96-538: The Jammu and Kashmir National Conference ( JKNC ) is a regional political party in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir union territory and Ladakh . Founded as the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference by Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas in 1932 in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , the organisation renamed itself to National Conference in 1939 in order to represent all
192-652: A plough on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh. Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for
288-514: A move that has faced significant opposition from local political parties like the JKNC. The National Conference's current leadership, including Omar Abdullah , has reiterated their determination to pursue statehood and autonomy through legal and political channels. 2024 Jammu and Kashmir elections The 2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections were scheduled to be held in three phases: September 18, September 25, and October 1, 2024. This
384-653: A part of "Indian-occupied Kashmir" (IOK) or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK), neutral sources use "Indian-administered Kashmir"/"Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir"/"Pakistan-controlled Kashmir" to demarcate the areas. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded special status by Article 370 of the Constitution of India . In contrast to other states of India , Jammu and Kashmir had its own constitution , flag , and administrative autonomy. Indian citizens from other states were not allowed to purchase land or property in Jammu and Kashmir under Article 35A of
480-655: A separate state after bifurcation of the territory, on the basis of cultural, linguistic and religious differences from neighbouring Kashmiris (who are predominantly Muslim by faith). Languages in Jammu & Kashmir 2011 Census of India . Kashmiri is the most-spoken language, is mainly spoken in the Kashmir Valley and in the upper reaches of the Chenab Valley, with a sizeable number of speakers in Jammu City. Dogri , related to Punjabi and Pahari,
576-406: A total population of 12,267,013. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males. Around 924,485 (7.54%) of the population is scheduled caste and 1,275,106 (10.39%) belong to the scheduled tribes , mainly Gujjar , Bakerwal , and Gaddi . The SCs are mostly concentrated in the Jammu region. The region also has a minority Christian community. Religions in Jammu and Kashmir (2011) Muslims constitute
672-603: Is Kashmiri , the mother tongue of 53% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include Dogri (20%), Gojri (9.1%), Pahari (7.8%), Hindi (2.4%), Punjabi (1.8%), Balti , Bateri , Bhadarwahi , Brokskat , Changthang , Ladakhi , Purik , Sheikhgal , Spiti Bhoti , and Zangskari . Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: Bhattiyali , Chambeali , Churahi , Gaddi , Hindko , Lahul Lohar , Pangwali , Pattani , Sansi , and Shina . Jammu and Kashmir
768-889: Is 100 km (62 mi) wide and 15,520.3 km (5,992.4 sq mi) in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from the Tibetan plateau while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Punjab Plain of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This valley has an average height of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft) above sea-level, but
864-493: Is a unicameral legislative assembly , whose tenure is five years. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the State List of the Constitution of India except "public order" and "police", which will remain the preserve of the central Government of India . The Lieutenant Governor also has the power to promulgate ordinances which have the same force as the acts of the legislative assembly. Elections for
960-578: Is one of the home venues for the Jammu and Kashmir cricket team . The Bakshi Stadium in Srinagar, named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad , hosts football matches. Institutions such as the Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses. The Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar , located on the banks of Dal lake , is considered one of
1056-578: Is spoken throughout the plains areas of Jammu division, as well as in parts of the hills. The hill people speak several languages. In the Pir Panjal Range, bordering Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the main language is Pahari-Pothwari , a western variety of Punjabi, as well as Gojri , the language of the Gujjar tribe. In the eastern hills of Jammu division are spoken various Western Pahari languages such as Siraji and Bhaderwahi , which merge with
SECTION 10
#17327753822331152-537: Is the next biggest source of income in the economy. The temperature of Jammu and Kashmir is also suited to floriculture and can support various species of flora. Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone. Kishtwar is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'. Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, chilgoza , black zeera , and saffron are available in
1248-518: Is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow. Major agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, pears, cherries, plums, saffron and walnuts. The traditional Kashmiri handicrafts industry employs a large workforce of around 340 thousand artisans and has potential for producing export goods. Small-scale cottage industries include carpet weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and silverware , papier-mâché and walnut wood . The horticulture sector
1344-727: The 2008 Kashmir unrest , secessionist movements in the region were boosted. The 2016–17 Kashmir unrest resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000. Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba . An attack on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in
1440-514: The 2011 Census of India . Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim -majority population. In the Census of India held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, Islam was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed Hinduism . The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward. According to
