Misplaced Pages

#551448

28-624: The Royal Air Force Bomber Command Memorial is a memorial in Green Park , London, commemorating the crews of RAF Bomber Command who embarked on missions during the Second World War . The memorial, on the south side of Piccadilly , facing Hyde Park Corner , was built to mark the sacrifice of 55,573 aircrew from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, Czechoslovakia and other allied countries, as well as civilians of all nations killed during raids. Queen Elizabeth II unveiled

56-547: A wide range of flowers were reported such as yellow rattle and common poppy . The park is said to have in been for many medieval years a swampy burial ground for lepers from the hospital at St James's on its north side. It was first enclosed in the 16th century to be part of the estate of Poulteney family. It was then, as probably earlier too, partly excavated for the sand for the mortar for brickwork and stone building elements. In 1668, this part of "the Poulteney estate",

84-577: Is the lowest part, below the frieze and cornice . The word is derived from the Greek and Latin words arche and trabs combined to mean "main beam". The architrave is different in the different Classical orders . In the Tuscan order , it only consists of a plain face, crowned with a fillet , and is half a module in height. In the Doric and Composite order , it has two faces, or fasciae , and three in

112-452: The Ionic and Corinthian order , in which it is 10/12 of a module high, though but half a module in the rest. The term architrave has also been used in academic writing to mean the fundamental part of something (a speech, a thought or a reasoning), or the basis upon which an idea, reasoning, thought or philosophy is built. Examples: In contemporary architecture and interior design,

140-569: The Royal Parks of London , is in the City of Westminster , Central London . Green Park is to the north of the gardens and semi-circular forecourt of Buckingham Palace , across Constitution Hill road. The park is in the middle of a near-continuous chain of green spaces in Westminster that includes St James's Park , Hyde Park , and Kensington Gardens . To the northwest of Green Park is

168-502: The architrave to the rear of the statues carries the inscription: THIS MEMORIAL ALSO COMMEMORATES THOSE OF ALL NATIONS WHO LOST THEIR LIVES IN THE BOMBING OF 1939–1945 The large plinth carrying the statues bears the inscription: HM QUEEN ELIZABETH II/ UNVEILED THIS MEMORIAL/ 28 JUNE/ IN THE YEAR OF HER DIAMOND JUBILEE/ 2012 The rear face has a quotation from Pericles's Funeral Oration : FREEDOM IS THE SURE POSSESSION OF THOSE ALONE WHO/ HAVE THE COURAGE TO DEFEND IT/ PERICLES There

196-399: The "Sandpit Field", was surrendered to Charles II , who made the bulk of the land into a Royal Park as "Upper St James's Park" and enclosed it with a brick wall. He laid out its main walks and built an icehouse to supply the household with ice for cooling drinks in summer. In 1746, Upper St. James's Park was officially renamed The Green Park. The park was an open meadow with few flowers at

224-518: The 353,000 civilians killed in Germany during six years of bombing (artificially inflated, by propaganda in Nazi Germany , to closer to 1 million – a figure accepted and repeated for decades afterwards by critics and Holocaust deniers as a moral cause célèbre of the war), but not as a direct aim of the offensives. The controversy meant that an official memorial to the aircrews

252-752: The bronze sculpture. The ceremony was attended by 6,000 veterans and family members of those killed, and the Avro Lancaster of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight dropped red poppy petals over Green Park. In May 2013 the memorial was vandalised. The word " Islam " was spray-painted on the memorial and on the nearby Animals in War Memorial in Hyde Park. In March 2015, Les Munro , Royal New Zealand Air Force squadron leader and one of

280-471: The district of St James's including, Lancaster House , Clarence House , and St James's Palace . First enclosed in the 17th century by King Charles II , it was landscaped in 1820 and is notable among central London parks for having no lakes or buildings, and only minimal flower planting in the form of naturalised narcissus . Green Park covers just over 40 acres (16 ha) between Hyde Park and St. James's Park . Together with Kensington Gardens and

308-679: The gardens of Buckingham Palace , these parks form an almost unbroken stretch of tended green land. This combined parkland is mostly bounded on the four cardinal compass points by Horse Guards Parade or adjoining Downing Street (east); the Victoria/Belgravia district (south); Kensington and Notting Hill (west) and St James's , Mayfair and Bayswater (north). In contrast with its neighbouring parks, Green Park has no lakes, no buildings, no playgrounds and three, early yet distinctive post-war-era public monuments: The park consists almost entirely of mature trees rising out of turf;

SECTION 10

#1732765693552

336-933: The last surviving members of the Dambusters Raid , intended to sell his war medals and flight logbook at auction to raise funds for the upkeep of the memorial. The auction was cancelled after Michael Ashcroft donated £75,000 (equivalent to £105,000 in 2023) to the Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund towards the upkeep, with a further NZ$ 19,500 donated by the Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland , New Zealand, to whom Munro then offered his medals for display. Munro, aged 96, died that August. 51°30′12″N 0°8′56″W  /  51.50333°N 0.14889°W  / 51.50333; -0.14889 Green Park The Green Park, one of

364-512: The memorial on 28 June 2012, in the year of her Diamond Jubilee . After World War II , many people viewed Bomber Command, including its flight crew veterans and its war dead, with disdain. Despite describing bombers as "the means of victory" in 1940, British prime minister Winston Churchill did not mention Bomber Command in his speech marking the Victory in Europe in 1945. This view arose from

392-574: The memorial, built of Portland stone , which features a bronze 9-foot (2.7 m) sculpture of seven aircrew, designed by the sculptor Philip Jackson to look as though they have just returned from a bombing mission and left their aircraft. Aluminium from a Royal Canadian Air Force Handley Page Halifax of No. 426 Squadron that had crashed in Schendelbeke in Belgium in May 1944 was used to build

