saturday and children attend normal schools during the week. Non-governmental or private schools of music offer music education outside the general education system for students aged 4 to 20+ years. In general, students attend these schools weekend or evening. These schools are typically provided by individuals, charitable or commercial organizations. A conservatory of music may also be known in English as conservatoire (chiefly in

392-571: A career in the creative arts. Individual teaching is the strength of most components. Students have the opportunity to perform, conduct or have their music played on a regular basis, both informally and in public. This may be solo or as part of an orchestra, ensemble or band. Typically, conservatories focus on Western classical music. However, some schools focus on traditional instruments, such as Chinese instruments . Others may have departments for traditional music which includes both traditional and classical instruments, for example bagpipes alongside

448-569: A composer for whom archival materials can be examined online is the Arnold Schoenberg Center. Performance practice draws on many of the tools of historical musicology to answer the specific question of how music was performed in various places at various times in the past. Scholars investigate questions such as which instruments or voices were used to perform a given work, what tempos (or tempo changes) were used, and how (or if) ornaments were used. Although performance practice

504-517: A conservatory. Entry is typically between the ages of ages 8 and 18 and admission is through competitive audition. Schools may be public or independent; where schools are independent, pupils may be in receipt of governmental or private scholarships. Typically as students progress through the school the time spent on music increases and on academic subjects decrease. These schools usually teach only instrumentalists but may also include choristers. Some schools (like conservatories) are broader and may cover

560-641: A field of study. Concurrently the number of musicological and music journals increased to create further outlets for the publication of research. The domination of German language scholarship ebbed as significant journals sprang up throughout the West, especially America. In its most narrow definition, historical musicology is the music history of Western culture. Such a definition arbitrarily excludes disciplines other than history, cultures other than Western, and forms of music other than "classical" ("art", "serious", "high culture") or notated ("artificial") – implying that

616-882: A key struggle within the discipline: how musicology has often "dismisse[d] questions of socio-musical interaction out of hand, that part of classical music's greatness is ascribed to its autonomy from society." (1988, p. 283) According to Richard Middleton , the strongest criticism of (historical) musicology has been that it generally ignores popular music. Though musicological study of popular music has vastly increased in quantity recently, Middleton's assertion in 1990—that most major "works of musicology, theoretical or historical, act as though popular music did not exist"—holds true. Academic and conservatory training typically only peripherally addresses this broad spectrum of musics, and many (historical) musicologists who are "both contemptuous and condescending are looking for types of production, musical form, and listening which they associate with

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672-414: A non-academic degree that is solely performance based, such as the (United States) A.D. or Artist Diploma; this may be offered at the undergraduate and/or graduate level. University music departments originally placed more emphasis on academic study of music, rather than performance. However, today, the division may not be so rigid, with many often placing greater emphasis on performance now than they did in

728-488: A strict categorization impossible. However, a few trends and approaches can be outlined here. Like in any other historical discipline, most research in music history can be roughly divided into two categories: the establishing of factual and correct data and the interpretation of data. Most historical research does not fall into one category solely, but rather employs a combination of methods from both categories. The act of establishing factual data can never be fully separate from

784-466: A two volume history of sacred music titled De cantu de musica sacra in 1774. Gerbert followed this work with a three volume work Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra containing significant writings on sacred music from the 3rd century onwards in 1784. In the 20th century, the work of Johannes Wolf and others developed studies in Medieval music and early Renaissance music . Wolf's writings on

840-664: A very selective access to bursaries (see the Royal Academy of Music or the Royal College of Music in the UK). Specialist music schools exist in many countries and whose purpose is to identify, and assist, children with exceptional potential, to benefit from world-class specialist training as part of a broad and balanced education, which will enable them, if they choose, to proceed towards self-sustaining careers in music. These schools may be formally or informally attached to

896-421: A whole. Researchers emphasizing the social importance of music (including classical music) are sometimes called New musicologists . They may examine the intersection of music and music-making with issues such as race, class, gender, sexuality (e.g. LGBTQ ), and disability, among other approaches. Semiotic studies are most conventionally the province of music analysts rather than historians. However, crucial to

952-459: Is "an impoverished vocabulary for other areas [rhythm, pitch nuance and gradation, and timbre], which are less well developed" in Classical music. Middleton argues that a number of "terms are ideologically loaded" in that "they always involve selective, and often unconsciously formulated, conceptions of what music is ." As well, he claims that historical musicology uses "a methodology slanted by