1536-558: The Government Medical College in Srinagar and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur, Jammu . The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is administered under the provisions of Article 239 of the Constitution of India . Article 239A, originally formulated for the union territory of Puduchery , is also applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. The President of India appoints a Lieutenant Governor for
1632-539: The India–Pakistan border . Radio Sharda, a worldwide community radio service for Kashmiri Pandits , was started by Ramesh Hangloo. FM Tadka 95.0, BIG FM 92.7 , Radio Mirchi and Red FM 93.5 are private FM radio stations. Internet shutdowns are frequent in Jammu and Kashmir. As of February 2021, the region had 300 internet shutdowns since 2012. In 2020 alone, this number was 115, the highest of any year. Sports tournaments in Jammu and Kashmir are organised by both
1728-654: The Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948. In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the Constituent Assembly of India drew up
1824-462: The Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections in 1996, the JKNC led by Abdullah was awarded the election yet again winning 57 seats out of a total 87. Like its predecessors, this election has been deemed to be rigged and Abdullah stepped down in 2000. His son, Omar Abdullah then took up the reins of power in the state. But in 2002 state assembly elections, the JKNC won only 28 seats, with the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP) emerging in
1920-660: The Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party (President: Altaf Bukhari ). Jammu and Kashmir sends five members (MPs) to the lower house of the Indian parliament (the Lok Sabha ) and four members to the upper house (the Rajya Sabha ). Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented. The gross domestic product of Jammu and Kashmir was estimated at ₹ 1.76 lakh crore (equivalent to ₹ 2.1 trillion or US$ 25 billion in 2023) in 2020–21. In
2016-658: The Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (President: Mehbooba Mufti ) the Bharatiya Janata Party (State President: Ravinder Raina ), the Indian National Congress (State President: Vikar Rasool Wani ), and the Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference (President: Sajjad Gani Lone ). Other parties with a presence in the region include the Communist Party of India (Marxist) , the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party , and
SECTION 20
#17327753822332112-465: The Kashmir Division and Ladakh which are further divided into 22 districts. The Siachen Glacier , while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar , Ramban , Reasi , Samba , Bandipora , Ganderbal , Kulgam and Shopian were districts formed in 2008. Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to
2208-524: The Mughal Gardens , Gulmarg , Pahalgam , Patnitop , Bhaderwah and Jammu . Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath which has had significant impact on the state's economy. The Kashmir valley is one of the top tourist destinations in India. Gulmarg , one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green golf course . The decrease in violence in
2304-633: The Simla Agreement , recognising a Line of Control in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations . In December 1964, the Indian government extended provisions of Articles 356 and 357 of the Constitution of India, which allowed for President's rule in the state. In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of Sadar-i-Riyasat to Governor and Wazir-i-Azam (Prime Minister) to Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir . Though
2400-549: The Supreme Court of India unanimously upheld the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A, while also directing the union government to restore the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir and hold legislative assembly elections no later than September 2024. The first-ever assembly election for Jammu and Kashmir since its special status was revoked was held from September to October 2024, with the alliance of Jammu & Kashmir National Conference and Indian National Congress winning
2496-531: The 1990s. India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its "cross-border terrorism" in Kashmir. Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the Indian Army took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses , including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery. Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed
2592-412: The 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.9%) and Christianity (0.3%). The state's official language was Urdu , which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir;
2688-673: The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference in collaboration with Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas . On 11 June 1939 it was renamed as the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference. This prompted a section of the leadership to break away and re-establish the Muslim Conference , with links to the All-India Muslim League . The National Conference was affiliated to the All India States Peoples Conference . Sheikh Abdullah
2784-561: The Constitution of India . Jammu and Kashmir had three distinct areas: Hindu-majority Jammu region , Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley , and Buddhist-dominated Ladakh . Unrest and violence persisted in the Kashmiri Valley and, following a disputed state election in 1987 , an insurgency persisted in protest over autonomy and rights. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in the 2014 Indian general election and five years later included in their 2019 election manifesto
2880-612: The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939 was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent Karan Singh was formally elected as the Sadar-i-Riyasat or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and