420-432: The monument there are inscriptions that read: THIS MEMORIAL IS DEDICATED TO THE 55,573 AIRMEN/ FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM, BRITISH COMMONWEALTH/ & ALLIED NATIONS WHO SERVED IN/ RAF BOMBER COMMAND & LOST THEIR LIVES OVER/ THE COURSE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR and, on the opposite wall: THE FIGHTERS ARE OUR SALVATION BUT THE/ BOMBERS ALONE PROVIDE THE MEANS OF VICTORY/ WINSTON CHURCHILL SEPTEMBER 1940 The inside face of

448-559: The only flowers are naturalised narcissus . The park is bounded on the south by Constitution Hill , on the east by the pedestrian Queen's Walk, and on the north by Piccadilly . It meets St. James's Park at Queen's Gardens with the Victoria Memorial at its centre, opposite the entrance to Buckingham Palace . To the south is the ceremonial avenue of the Mall , and the buildings of St James's Palace and Clarence House overlook

476-752: The park to the east. Green Park Underground station has platforms of the Piccadilly , Victoria and Jubilee lines. It is by the north end of Queen's Walk. Tyburn stream runs beneath Green Park. In 2016 one acre of the park near the Bomber Command Memorial was designated as the 90th Coronation Meadow , named The Queen's Meadow, and established as a wildflower meadow using seed taken from ancient meadows at Horsenden Meadow in Ealing , and Valebridge Common in West Sussex . In 2017

504-522: The reservoir that held drinking water for St James's Palace , called the Queen's Basin. Until a few decades later the park was on the outskirts of London; it was dark and somewhat semi-rural. It was known as a haunt of highwaymen and thieves. During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was a popular place for ballooning attempts and public firework displays; Handel 's Music for the Royal Fireworks

532-722: The rest was melted down by the Bomber Command Museum of Canada in Nanton, Alberta . The Museum provided ingots for the memorial to commemorate the 10,659 Canadians out of a total of 55,573 Bomber Command aircrew killed during the war. Furthermore, some of this aluminium was supplied to the International Bomber Command Centre , which opened in Lincoln, England in 2018, and forms the rear plate of its "Additions Panel". On both walls inside

560-608: The roof of the memorial, which was designed to evoke the geodetic structure of the Vickers Wellington . The Halifax, LW682 OW/M, had been removed from a swamp in 1997 with three of the crew found still at their posts. They were buried with full military honours in Geraardsbergen and the remains of the aircraft were sent to Canada. Some of the metal was used for the restoration of a Halifax in Trenton, Ontario , and

588-473: The strong, deadly use of force in strategic but often imprecise, and heavily counter-defended, bombing campaigns. The multi-year onslaught hastened the end of the war and thus genocide such as in Nazi extermination camps , but civilian casualties made the issue controversial. While many ignored the 43,000 civilians killed by Nazi bombing of England during the nine months of The Blitz , they gave damning attention to

SECTION 20

#1732765693552

616-553: The term architrave also refers to the mouldings that frame doors and windows. Unlike classical architraves, which were primarily structural and often ornate, modern architraves are typically decorative and functional, concealing the gap between the wall and the door or window frame. Modern architraves are commonly made from: Modern architraves are available in a variety of styles to suit different interior design preferences: Modern architraves serve both aesthetic and practical purposes: Modern architraves are typically installed after

644-415: The time but this state may arise from a feud between Charles II of England and his Queen Consort , Catherine of Braganza . The oral history says the Queen discovered Charles had picked flowers in the park for another woman. In revenge, the Queen ordered that every single flower in the park should be pulled up and no more planted. The Queen's Walk was laid out for George II's queen Caroline ; it led to

672-461: The vertical members, of a frame with mouldings around a door or window. The word "architrave" has come to be used to refer more generally to a style of mouldings (or other elements) framing a door, window or other rectangular opening, where the horizontal "head" casing extends across the tops of the vertical side casings where the elements join (forming a butt joint , as opposed to a miter joint ). In an entablature in classical architecture , it

700-505: The walls have been finished (plastered and painted) but before flooring is laid. They are often painted or finished to match or complement the doors and walls they surround. In śilpaśāstra , the Hindu texts on architecture, the architrave is commonly referred to by its Sanskrit name uttara . In Hindu temple architecture it is placed above the bracket ( potika ) of a pillar ( stambha ), which gives it extra support. The Indian entablature

728-600: Was composed specifically for a fireworks celebration held in The Green Park in 1749. The park was also known as a duelling ground; one particularly notorious one being in 1730 between William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath and John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol . In 1820, John Nash landscaped the park, as an adjunct to St James's Park . On 10 June 1840, it was the scene of Edward Oxford 's assassination attempt on Queen Victoria , on Constitution Hill . Architrave The term can also apply to all sides, including

756-438: Was controversy in the lead-up to the official opening, as there was a lack of donations forthcoming from official sources or the general public to pay for the projected £ 700,000 (equivalent to £1,044,000 in 2023) cost of the ceremony. By October 2012, veterans had pledged an additional £500,000 (equivalent to £746,000 in 2023) towards the total. Queen Elizabeth II formally opened the memorial on 28 June 2012, unveiling

784-457: Was not erected until nearly 70 years after the war. An appeal was made for £ 5.6   million (equivalent to £8.4   million in 2023) to build the memorial, and funding came from donations made by the public. Musicians Robin Gibb (The Bee Gees) and Jim Dooley ( The Dooleys ) became key figures behind the appeal, working to raise funds and have the memorial built. Liam O'Connor designed

#551448