1008-453: Is in these very institutions that the so-called Scuola Musicale Napoletana was developed, thanks to the work of musicians and educators like Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) and Francesco Durante (1684–1755), who was also Pergolesi's and Paisiello's teacher. The Palermo Conservatory was founded by the viceroy De Castro in 1617; the teaching of music was introduced there many decades later, with lessons in choral singing and violin. It

1064-426: Is often a part of music history, though pure analysis or the development of new tools of music analysis is more likely to be seen in the field of music theory . Some of the intellectual products of music historians include peer-reviewed articles in journals, university press-published music history books, university textbooks , new editions of musical works , biographies of composers and other musicians, studies of

1120-671: Is speculative. Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with rich music, but the Torah or Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. However, by I Samuel 10, Alfred Sendrey suggests that we find "a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation". This has led some scholars to believe that

1176-820: The Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester ; music academy , like the Sibelius Academy or the Royal Academy of Music , London; music faculty as the Don Wright Faculty of Music of the University of Western Ontario ; college of music , characterized by the Royal College of Music and the Berklee College of Music ; music department , like the Department of Music at the University of California, Santa Cruz ; or

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1232-521: The fiddle . Alternatively, students can focus on jazz , world music or pop music. The time required to complete music degrees is generally not much different from degrees in other fields, i.e. 3–4 years for a Bachelor of Music degree, 1–2 years for a Master of Music degree, and 3–5 years for a Doctor of Musical Arts or Doctor of Music Degree. A PhD degree can be gained for areas such as musicology , music theory , music composition , music education , or music therapy . Some schools may offer

1288-688: The late Baroque or classical eras and might omit music after WWII while courses for music majors traditionally span the period from the Middle Ages to the current era), and depth. Both types of courseoach on a narrower subject while introducing more of the tools of research in music history. The range of possible topics is virtually limitless. Some examples might be "Music during World War I ," " Medieval and Renaissance instrumental music," "Music and politics," " Mozart's Don Giovanni , or Women and music ." The methods and tools of music history are nearly as many as its subjects and therefore make

1344-466: The performing arts : music, drama, dance. Many music schools are located within existing schools. The pattern is quite diverse and may include: Specialist music units in Scotland, where students are drawn from an area wider than the host schools catchment. Students will receive specialist music tuition within the music school but are fully integrated within the host school for other lessons. Entry to

1400-495: The "notation-centric training" of Western music schools "induces particular forms of listening , and these then tend to be applied to all sorts of music, appropriately or not". As a result, Western music students trained in historical musicology may listen to a funk or Latin song that is very rhythmically complex, but then dismiss it as a low-level musical work because it has a very simple melody and only uses two or five chords. Notational centricity also encourages "reification:

1456-630: The 19th century saw the network expanding to the Americas, Rio de Janeiro (1847), Boston (1853), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Havana (1885), and Buenos Aires (1893). Establishments for advanced training in music were organized in the 1940s in several Asian and African countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, and Kenya. To this extent, projects like El Sistema are more in line with the tradition set in Italy (where tuition at conservatories remains still free) than in an English-speaking country, where students have

1512-911: The Bachelor of Popular Music moved to the South Bank campus and became a subject major within the Bachelor of Music course. Facilities include the Conservatorium Theatre—;also used for smaller productions by Opera Queensland — which seats a maximum of 727 and has one of the highest fly towers in Australia, the Ian Hanger Recital Hall which seats 200 and the Basil Jones Orchestra Hall. There are also music production, post production, multimedia lab and recording facilities both in

1568-532: The Conservatorium became autonomous from the state government as a College of Advanced Education , and in 1975 relocated to a new complex at Gardens Point . The school opened a second campus in Mackay in 1989, which became part of Central Queensland University in 1995. The Dawkins Revolution led to the Conservatorium becoming an institution of Griffith University in 1991. As part of this amalgamation,

1624-471: The South Bank and Gold Coast Campuses. The Queensland Conservatorium also includes the Young Conservatorium, an external, classical based music program for pre-schoolers to year 12 students. In the past 12 months the "Young Con" has engaged more than 1500 students in performances. In 2007 the Conservatorium celebrated its 50th anniversary with alumni reunions and visiting artists from around