2976-839: The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). In the year 2020–2021, the apple production in Kashmir was reported to be 1,695,000.00 metric tonnes, while in the Jammu Division, it stood at 24,415.69 metric tonnes. The combined apple production for the entire Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir amounted to 1,719,415.69 metric tonnes. Notably, the Kashmir Valley is the primary contributor to these numbers, accounting for 75 per cent of India's total apple production and exporting around 1.8 million metric tonnes of apples annually. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) regulates all major aspects pertaining to media and telecommunications in Jammu and Kashmir. In addition,
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-644: The Indian army and police, as well as mainstream political parties and the All Parties Hurriyat Conference . Sportspersons who represent India in tournaments face stigmatisation from separatists. Jammu and Kashmir has 18 stadiums, 23 training centres, three indoor sports complexes and 42 government-maintained playing fields. Srinagar is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium , a stadium where international cricket matches have been played. The Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu
3168-448: The JKNC formed an alliance with the INC, and was declared to have won a majority. Farooq Abdullah again became chief minister and on Abdullah's watch an insurgency against the state government and India began. Abdullah was dismissed again in 1990 by the union government and presidential rule was imposed in the state. In 1991, the state elections were cancelled due to a revolt by the people. In
3264-418: The JKNC, led by Farooq Abdullah, again won a comfortable majority. In July 1984, Farooq's brother-in-law Ghulam Mohammad Shah split the party. Acting on the behest of the central government, the governor dismissed Farooq as chief minister and replaced him with Ghulam Mohammad Shah . His government was dismissed in March 1986 and presidential rule was imposed. In the contested state assembly elections of 1987,
3360-471: The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly were held in September and October 2024 . The union territory is under the jurisdiction of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court , which also serves as the high court for Ladakh . Police services are provided by the Jammu and Kashmir Police . The main political parties active in the region are the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (leader: Omar Abdullah )
3456-430: The Jammu and Kashmir administration released their media policy in 2020 which enabled government officers to sanction journalists and media organisations for disseminating " fake news ", and is valid for the next five years. The policy attracted criticism for allegedly reducing people to "passive recipients of the information the government intends to disseminate." The Press Council of India (PCI) expressed concern over
3552-417: The Jammu region. The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies with altitude and across regions. Southern and southwestern areas have a sub tropical climate, with hot summers and cool winters. This region receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon season. In the east and north, summers are usually pleasant. The effect of the monsoon diminishes in areas lying to the leeward side of the Pir Panjal , such as
3648-561: The Kashmir Valley as a contender for power. In the December 2008 state assembly elections, no single party was able to get the majority. The JKNC led by Farooq's son Omar Abdullah emerged as a single largest party, winning 28 seats. After the elections, on 30 December 2008 the JKNC formed an alliance with the INC which had won 17 seats. Omar Abdullah became the chief minister of this coalition government on 5 January 2009. JKNC and INC contested 2009 general election in alliance. INC won all
3744-429: The Kashmir valley, and much of the rainfall happens in the spring season due to western disturbances . Winters are cold, with temperatures reaching sub-zero levels. Snowfall is common in the valley and the mountain areas. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir consists of two divisions : Jammu Division and Kashmir Division , and is further divided into 20 districts . Jammu and Kashmir has two major airports at
3840-485: The Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the Constitution of India regarding citizenship and fundamental rights to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India . Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between
3936-512: The areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. After a delimitation in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory. The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state assemblies. In 2005, it
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-460: The assembly seats but won only 15 seats, a decrease of 13 seats. PDP won 28 seats and became the largest party in the assembly followed by BJP winning 25 seats. Omar Abdullah resigned as a chief minister on 24 December 2014. After the abrogation of Article 370 on August 5, 2019, which revoked Jammu and Kashmir's special status, the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) has been advocating for its restoration. In their 2024 election manifesto,
4128-550: The best golf courses in India. Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first Khelo India Winter Games , held in 2020 in Gulmarg. Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals. The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again. Some major tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are Srinagar ,
4224-475: The central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession. The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement. The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on
4320-645: The change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state. Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an armed conflict , infiltrating Kashmir during Operation Gibraltar in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to
4416-513: The deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed . In August 2019, both houses of the Parliament of India passed resolutions to amend Article 370 and extend the Constitution of India in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the President of India . At the same time,
4512-410: The dialects of western Himachal Pradesh. Urdu is also widely understood and spoken, particularly in the Kashmir region where it acts as the lingua franca alongside Kashmiri and also serves as a medium of instruction along with English , while Hindi is taught and understood in the southern areas of Jammu. According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate in Jammu and Kashmir was 67.17%, male literacy
4608-467: The draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become Article 370 . A constituent assembly for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an election in which all the seats were won by the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference party of Abdullah. Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with Jawaharlal Nehru ,
4704-535: The east, bordering Tibet , has been under Chinese control since 1962. After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act , which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir in
4800-552: The fiscal year 2019–20, total exports from Jammu and Kashmir amounted to ₹ 188.18 million (equivalent to ₹ 220 million or US$ 2.7 million in 2023). The Jammu & Kashmir Bank , which is listed as a NIFTY 500 conglomerate, is based in the union territory. Jammu and Kashmir is one of the largest recipients of grants from the central government annually. According to the Sustainable Development Goals Index 2021, 10.35 per cent of
4896-402: The fiscal year 2023–2024, it is expected that Jammu and Kashmir's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will exceed Rs 2.30 lakh crore, with a growth rate of 10 per cent. Along with horticulture and agriculture , tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy. The Kashmir Valley is known for its sericulture and cold-water fisheries. Wood from Kashmir
SECTION 50
#17327753822334992-402: The forests. The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, Paddar are a source of mineral wealth. Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of borax and sapphire resources. It possesses 36 per cent of the graphite, 21 per cent marble and 14 per cent of gypsum present in India. Coal, limestone and magnesite are found scattered among the different districts of
5088-547: The grounds of conspiracy against the state of India. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became prime minister of the state, and Sheikh Abdullah was arrested on 9 August 1953. In 1965, the National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress (INC) and became the Jammu and Kashmir branch of the Indian National Congress. Sheikh Abdullah was again arrested in 1965 until 1968 for conspiracy against
5184-599: The ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s. By 1999, 94 out of the 97 subjects in the Union List and 260 out of 395 articles of the Constitution of India had become applicable in the state, though it retained some of its autonomy. Article 370 had meanwhile become mostly symbolic. Following
5280-464: The language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia. The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims. The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family. The most widely spoken language
5376-406: The larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century. The underlying region of this state were parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , whose western districts, now known as Azad Kashmir , and northern territories, now known as Gilgit-Baltistan , are administered by Pakistan. The Aksai Chin region in
5472-476: The line will connect the two regions of Jammu and Kashmir and will also provide a rail link to the Kashmir valley from other parts of the country. The Jammu–Srinagar National Highway , a segment of the NH44 , is the main highway in the territory connecting the two capitals by road. National Highways 1, 144, 144A, 444, 501, 701 and 701A are the other NHs in the territory. As per the 2011 census, Jammu and Kashmir has
5568-455: The majority of the population of Jammu and Kashmir with a large Hindu minority. The Kashmir Division is predominantly Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population. Only 808 Kashmiri Hindu Pandit families remain in the valley after their forced displacement by Islamic militants. Shias are mostly concentrated in the Budgam district , where they form about 30-40% of
5664-531: The majority of the seats. for now, with the following elections being concluded with the win of the nc-cong Alliance and Omar Abdullah becoming the first Chief Minister of the UT of Jammu & Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir is set to become an state soon as directed by the supreme court of India. Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley , Poonch Valley, Sind Valley , and Lidder Valley . The Kashmir valley
5760-472: The other being Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019. Jammu and Kashmir is named after the two regions it encompasses – the Jammu region and the Kashmir Valley . As per Government of India , Kashmir region encompasses the region under Indian control and the territory under Pakistan control known as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" (POK). While Pakistan considers the Indian controlled territory as
5856-408: The parliament also passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new union territories : the eponymous union territory of Jammu and Kashmir , and that of Ladakh . The reorganisation act was assented to by the President of India , and came into effect on 31 October 2019. Prior to these measures,
SECTION 60
#17327753822335952-493: The party pledged to fight for the reinstatement of Article 370 and the region's statehood. They also proposed repealing post-2019 laws that they argue adversely impact the region's autonomy. Additionally, the JKNC aims to encourage dialogue between India and Pakistan to address the Kashmir issue The revocation of Article 370 was part of the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) efforts to fully integrate Jammu and Kashmir into India,
6048-402: The party secured record seats 42 to be exact being the single largest party in j and k even beating the bjp leader by decisive 7,819 votes the party has also passed the 2024 Jammu and Kashmir autonomy resolution in the assembly. Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) Jammu and Kashmir (abbreviated J&K ) is a region administered by India as a union territory and consists of