1680-532: The UK ), conservatorium (in Australia ), academy or college . Some schools or conservatories are exclusively focused on music. Others have a wider focus, for example covering music, drama and dance. Conservatories are suitable for students who wish to develop their performance, conducting, or composition to a professional standard. Typically, they offer a high percentage of practical training combined with academic study and professional development for those considering

1736-423: The act of interpretation. Archival work may be conducted to find connections to music or musicians in a collection of documents of broader interests (e.g., Vatican pay records, letters to a patroness of the arts) or to more systematically study a collection of documents related to a musician. In some cases, where records, scores, and letters have been digitized, archival work can be done online. One example of

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1792-504: The body of the Accademia) to music education (in its role as a conservatory) to performance (with an active choir and symphony orchestra). The term conservatory has its origin in 16th-century Renaissance Italy, where orphanages ( conservatori ) were attached to hospitals. The orphans ( conservati 'saved') were given a musical education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools. These hospitals-conservatories were among

1848-464: The characteristics of notation," 'notational centricity' (Tagg 1979, p. 28–32). As a result, "musicological methods tend to foreground those musical parameters which can be easily notated" such as pitch relationships or the relationship between words and music. On the other hand, historical musicology tends to "neglect or have difficulty with parameters which are not easily notated", such as tone colour or non-Western rhythms. In addition, he claims that

1904-475: The chronology of compositions, influences on style and works, and provide important background to the interpretation (by performers or listeners) of works. Thus biography can form one part of the larger study of the cultural significance, underlying program, or agenda of a work; a study which gained increasing importance in the 1980s and early 1990s. Sociological studies focus on the function of music in society as well as its meaning for individuals and society as

1960-580: The compulsory general education system, or within specialized children's music schools such as the Purcell School . Elementary-school children can access music instruction also in after-school institutions such as music academies or music schools. In Venezuela El Sistema of youth orchestras provides free after-school instrumental instruction through music schools called núcleos . The term "music school" can also be applied to institutions of higher education under names such as school of music , such as

2016-617: The direction of Associate Professor Garry Tamlyn. From 2000 this course has been taught from an information technology facility in the Gold Coast Campus of Griffith University. In 2003 the Conservatorium Research Centre (QCRC) was opened as part of the 30 innovative research centres in the University. The Research Centre aims to investigate the dynamics of contemporary musical environments. In 2019,

2072-596: The earliest repertory of polyphonic music to gain international circulation. First records on the Spanish Escolania de Montserrat , a boys' choir linked to a music school, date back to 1307. The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (National Academy of St Cecilia) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, based in Italy. It is based at the Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome , and

2128-473: The first secular institutions equipped for practical training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a major role in the training of artists and composers. In the city of Naples , a conservatorio was strictly a secular place for teaching and learning specializing in music education. There were already four conservatories in Naples active in the 16th and 18th century: It

2184-508: The history of musical notation are considered to be particularly notable by musicologists. Historical musicology has played a critical role in renewed interest in Baroque music as well as medieval and Renaissance music. In particular, the authentic performance movement owes much to historical musicological scholarship. Towards the middle of the 20th century, musicology (and its largest subfield of historical musicology) expanded significantly as

2240-546: The host school and musical ability is not an admission requirement. Schools which perform highly may specialize in an additional area for example sports or technology. Music schools also frequently operate from church facilities. Many conservatories or other tertiary-level institutions have pre-college divisions or junior departments for children of school age. Typically the curriculum includes individual lesson(s), orchestra, chamber music , theory , musicianship , composition and music technology . Classes are usually held on

2296-484: The late 1980s, begin to address issues such as gender, sexualities, bodies, emotions, and subjectivities which dominated the humanities for twenty years before (ibid, p. 10). In McClary's words (1991, p. 5), "It almost seems that musicology managed miraculously to pass directly from pre- to postfeminism without ever having to change – or even examine – its ways." Furthermore, in their discussion on musicology and rock music, Susan McClary and Robert Walser also address

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2352-464: The most narrow definition of historical musicology. Within historical musicology, scholars have been reluctant to adopt postmodern and critical approaches that are common elsewhere in the humanities. According to Susan McClary (2000, p. 1285) the discipline of "music lags behind the other arts; it picks up ideas from other media just when they have become outmoded." Only in the 1990s did historical musicologists, preceded by feminist musicologists in