6144-525: The people of the state. It supported the accession of the princely state to India in 1947. Prior to that, in 1941, a group led by Ghulam Abbas broke off from the National Conference and revived the old Muslim Conference . The revived Muslim Conference supported the accession of the princely state to Pakistan and led the movement for Azad Kashmir . Since 1947, the National Conference was in power in Jammu and Kashmir in one form or another till 2002, and again between 2009 and 2015. It implemented land reforms in
6240-435: The population of Jammu and Kashmir live below the national poverty line, the third-highest among union territories in the country. The apple industry is a significant source of employment in Jammu and Kashmir, generating the highest number of jobs. It provides approximately 400 man-days of work per year per hectare of orchards, supporting a workforce of 3.5 million people. Moreover, it contributes approximately 10 per cent to
6336-677: The population. The Jammu Division is predominantly Hindu (67.5%) with a significant Muslim population (30%). The Muslims form a majority in the Rajouri (63%), Poonch (90%), Doda (54%), Kishtwar (58%) and Ramban (71%) districts of Jammu, while the Hindus form a majority in Kathua (88%), Samba (86%), Jammu (84%) and Udhampur (88%) districts. Reasi district has an almost equal number of Hindus and Muslims. The Dogras and various organisations of Hindu-majority Jammu region have demanded
6432-492: The provisions of fake news in the policy, as it "interferes with the free functioning of the press." Major periodicals in Jammu and Kashmir include Greater Kashmir , Rising Kashmir , Kashmir Times , Daily Excelsior , Elite Kashmir and Kashmir Monitor . DD Kashir is the state-owned television broadcaster. Popular private television channels are ETV Urdu and Gulistan News. In association with All India Radio , DD Kashir has established high power transmitters along
6528-529: The region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982. In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of
6624-409: The resource. Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage. Along with horticulture and agriculture , tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy. Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$ 812 million. Tourism, which was integral to
6720-415: The revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India, in order to bring Jammu and Kashmir to equal status with other states. Resolution to repeal Article 370 was passed by both the houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019. At the same time, a reorganization act was also passed, which would reconstitute the state into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh , while Article 35A
6816-491: The southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959. The Line of Control separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to
6912-588: The state constituent assembly dissolved itself and elections were held for the legislative assembly in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats. In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the Sino-Indian War of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin. Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , India and Pakistan signed
7008-418: The state has boosted the state's economy, specifically tourism. Jammu and Kashmir is also famous for its scenery, flower gardens and apple farms. It attracts tourists for its unique handicrafts and the famous Kashmir shawls . Jammu and Kashmir (state) Jammu and Kashmir was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of
7104-608: The state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A Presidential Order was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly. The new Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957. Following this,
7200-404: The state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state. Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official state flag , along with India's national flag , in addition to a separate constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured
7296-650: The state, ensured the state's autonomy under the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, and formulated a separate Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir in 1957. Sheikh Abdullah's son Farooq Abdullah (1981–2002, 2009–present) and grandson Omar Abdullah (2002–2009) have led the party after Sheikh Abdullah's death as the president. The party is a member of the People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration electoral alliance. In October 1932, Sheikh Abdullah founded
7392-464: The state. Sheikh Abdullah's splinter Plebiscite Front faction later appropriated the name of the original party when Abdullah was allowed to return to power in February 1975 after striking a deal with the central government. In 1977, the National Conference he led won the state assembly elections, and Sheikh Abdullah became chief minister. His son Farooq Abdullah succeeded him as the chief minister on his death on 8 September 1982. In June 1983 elections,
7488-603: The status quo after the Tashkent Declaration of 1966. The government of Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India. The failure of Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the Indira–Sheikh Accord of 1975, he recognised
7584-532: The surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The Jhelum River is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley. The southern Jammu region is mostly mountainous, with the Shivaliks , the middle and the great Himalayas running parallel to each other in a southeast–northwest direction. A narrow southwestern strip constitutes fertile plains. The Chenab , Tawi and Ravi are important rivers flowing through
7680-477: The two capitals of the territory: Jammu Airport at Jammu and Srinagar Airport at Srinagar, which is also the only international airport in the territory. These airports have regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore , Chandigarh and other major cities of the country. The under-construction Jammu-Baramulla line of the Northern Railways is the only railway line in the territory. Once complete,