2408-531: The omitted disciplines, cultures, and musical styles/genres are somehow inferior. A somewhat broader definition incorporating all musical humanities is still problematic, because it arbitrarily excludes the relevant (natural) sciences (acoustics, psychology, physiology, neurosciences , information and computer sciences , empirical sociology and aesthetics ) as well as musical practice. The musicological sub-disciplines of music theory and music analysis have likewise historically been rather uneasily separated from

2464-466: The past. The specific balance of vocational training and academic study varies from one institution to another, and from one country to another. Some countries separately define their institutions between university status and vocational university status, whilst other countries do not define such a rigid division. In addition to offering degrees similar to those offered at conservatories, some universities offer non-professional music-related degrees such as

2520-636: The post-secondary ( college or university) level. In Canada, some music students receive training prior to undergraduate studies because examinations in music history (as well as music theory) are required to complete Royal Conservatory of Music certification at the Grade 9 level and higher. Most medium and large institutions will offer music appreciation courses for non-music majors and music history courses for music majors. The two types of courses will usually differ in length (one to two semesters vs. two to four), breadth (many music appreciation courses begin at

2576-556: The practice of musical semiotics – the interpretation of meaning in a work or style – is its situation in a historical context. The interpretative work of scholars such as Kofi Agawu and Lawrence Kramer fall between the analytic and the music historical. The first studies of Western musical history date back to the middle of the 18th century. G.B. Martini published a three volume history titled Storia della musica ( History of Music ) between 1757 and 1781. Martin Gerbert published

2632-595: The prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians. The schola cantorum (papal choir) in Rome may be the first recorded music school in history, when Gregory the Great (540–604) made permanent an existing guild dating from the 4th century ( schola originally referred more to a guild rather than school). The school consisted of monks, secular clergy, and boys. Wells Cathedral School , England, founded as

2688-425: The relationship between words and music, and reflections upon the role of music in society. Although most performers of classical and traditional instruments receive some instruction in music history, whether this is the history of art music , pop , or rock and roll, etc. These from their music teachers throughout their lessons and high school classes, the majority of formal music history courses are offered at

2744-694: The school moved into its current facility in the South Bank Parklands in 1996, and was renamed Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University. Queensland University of Technology took over the Conservatorium's Garden Point facilities, including the QUT Gardens Theatre as it became known. The institution is affectionately known as "the Con" to students. In 1999, the Conservatorium launched its Bachelor of Popular Music program and its new Gold Coast campus, both of which were established under

2800-496: The score comes to be seen as 'the music', or perhaps the music in an ideal form." As such, music that does not use a written score, such as jazz, blues, or folk, can become demoted to a lower level of status. As well, historical musicology has "an ideology slanted by the origins and development of a particular body of music and its aesthetic...It arose at a specific moment, in a specific context – nineteenth-century Europe, especially Germany – and in close association with that movement in

2856-455: The specialist music unit or school is by competitive audition, which also effectively gives entry to the host school. Many public or independent schools contain music departments , some of which achieve high standards. These are sometimes referred to as Music schools. Music Colleges in England are schools that get additional private and governmental money to specialize in music. Entry is to

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2912-610: The term conservatory , exemplified by the Conservatoire de Paris and the New England Conservatory . In other parts of Europe, the equivalents of higher school of music or university of music may be used, such as the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln (Cologne University of Music). Although music in general and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history

2968-552: The world. Former director include: Notable staff include: Notable students who attended the Queensland Conservatorium of Music include: The APRA Classical Music Awards are presented annually by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and Australian Music Centre (AMC). Music school A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music . Such an institution can also be known as

3024-636: Was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. It was founded as a "congregation" or "confraternity" – a religious guild, so to speak – and over the centuries, has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming

3080-467: Was previously confined to early music from the Baroque era , since the 1990s, research in performance practice has examined other historical eras, such as how early Classical era piano concerti were performed, how the early history of recording affected the use of vibrato in classical music, or which instruments were used in Klezmer music. Biographical studies of composers can give us a better sense of

3136-729: Was the example set in Naples, where admission was by competitive examination and tuition was free, that was then copied, with modifications, in many European cities, including Paris (1795), Bologna (1804), Milan (1807), Warsaw (1810), Florence and Prague (1811), Vienna (1821), London (1822), the Hague (1826), Liège (1827); a bit later two conservatories were founded in Russia by Rubinstein brothers – Anton in Saint Petersburg (1862) and Nikolai in Moscow (1866). The second half of

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