7776-534: The two seats of Jammu region but lost Ladakh seat to NC rebel who contested as an independent candidate. NC won all the three seats of the Kashmir Valley in 2009. During this period, the JKNC has experienced increasing controversies over the Accession of Kashmir to India. Protests against the government in 2010 when approximately 100 protesters (one as young as 11) were killed as the result of live ammunition being fired by state paramilitary forces. A torture scandal
7872-622: The union government and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election triggered a violent uprising and armed insurgency which was backed by Pakistan. Pakistan claimed to be giving its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement. The Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training mujahideen , to fight in Jammu and Kashmir. In 2015, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in
7968-464: The union government locked down the Kashmir Valley , increased security forces, imposed Section 144 that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti under house arrest. Internet and phone services were also blocked. The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions : the Jammu Division ,
8064-888: The union territory. Other minerals of significance that occur are bauxite , ball clay and china clay in Udhampur; bentonite in Jammu; diaspore in Rajouri and Udhampur; graphite in Baramulla; lignite and marble in Kupwara; quartz and silica sand in Anantnag, Doda and Udhampur; and quartzite in Anantnag district. In addition, the Department of Geology and Mining has determined the presence of minerals such as magnetite , dolomite , fuel mineral, decorative building stones, slate, and gemstones. All are materials with commercial and industrial uses in many products and factories. In
8160-577: The union territory. A Council of Ministers led by a Chief Minister is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor from the membership of the legislative assembly. Their role is to advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of functions in matters under the jurisdiction of the legislative assembly. In other matters, the Lieutenant Governor is empowered to act in his own capacity. Omar Abdullah has been chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir since October 2024. The legislative branch of government
8256-472: The west and Ladakh in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019. At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 , the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided between India (which controlled the regions of Jammu , Kashmir Valley , and Ladakh ) and Pakistan (which controlled Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir ). Maharaja Hari Singh signed
8352-421: The west of Ladakh which is administered by India as a union territory. Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 , which was passed by both houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one being Jammu and Kashmir and
8448-513: Was 75%, while female literacy was at 56.43%. University of Kashmir located in Srinagar is the main university in the territory. Other universities include University of Jammu , Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University , Islamic University of Science & Technology , etc. Major institutions of higher education are NIT Srinagar , IIT Jammu , IIM Jammu , NIFT Srinagar and IHM Srinagar. Medical colleges include SKIMS , and
8544-480: Was also abolished through suspension of the Presidential Order of 1954. The reorganization took effect from 31 October 2019. In September 2019, nearly 4,000 people, including two former Chief Ministers and hundreds of other politicians, were arrested by the Indian authorities in Kashmir; the state was put under a lockdown and communication and internet services were suspended. On 11 December 2023,
8640-637: Was elected its president in 1947. In 1946, the National Conference launched an intensive agitation against the state government. It was directed against the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Hari Singh . The slogan of the agitation was " Quit Kashmir ". In the elections held in September 1951, National Conference won all 75 seats of the Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir . Sheikh Abdullah remained prime minister until his dismissal in August 1953 on
8736-543: Was exposed by the WikiLeaks , revelations which were subsequently aired on Channel 4 . In the 2014 general election , the NC contested the election in an alliance with Indian National Congress but did not win a single seat. Out of six seats in the state, PDP and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won three each. During the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , INC broke its alliance with JKNC. JKNC contested all
8832-416: Was later recognized by the President of India . The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November. Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of
8928-413: Was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities. Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts. The Doda district , rich in high-grade sapphire , had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of
9024-677: Was reported that the Indian National Congress -led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states. In 1990, an Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir, a decision which drew criticism from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International for violating human rights. Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy. The economy of Jammu and Kashmir
9120-497: Was the first election since the revocation of the special status in 2019. The election decided 90 seats in the assembly. The results were announced on October 8, 2024. Key parties contesting include: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (NC), Indian National Congress (INC), and Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) After Jammu and Kashmir elections
9216-416: Was the only state in India which had special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India , according to which no law enacted by the Parliament of India , except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. The state was able to define the permanent residents of
#232767